Survivin is a new IAP apoptosis inhibitor expressed during development and in human cancer in vivo. The coding strand of the survivin gene was extensively complementary to that of effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1), prompting the present investigation on the origin and functional relationship of these two transcripts. Southern blots of genomic DNA were consistent with the presence of multiple, evolutionarily conserved, EPR-1/Survivin-related genes. By pulsed field gel electrophoresis and single- and two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, these were contained within a contiguous physical interval of 75–130 kilobases (kb) on chromosome 17q25. In Northern blots, a single strand-specific probe identified a 1.3-kb EPR-1 mRNA broadly distributed in normal adult and fetal tissues, structurally distinct from the 1.9-kb Survivin transcript expressed in transformed cell lines. Transient co-transfection of an EPR-1 cDNA potentially acting as a Survivin antisense with a lacZ reporter plasmid resulted in loss of viability of HeLa cells. In contrast, co-transfection of an antisense cDNA of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or a sense-oriented Survivin cDNA was without effect. In stably transfected HeLa cells, ZnSO4 induction of an EPR-1 mRNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter suppressed the expression of endogenous survivin. This resulted in (i) increased apoptosis as detected by analysis of DNA content and in situ internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and (ii) inhibition of cell proliferation as compared with induced vector control transfectants. These findings suggest the existence of a potential EPR-1/survivin gene cluster and identify survivin as a new target for disrupting cell viability pathways in cancer. Survivin is a new IAP apoptosis inhibitor expressed during development and in human cancer in vivo. The coding strand of the survivin gene was extensively complementary to that of effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1), prompting the present investigation on the origin and functional relationship of these two transcripts. Southern blots of genomic DNA were consistent with the presence of multiple, evolutionarily conserved, EPR-1/Survivin-related genes. By pulsed field gel electrophoresis and single- and two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, these were contained within a contiguous physical interval of 75–130 kilobases (kb) on chromosome 17q25. In Northern blots, a single strand-specific probe identified a 1.3-kb EPR-1 mRNA broadly distributed in normal adult and fetal tissues, structurally distinct from the 1.9-kb Survivin transcript expressed in transformed cell lines. Transient co-transfection of an EPR-1 cDNA potentially acting as a Survivin antisense with a lacZ reporter plasmid resulted in loss of viability of HeLa cells. In contrast, co-transfection of an antisense cDNA of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or a sense-oriented Survivin cDNA was without effect. In stably transfected HeLa cells, ZnSO4 induction of an EPR-1 mRNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter suppressed the expression of endogenous survivin. This resulted in (i) increased apoptosis as detected by analysis of DNA content and in situ internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and (ii) inhibition of cell proliferation as compared with induced vector control transfectants. These findings suggest the existence of a potential EPR-1/survivin gene cluster and identify survivin as a new target for disrupting cell viability pathways in cancer. Regulated inhibition of programmed cell death (apoptosis) preserves normal homeostasis and tissue and organ morphogenesis (1Nagata S. Cell. 1997; 88: 355-365Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4578) Google Scholar, 2Vaux D.L. Haecker G. Strasser A. Cell. 1994; 76: 777-779Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (705) Google Scholar). Aberrations of this process participate in human diseases and may contribute to cancer by abnormally prolonging cell viability with accumulation of transforming mutations (3Thompson C.B. Science. 1995; 267: 1456-1462Crossref PubMed Scopus (6244) Google Scholar). Recently, several apoptosis inhibitors related to the baculovirus iap gene have been identified in mouse, Drosophila, and human (4Clem R.J. Duckett C.S. Trends Cell Biol. 1997; 7: 337-339Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar). Intercalated in TNF receptor signaling (5Rothe M. Pan M.-G. Henzel W.J. Merrill-Ayres T. Goeddel D.V. Cell. 1995; 83: 1242-1252Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (1062) Google Scholar, 6Uren A.G. Pakusch M. Hawkins C.J. Puls K.L. Vaux D.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 4974-4978Crossref PubMed Scopus (449) Google Scholar) and NF-κB-dependent survival (7Chu Z.-L. McKinsey T.A. Gentry J.J. Malim M.H. Ballard D.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 10057-10062Crossref PubMed Scopus (830) Google Scholar), IAP proteins contain two/three Cys/His baculovirus IAP repeats plus a carboxyl terminus RING finger and are thought to block an evolutionarily conserved step in apoptosis (6Uren A.G. Pakusch M. Hawkins C.J. Puls K.L. Vaux D.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 4974-4978Crossref PubMed Scopus (449) Google Scholar, 8Liston P. Roy N. Tamal K. Lefebvre C. Baird S. Cherton-Horvat G. Farahani R. McLean M. Ikeda J.-E. MacKenzie A. Korneluk R.G. Nature. 1996; 379: 349-353Crossref PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar, 9Roy N. Mahadevan M.S. McLean M. Shutler G. Yaraghi Z. Farahani R. Baird S. Besner-Johnston A. Lefebvre C. Kang X. Salith M. Aubry H. Tamai K. Guan X. Ioannou P. Crawford T.O. de Jong P.J. Surh L. Ikeda J.-E. Korneluk R.G. MacKenzie A. Cell. 1995; 80: 167-178Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (881) Google Scholar, 10Duckett C.S. Nava V.E. Gedrich R.W. Clem R.J. Van Dongen J.L. Gilfillan M.C. Shiels H. Hardwich J.M. Thompson C.B. EMBO J. 1996; 14: 2685-2694Crossref Scopus (526) Google Scholar). At least in the case of XIAP (8Liston P. Roy N. Tamal K. Lefebvre C. Baird S. Cherton-Horvat G. Farahani R. McLean M. Ikeda J.-E. MacKenzie A. Korneluk R.G. Nature. 1996; 379: 349-353Crossref PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar), this may involve direct inhibition of the terminal effector caspases −3 and −7 (11Deveraux Q.L. Takahashi R. Salvesen G.S. Reed J. Nature. 1997; 388: 300-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (1732) Google Scholar). A novel member of the IAP gene family, designated Survivin (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar), was recently identified by hybridization screening of human genomic libraries with the cDNA of a factor Xa receptor, effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1) (13Altieri D.C. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar). 1The abbreviations used are: EPR-1, effector cell protease receptor-1; kb, kilobase(s); nt, nucleotide(s). Unlike all other IAP proteins (4Clem R.J. Duckett C.S. Trends Cell Biol. 1997; 7: 337-339Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar), Survivin contained a single baculovirus IAP repeat and no RING finger and was selectively expressed during development and in all the most common human cancers but not in normal adult tissues in vivo (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar). Intriguingly, the Survivin coding strand was extensively complementary to that of EPR-1, thus suggesting a potential functional interaction between these two transcripts (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar). In this study, we sought to dissect the molecular relationship between EPR-1 and Survivin (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar, 13Altieri D.C. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar) and its role in apoptosis inhibition. We found that EPR-1 and Survivin are encoded by structurally and topographically distinct messages potentially originating from a gene cluster at 17q25. Secondly, down-regulation of Survivin by forced expression of EPR-1 increased apoptosis and inhibited growth of transformed cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from heparinized blood collected from normal informed volunteers by differential centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) at 400 × g for 22 °C and washed in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4. The epithelial carcinoma HeLa cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) and maintained in culture in complete growth medium (BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (BioWhittaker) and 2 mml-glutamine, according to the manufacturer's specifications. For fluorescence in situ hybridization, purified DNA from a Survivin P1 genomic clone (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar) was labeled with digoxigenin dUTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) by nick translation, combined with sheared human DNA, and hybridized to normal metaphase chromosomes derived from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 50% formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, and 2× SSC. For two-color staining, biotin-conjugated probe D17Z1, specific for the centromere of chromosome 17, was co-hybridized with the digoxigenin-labeled P1 clone. Specific chromosomal staining was detected by fluoresceinated anti-digoxigenin antibodies and Texas red avidin. Slides were counterstained with propidium iodide or DAPI for one- or two-color labeling, respectively. A total of 80 metaphase cells were analyzed with 69 cells exhibiting specific labeling. Human genomic DNA was extracted from HeLa cells, digested with EcoRI, BamHI,XbaI, or HindIII, separated on a 0.8% agarose gel and transferred to GeneScreen nylon membranes (NEN Life Science Products). After UV cross-linking (Stratagene, San Diego, CA), the membrane was prehybridized with 100 μg/ml of denatured salmon sperm DNA (Promega Corp., Madison, WI) in 5× SSC, 0.5% SDS, 5× Denhardt's solution, and 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate at 65 °C in a roller hybridization oven (Hoefer Scientific, San Francisco, CA). Hybridization was carried out with gel-purified (GeneClean Bio101, Vista, CA), [32P]dCTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) random-primed labeled (Boehringer Mannheim) 1.6-kb EPR-1 cDNA (13Altieri D.C. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar) for 16 h at 65 °C. After two washes in 2× SSC, 1% SDS for 30 min at 65 °C, and 0.2× SSC at 22 °C, radioactive bands were visualized by autoradiography using a Kodak X-Omat AR x-ray film and intensifying screens (DuPont). In other experiments, cultured lymphoblastoid cells were embedded in low melting preparative agarose (Bio-Rad) at the concentration of 2 × 106/220 μl block, and DNA was extracted by standard procedures. After block digestion with MluI or NotI, samples were separated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel for 20 h at 200 V with a pulse time of 75 s using a Bio-Rad CHEF DRII apparatus. After transfer to nylon membranes and UV cross-linking, hybridization with the EPR-1 cDNA and washes were carried out as described. In another series of experiments, a blot containing aliquots of genomic DNA isolated from several species (CLONTECH, San Francisco, CA) was hybridized with a 3′ 548-nt fragment of the EPR-1 cDNA, as described above. Multiple tissue blots of adult and fetal mRNA (CLONTECH) were prehybridized with 100 μg/ml of denatured salmon sperm DNA (Promega) and hybridized with an EPR-1-single strand-specific probe (see below) in 5× SSPE, 10× Denhardt's, 2% SDS, for 14 h at 60 °C. The membranes were washed twice in 2× SSC, 1% SDS for 30 min at 60 °C and once in 0.2× SSC at 22 °C before exposure for autoradiography. An EPR-1-specific single strand probe was generated by asymmetric polymerase chain reaction amplification of a 301-nt fragment of the EPR-1 cDNA generated by EcoRI (cloning site) andSacII digest and comprising the first 5′ 226 nt of the EPR-1 coding sequence plus 75 nt of the retained regulatory intron (13Altieri D.C. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar). The gel-purified fragment was mixed with 15 pmol dNTP (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA), 7.5 pmol of dCTP, and 25 μCi of [32P]dCTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) in 20 mm Tris HCl, 50 mm KCl, pH 8.4, 1.5 mm MgCl2, plus 0.2 μg/μl of a SacII reverse EPR-1 primer 5′TGCTGGCCGCTCCTCCCTC3′ and 2.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Life Science) in a total volume of 10 μl. 25 cycles of amplification were carried out with denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 52 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min. After centrifugation through a Sephadex G-50 spin column (Worthington Biochemical Corp., Freehold, NJ) at 14,000 × g for 5 min, the EPR-1 or Survivin probes were heated at 100 °C for 2 min and immediately added to the various hybridization reactions. A control antisense construct of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was generated by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the full-length human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 cDNA (14Simmons D. Makgoba M.W. Seed B. Nature. 1988; 331: 624-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (582) Google Scholar) using oligonucleotides 5′-GATCTAGACTCGCTATGGCTCCCAGC-3′ and 5′-CCGCAAGCTTTCAGGGAGGCGTGGCTTG-3′ containingXbaI and HindIII restriction sites, respectively (underlined sequences). The amplified product of 1605 nt was gel purified and directionally cloned in pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) for transfection in HeLa cells. A 708-ntSmaI-EcoRI fragment of the EPR-1 cDNA (nt 379–1087) (13Altieri D.C. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar), potentially acting as a Survivin antisense, and a sense-oriented Survivin construct (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar) were also used for these experiments. Subconfluent cultures of HeLa cells in 6-well tissue culture plates were cotransfected with 1 μg of lacZ reporter plasmid and 4 μg of the various sense- and antisense-oriented constructs or the empty pcDNA3 vector using LipofectAMINE (Life Technologies, Inc.). 48 h after transfection, cells were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde for 1 h and stained for β-galactosidase expression with 0.5 mg/ml 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-d-galactoside (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), 5 mm potassium ferrocyanide, 5 mm potassium ferricyanide, and 2 mm MgCl2 in phosphate-buffered saline. The blue cells were counted and scored on an inverted microscope. In another series of experiments, HeLa cells (1 × 107) were transfected with 10 μg of control pcDNA3 vector alone or the survivin antisense cDNA plus 50 μg of salmon sperm DNA by electroporation (Gene Pulser, Bio-Rad) with a single electric pulse at 350 V at 960 microfarads. 48 h after transfection, HeLa cells were collected by trypsinization, pooled with nonattached cells, and fixed in 70% ethanol on ice for 30 min. Fixed cells were pelletted by centrifugation and suspended in 10 μg/ml propidium iodide, 100 μg/ml RNase A, and 0.05% Triton X-100 in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4. After a 45-min incubation at 22 °C, samples were analyzed for DNA content by flow cytometry using a FACScan (Becton Dickinson). The 708-nt SmaI-EcoRI fragment of the EPR-1 cDNA (see above) was directionally cloned in the sense orientation in the mammalian cell expression vector pML1 (a gift of Dr. R. Pytela, University of California, San Francisco). The vector is derived from the episomal mammalian expression vector pCEP4 by replacing the cytomegalovirus promoter cassette with the mMT1 promoter, directing Zn2+-dependent expression of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells (15Lukashev M.E. Sheppard D. Pytela R. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 18311-18314Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). 10 million HeLa cells were transfected with 10 μg of control pcDNA3 vector or the Survivin antisense by electroporation as described above. 48 h after transfection, cells were diluted, plated onto 100-mm diameter tissue culture dishes, and selected for 4 weeks in complete growth medium containing 0.4 mg/ml hygromycin. Modulation of survivin expression in control cultures or Zn2+-induced antisense transfectants was carried by immunoblotting of detergent-solubilized cell extracts using 25 μg/ml aliquots of the affinity-purified antibody raised against the survivin sequence Ala3–Ile19, as described (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar). In control experiments, Zn2+-induced vector control or survivin antisense transfectants were analyzed for modulation of Class I major histocompatibility complex by flow cytometry with monoclonal antibody W6/32. Vector control or Survivin antisense transfectants were treated with 200 μm ZnSO4in 0% fetal bovine serum for 24 h at 37 °C following byin situ determination of apoptosis by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (TUNEL). Briefly, cells were harvested and centrifuged at 800 × g for 10 min at 4 °C, the pellet was fixed in 10% formalin overnight, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin blocks, and sections of 3–5 μm were put on high adhesive slides. Samples were treated with 20 μg/ml proteinase K for 15 min at 22 °C, washed in distilled water, quenched of endogenous peroxidase in 2% H2O2 in phosphate-buffered saline, and subsequently mixed with digoxigenin-labeled dUTP in the presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase followed by peroxidase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody. Nuclear staining in apoptotic cells was detected by 3′, 3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride dihydrate, according to the manufacturer's instructions (ApopTag, Oncor, Gaithersburg, MD). For control experiments, the enzyme incubation step was omitted. Morphologic features of apoptotic cells (apoptotic bodies) under the various conditions tested were also analyzed by hematoxylin/eosin staining. For proliferation experiments, vector control or Survivin antisense transfectants at 2 × 104/well were plated in 24-well tissue culture plates (Costar) and induced with 200 μm ZnSO4 in complete growth medium for 16 h at 37 °C, and cell proliferation was determined microscopically at 24 h intervals by direct cell count. Two independent clones of HeLa cell transfectants were used in these experiments with comparable results. In some experiments, analysis of DNA content in induced vector control or Survivin antisense transfectants in complete growth medium was carried out by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry, as described above. A digoxigenin-labeled P1 genomic clone (∼100 kb) containing all four exons of the survivin gene (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar) specifically labeled a single region on the long arm of a group E chromosome by fluorescencein situ hybridization (Fig. 1 A). In two-color staining with probe D17Z1 specific for the centromere of chromosome 17, the Survivin P1 clone reacted with the long arm of chromosome 17 with band 17q25 (Fig. 1, A and B). Probing human genomic DNA with the EPR-1 cDNA revealed several hybridizing bands (Fig. 2 A). Of these, a ∼7.5-kb XbaI, a 7.6-kb BamHI, and four HindIII fragments of ∼15, 7.5, 6.4, and 3.7 kb, respectively (Fig. 2 A, arrowheads), were not predicted from the complete restriction map of 14,796 nt of thesurvivin gene (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar). In contrast, other bands of comparable intensity, including a 5.1-kb XbaI and a 7.1-kbBamHI fragment, or of stronger intensity, including fragments of 17.5-kb HindIII, 10.5-kb XbaI, 8.5-kb BamHI, and ∼25-kb EcoRI (Fig. 2 A), genuinely originated from the survivin gene (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar). At variance with this complex hybridization pattern, pulsed field gel electrophoresis of high molecular mass human genomic DNA revealed only single EPR-1-hybridizing bands of ∼75 and ∼130 kb inMluI- or NotI-digested samples, respectively (Fig. 2 B). Finally, the EPR-1 cDNA strongly hybridized with several bands in genomic DNA from various mammalian species, with fainter signals in rabbit or chicken DNA (Fig. 2 C). Consistent with the size of the spliced EPR-1 message (13Altieri D.C. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar), a single strand EPR-1-specific probe detected a prominent ∼1.3-kb EPR-1 mRNA band in most adult and terminally differentiated human tissues (Fig. 3,upper panel). Strong EPR-1 expression was observed in human pancreas, skeletal muscle, heart, and various hematopoietic cell types, including peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph node, and spleen (Fig. 3,upper panel). Consistent with the reactivity of an anti-EPR-1 antibody with fetal tissues (16Adida C. Crotty P.L. McGrath J. Berrebi D. Diebold J. Altieri D.C. Am. J. Pathol. 1998; 152: 43-49PubMed Google Scholar), a 1.3-kb EPR-1 mRNA was also found prominently in fetal kidney and liver and less abundantly in fetal lung and brain (Fig. 3, lower panel). Control hybridization with an actin probe confirmed comparable loading of mRNA in the various fetal samples (Fig. 3). In contrast, a Survivin-specific single strand probe did not react with mRNA isolated from normal adult tissues (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar), whereas it detected a prominent ∼1.9-kb transcript plus a fainter 3.4-kb species in various transformed cell lines (not shown) and in agreement with previous observations (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar). Transient co-transfection of HeLa cells with an EPR-1 cDNA potentially acting as a Survivin antisense plus alacZ reporter plasmid produced significant loss of viability in β-galactosidase-expressing cells (Fig. 4). In contrast, co-transfection of pcDNA3 vector alone, a sense-oriented Survivin construct, or a control antisense of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 cDNA did not affect HeLa cell viability under the same experimental conditions (Fig. 4). To determine more precisely the effect of regulated expression of EPR-1 on Survivin inhibition of apoptosis, HeLa cells were stably transfected with an EPR-1 cDNA under the control of an metallothionein-inducible promoter. In these experiments, ZnSO4 induction of EPR-1 mRNA suppressed the expression of endogenous Survivin, as determined by immunoblotting with an anti-Survivin antibody (Fig. 5 A). In contrast and consistent with the expression of Survivin in transformed cell types, a single 16.5-kDa Survivin band was immunoblotted in metallothionein-induced HeLa cells transfected with the pML1 vector alone (Fig. 5 A). In control experiments, metallothionein induction of EPR-1 mRNA did not affect the expression of Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules in HeLa cell transfectants, and no modulation of Survivin expression was observed in the absence of ZnSO4 (not shown). Under these experimental conditions, antisense down-regulation of Survivin resulted in massive apoptosis in growth factor-deprived HeLa cells, as detected by in situinternucleosomal DNA fragmentation by the TUNEL system (Fig. 5 B, panel 1). Specific nuclear staining was observed in 60–70% of metallothionein-induced, serum-starved HeLa cell transfectants, whereas induced vector control cultures did not stain with the digoxigenin-labeled dUTP probe (Fig. 5 B,panel 3). No staining was observed in the absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labeling (not shown). Hematoxylin/eosin staining confirmed the presence of numerous apoptotic bodies in ZnSO4-induced Survivin antisense transfectants, as compared with vector control HeLa cells (Fig. 5 B,panels 2 and 4, arrowheads). The effect of antisense down-regulation of Survivin on HeLa cell proliferation was also investigated. As shown in Fig. 6 A, suppression of endogenous Survivin resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, as compared with induced vector control cultures (Fig. 6 A). 3 days after metallothionein induction, the number of vector control HeLa cell transfectants increased by 288% during optimal serum mitogen stimulation, as opposed to a 20% increase in Survivin antisense transfectants, under the same experimental conditions (Fig. 6 A). The increased cell proliferation observed at later time intervals (days 4–5) in induced antisense transfectants may reflect heterogeneity in antisense expression with selective expansion of low expressing cells (Fig. 6 A). The potential ability of Survivin to modulate apoptosis and cell proliferation under optimal concentrations of serum mitogens was further investigated. Analysis of DNA content in transiently transfected HeLa cells revealed a ∼2-fold increase in the fraction of apoptotic cells (sub-G1 peak) in Survivin antisense transfectants as compared with vector control cells, under the same experimental conditions (Fig. 6 B,M1 marker). This was also associated with a ∼15–20% decrease in the G2/M fraction in Survivin antisense transfectants, as compared with vector control cultures (Fig. 6 B, M4 marker). In stable HeLa cell transfectants, zinc induction of Survivin antisense under optimal growth conditions produced a ∼1.4-fold increase in the sub-G1 fraction and a ∼20–36% reduction in the G2/M peak, as compared with induced vector control cultures (n = 2).Figure 5Effect of metallothionein induction of EPR-1 mRNA on Survivin expression and apoptosis. A, aliquots of HeLa cells stably transfected with the empty pML1 vector (Vector) or the EPR-1 cDNA potentially acting as a Survivin antisense (Antisense) were induced with 200 μm ZnSO4, detergent-solubilized, and immunoblotted with the anti-survivin antibody. Molecular weight (×10−3) markers are shown on the left.B, the experimental conditions are as in A, except that serum-starved Survivin antisense transfectants (1 and 2) or vector control cells (3and 4) were stained for internucleosomal DNA fragmentation by the ApopTag method (TUNEL) (1 and 3) or by hematoxylin-eosin (2 and 4).Arrowheads, apoptotic bodies. Magnification, ×400.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 6Inhibition of cell proliferation by Survivin antisense. A, 20,000 vector control HeLa cell transfectants (Vector) or Survivin antisense transfectants were seeded in 24-well plates in complete growth medium, induced with 200 μm ZnSO4, and harvested at the indicated time intervals with determination of cell proliferation by direct cell count. Data are the means ± S.E. of replicates of a representative experiment out of seven independent determinations.B, HeLa cells were transiently transfected by electroporation with control vector pcDNA3 or the survivin antisense cDNA. After a 48-h culture in complete growth medium, cells were analyzed for DNA content by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. The M1 marker contains the sub-G1 apoptotic fraction (18.2% in Survivin antisense transfectants versus 9.6% in vector control cells), whereas the M4 marker contains the proliferating G2/M fraction (18% in Survivin antisense transfectants versus21% in vector control cells).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) In this study, we have shown that EPR-1 (13Altieri D.C. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar) and Survivin (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar) are encoded by structurally and topographically distinct mRNA transcripts potentially originating from a gene cluster at 17q25. Secondly, constitutive or metallothionein induction of EPR-1, potentially acting as a Survivin antisense, down-regulated endogenous Survivin in transformed cells and resulted in increased apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation, even in the presence of optimal serum mitogen concentrations. Among the regulators of programmed cell death (apoptosis), IAP proteins have recently attracted considerable attention for their ability to suppress an evolutionarily conserved step in apoptosis (4Clem R.J. Duckett C.S. Trends Cell Biol. 1997; 7: 337-339Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar), potentially involving direct caspase inhibition (11Deveraux Q.L. Takahashi R. Salvesen G.S. Reed J. Nature. 1997; 388: 300-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (1732) Google Scholar). Deregulation of this pathway may also participate in human diseases, because inactivating mutations of neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein contributed to spinal muscular atrophy (9Roy N. Mahadevan M.S. McLean M. 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Intriguingly, thesurvivin gene was identified by hybridization with the EPR-1 cDNA, and its coding sequence was found to be extensively complementary to that of EPR-1 (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar), suggesting the possibility of apoptosis regulation by a potential interaction between these two transcripts, i.e. natural antisense (18Kimmelman D. Kischner M.W. Cell. 1989; 59: 687-696Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (268) Google Scholar, 19Farrell C.M. Lukens L.N. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 3400-3408Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar, 20Celano P. Berchtold C.M. Kizer D.L. Weeraratna A. Nelkin B.D. Baylin S.B. Casero Jr., R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 15092-15096Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 21Khochbin S. Lawrence J. EMBO J. 1989; 8: 4107-4114Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). 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This is consistent with the heterogeneity of EPR-1 transcripts detected by conventional, double strand probes with hybridizing bands of 1.9, 3.4, and ∼1.5 kb previously identified in EPR-1+ cells (25Nicholson A.C. Nachman R.L. Altieri D.C. Summers B.D. Ruf W. Edgington T.S. Hajjar D.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 28407-28413Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar). Although it is currently not known if these two messages actually interact in vivo, we found that metallothionein induction of an EPR-1 mRNA suppressed the expression of endogenous Survivin in transfected cells. Consistent with the anti-apoptosis properties of Survivin (12Ambrosini G. Adida C. Altieri D.C. Nat. Med. 1997; 3: 917-921Crossref PubMed Scopus (3049) Google Scholar), this resulted in increased apoptosis and significant inhibition of cell proliferation. Although accentuated by serum mitogen withdrawal, HeLa cell apoptosis following antisense down-regulation of Survivin was also observed under optimal growth conditions and was associated with a reduced number of proliferating cells in the G2/M fraction. In these experiments, the use of a noncoding EPR-1 cDNA potentially acting as a Survivin antisense ruled out the possibility that inhibition of Survivin was due to protein interactions. It is also unlikely that ZnSO4 induction of the metallothionein promoter may exert an independent anti-apoptotic function, because this has been attributed to ZnCl2, at concentrations 5–10-fold higher than those used here (26Newmeyer D.D. Farschon D.M. Reed J.C. Cell. 1994; 79: 353-364Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (499) Google Scholar). The findings described here may have profound implications for cancer therapy, where antisense-based strategies have been postulated for inhibition of several proto-oncogenes (27Henry S.P. Monteith D. Levin A.A. Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 1997; 12: 395-408PubMed Google Scholar). Specifically, antisense blockade of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 decreased survival of leukemic cells in vitro (28Campos L. Sabido O. Rouault J.P. Guyotat D. Blood. 1994; 84: 595-600Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), reduced tumorigenicity of lymphoma cells in athymic mice (29Reed J.C. Cuddy M. Haldar S. Croce C. Nowell P. Makover D. Bradley K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990; 87: 3660-3664Crossref PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar), and provided, at least in some cases, a positive therapeutic response in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (30Webb A. Cunningham D. Cotter F. Clarke P.A. di Stefano F. Ross P. Corbo M. Dziewanowska Z. Lancet. 1997; 349: 1137-1141Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar). In this context and consistent with the data presented here, targeting Survivin may selectively increase the susceptibility of cancer cells to apoptosis-based treatment and reduce their overall growth potential. In addition to inhibiting cell viability pathways distinct and complementary with those of bcl-2 (11Deveraux Q.L. Takahashi R. Salvesen G.S. Reed J. Nature. 1997; 388: 300-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (1732) Google Scholar), suppression of Survivin by an endogenous EPR-1 transcript potentially acting as a natural antisense may overcome the drawbacks of limited specificity and insufficient delivery commonly observed with antisense oligonucleotides (27Henry S.P. Monteith D. Levin A.A. Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 1997; 12: 395-408PubMed Google Scholar). Elucidation of the mechanisms regulating Survivin and EPR-1 gene expression should further facilitate the selective disruption of this novel anti-apoptosis pathway in cancer without affecting viability of normal tissues. We thank Dr. Pytela for providing the pML1 vector.