If and how the heart regenerates after an injury event is highly debated. c-kit-expressing cardiac progenitor cells have been reported as the primary source for generation of new myocardium after injury. Here we generated two genetic approaches in mice to examine whether endogenous c-kit+ cells contribute differentiated cardiomyocytes to the heart during development, with ageing or after injury in adulthood. A complementary DNA encoding either Cre recombinase or a tamoxifen-inducible MerCreMer chimaeric protein was targeted to the Kit locus in mice and then bred with reporter lines to permanently mark cell lineage. Endogenous c-kit+ cells did produce new cardiomyocytes within the heart, although at a percentage of approximately 0.03 or less, and if a preponderance towards cellular fusion is considered, the percentage falls to below approximately 0.008. By contrast, c-kit+ cells amply generated cardiac endothelial cells. Thus, endogenous c-kit+ cells can generate cardiomyocytes within the heart, although probably at a functionally insignificant level. Whether or not endogenous c-kit+cells residing within the heart contribute cardiomyocytes during physiological ageing or after injury remains unknown; here, using an inducible lineage tracing system, the c-kit+lineage is shown to generate cardiomyocytes at very low levels, and, by contrast, contributes substantially to cardiac endothelial cell generation. Endogenous cardiac progenitor cells expressing the tyrosine kinase/proto-oncogene c-kit have been reported as the primary source for generation of new myocardium after injury, but other studies with adult cardiac-resident c-kit+ cells have reported the opposite: that these cells cannot generate cardiomyocytes in vivo. Jeffrey Molkentin and colleagues address this question using an inducible lineage tracing system. They find that rates of cardiomyocyte formation from the c-kit+ lineage are extremely low, and not of physiological significance. By contrast, c-kit+ cells contribute substantially to the production of endothelial cells in the heart.