Eukaryotes use autophagy to turn over organelles, protein aggregates, and cytoplasmic constituents. The impairment of autophagy causes developmental defects, starvation sensitivity, the accumulation of protein aggregates, neuronal degradation, and cell death [1Levine B. Klionsky D.J. Development by self-digestion: Molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy.Dev. Cell. 2004; 6: 463-477Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2966) Google Scholar, 2Komatsu M. Ueno T. Waguri S. Uchiyama Y. Kominami E. Tanaka K. Constitutive autophagy: Vital role in clearance of unfavorable proteins in neurons.Cell Death Differ. 2007; 14: 887-894Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar]. Double-membraned autophagosomes sequester cytoplasm and fuse with endosomes or lysosomes in higher eukaryotes [3Berg T.O. Fengsrud M. Stromhaug P.E. Berg T. Seglen P.O. Isolation and characterization of rat liver amphisomes. Evidence for fusion of autophagosomes with both early and late endosomes.J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 21883-21892Crossref PubMed Scopus (279) Google Scholar], but the importance of the endocytic pathway for autophagy and associated disease is not known. Here, we show that regulators of endosomal biogenesis and functions play a critical role in autophagy in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic and ultrastructural analysis showed that subunits of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I, -II and -III, as well as their regulatory ATPase Vps4 and the endosomal PtdIns(3)P 5-kinase Fab1, all are required for autophagy. Although the loss of ESCRT or Vps4 function caused the accumulation of autophagosomes, probably because of inhibited fusion with the endolysosomal system, Fab1 activity was necessary for the maturation of autolysosomes. Importantly, reduced ESCRT functions aggravated polyglutamine-induced neurotoxicity in a model for Huntington's disease. Thus, this study links ESCRT function with autophagy and aggregate-induced neurodegeneration, thereby providing a plausible explanation for the fact that ESCRT mutations are involved in inherited neurodegenerative disease in humans [4Skibinski G. Parkinson N.J. Brown J.M. Chakrabarti L. Lloyd S.L. Hummerich H. Nielsen J.E. Hodges J.R. Spillantini M.G. Thusgaard T. et al.Mutations in the endosomal ESCRTIII-complex subunit CHMP2B in frontotemporal dementia.Nat. Genet. 2005; 37: 806-808Crossref PubMed Scopus (633) Google Scholar].