Approximately 10% to 15% of human cancers lack detectable telomerase activity, and a subset of these maintain telomere lengths by the telomerase-independent telomere maintenance mechanism termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). The ALT phenotype, relatively common in subtypes of sarcomas and astrocytomas, has rarely been reported in epithelial malignancies. However, the prevalence of ALT has not been thoroughly assessed across all cancer types. We therefore comprehensively surveyed the ALT phenotype in a broad range of human cancers. In total, two independent sets comprising 6110 primary tumors from 94 different cancer subtypes, 541 benign neoplasms, and 264 normal tissue samples were assessed by combined telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence labeling for PML protein. Overall, ALT was observed in 3.73% (228/6110) of all tumor specimens, but was not observed in benign neoplasms or normal tissues. This is the first report of ALT in carcinomas arising from the bladder, cervix, endometrium, esophagus, gallbladder, kidney, liver, and lung. Additionally, this is the first report of ALT in medulloblastomas, oligodendrogliomas, meningiomas, schwannomas, and pediatric glioblastoma multiformes. Previous studies have shown associations between ALT status and prognosis in some tumor types; thus, further studies are warranted to assess the potential prognostic significance and unique biology of ALT-positive tumors. These findings may have therapeutic consequences, because ALT-positive cancers are predicted to be resistant to anti-telomerase therapies. Approximately 10% to 15% of human cancers lack detectable telomerase activity, and a subset of these maintain telomere lengths by the telomerase-independent telomere maintenance mechanism termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). The ALT phenotype, relatively common in subtypes of sarcomas and astrocytomas, has rarely been reported in epithelial malignancies. However, the prevalence of ALT has not been thoroughly assessed across all cancer types. We therefore comprehensively surveyed the ALT phenotype in a broad range of human cancers. In total, two independent sets comprising 6110 primary tumors from 94 different cancer subtypes, 541 benign neoplasms, and 264 normal tissue samples were assessed by combined telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence labeling for PML protein. Overall, ALT was observed in 3.73% (228/6110) of all tumor specimens, but was not observed in benign neoplasms or normal tissues. This is the first report of ALT in carcinomas arising from the bladder, cervix, endometrium, esophagus, gallbladder, kidney, liver, and lung. Additionally, this is the first report of ALT in medulloblastomas, oligodendrogliomas, meningiomas, schwannomas, and pediatric glioblastoma multiformes. Previous studies have shown associations between ALT status and prognosis in some tumor types; thus, further studies are warranted to assess the potential prognostic significance and unique biology of ALT-positive tumors. These findings may have therapeutic consequences, because ALT-positive cancers are predicted to be resistant to anti-telomerase therapies. Telomeres are the nucleoprotein complexes located at the extreme ends of eukaryotic chromosomes; they consist of 5 to 10 kb of the repeating hexanucleotide DNA sequence TTAGGG.1Blackburn E.H. Structure and function of telomeres.Nature. 1991; 350: 569-573Crossref PubMed Scopus (3060) Google Scholar, 2Moyzis R.K. Buckingham J.M. Cram L.S. Dani M. Deaven L.L. Jones M.D. Meyne J. Ratliff R.L. Wu J.R. A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85: 6622-6626Crossref PubMed Scopus (1867) Google Scholar The shelterin complex, a core set of six proteins integral for telomere function, associates with these repetitive DNA regions.3Palm W. de Lange T. How shelterin protects mammalian telomeres.Annu Rev Genet. 2008; 42: 301-334Crossref PubMed Scopus (1384) Google Scholar, 4de Lange T. Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres.Genes Dev. 2005; 19: 2100-2110Crossref PubMed Scopus (2271) Google Scholar Telomeres function primarily to mask double-strand break DNA damage signals at chromosomal termini, inhibit terminal exonucleolytic degradation, and prevent chromosomal fusions.5de Lange T. How telomeres solve the end-protection problem.Science. 2009; 326: 948-952Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar, 6O'Sullivan R.J. Karlseder J. Telomeres: protecting chromosomes against genome instability.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010; 11: 171-181Crossref PubMed Google Scholar In normal somatic cells, telomeres shorten with each cell division, and significant telomere shortening leads to p53-dependent senescence or apoptosis.7Vaziri H. Critical telomere shortening regulated by the ataxia-telangiectasia gene acts as a DNA damage signal leading to activation of p53 protein and limited life-span of human diploid fibroblasts A review.Biochemistry (Mosc). 1997; 62: 1306-1310PubMed Google Scholar As a result, there is a limited number of population doublings that a somatic cell lineage may undergo, at which point further proliferative expansion is blocked. During malignant transformation, these cell cycle checkpoints are abrogated (eg, through mutations in tumor suppressor proteins). If cellular proliferation continues unchecked, then genomic instability may ensue via chromosomal breakage-fusion-bridge cycles caused by eroded, dysfunctional telomeres.8Maser R.S. DePinho R.A. Connecting chromosomes, crisis, and cancer.Science. 2002; 297: 565-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar In 85% to 90% of human cancers, telomere dysfunction is attenuated and telomere length appears to be maintained, or increased, through up-regulation of the enzyme telomerase, a reverse transcriptase with the ability to synthesize new telomere DNA using an internal RNA template.9Shay J.W. Bacchetti S. A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer.Eur J Cancer. 1997; 33: 787-791Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2389) Google Scholar However, telomere loss may also be compensated in some cancers by the telomerase-independent telomere maintenance mechanism termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), which is thought to be dependent on homologous recombination.10Bryan T.M. Englezou A. Dalla-Pozza L. Dunham M.A. Reddel R.R. Evidence for an alternative mechanism for maintaining telomere length in human tumors and tumor-derived cell lines.Nat Med. 1997; 3: 1271-1274Crossref PubMed Scopus (1026) Google Scholar The ALT phenotype is identified at the cellular level by the presence of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein nuclear bodies (APBs) that contain large amounts of telomeric DNA, in addition to PML protein and other proteins involved in telomere binding, DNA replication, and recombination.11Royle N.J. Foxon J. Jeyapalan J.N. Mendez-Bermudez A. Novo C.L. Williams J. Cotton V.E. Telomere length maintenance–an ALTernative mechanism.Cytogenet Genome Res. 2008; 122: 281-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 12Cesare A.J. Reddel R.R. Alternative lengthening of telomeres: models, mechanisms and implications.Nat Rev Genet. 2010; 11: 319-330Crossref PubMed Scopus (673) Google Scholar ALT-positive cells are characterized by striking telomere length heterogeneity, as well as increased chromosomal instability. APBs are cancer-specific and, in fixed tissues, can be visualized by combined telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence labeling for PML protein.13Meeker A.K. Gage W.R. Hicks J.L. Simon I. Coffman J.R. Platz E.A. March G.E. De Marzo A.M. Telomere length assessment in human archival tissues: combined telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining.Am J Pathol. 2002; 160: 1259-1268Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar, 14Montgomery E. Argani P. Hicks J.L. DeMarzo A.M. Meeker A.K. Telomere lengths of translocation-associated and nontranslocation-associated sarcomas differ dramatically.Am J Pathol. 2004; 164: 1523-1529Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar This method has been extensively validated and allows for straightforward identification of ALT-positive cancers in fixed human tissue specimens.15Henson J.D. Hannay J.A. McCarthy S.W. Royds J.A. Yeager T.R. Robinson R.A. Wharton S.B. Jellinek D.A. Arbuckle S.M. Yoo J. Robinson B.G. Learoyd D.L. Stalley P.D. Bonar S.F. Yu D. Pollock R.E. Reddel R.R. A robust assay for alternative lengthening of telomeres in tumors shows the significance of alternative lengthening of telomeres in sarcomas and astrocytomas.Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11: 217-225PubMed Google Scholar The ALT phenotype is common among certain sarcomas (eg, osteosarcomas and liposarcomas), as well as in subsets of central nervous system tumors, including astrocytomas16Henson J.D. Reddel R.R. Assaying and investigating Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres activity in human cells and cancers.FEBS Lett. 2010; 584: 3800-3811Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar; however, the prevalence of ALT varies widely among these different tumor types. Our laboratory recently reported the presence of ALT in a small subset of breast carcinomas,17Subhawong A.P. Heaphy C.M. Argani P. Konishi Y. Kouprina N. Nassar H. Vang R. Meeker A.K. The alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype in breast carcinoma is associated with HER-2 overexpression.Mod Pathol. 2009; 22: 1423-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar but the ALT phenotype has rarely been reported in other epithelial malignancies.16Henson J.D. Reddel R.R. Assaying and investigating Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres activity in human cells and cancers.FEBS Lett. 2010; 584: 3800-3811Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar We have comprehensively surveyed the ALT phenotype in two independent sets of fixed specimens, comprising a total of 6110 primary tumors from a broad range of human cancer subtypes. Overall, the prevalence of the ALT phenotype is 3.73%; however, the prevalence varies drastically between different subtypes. Here, we describe the results of this extensive survey, including the novel finding of the ALT phenotype in carcinomas arising from the bladder, cervix, endometrium, esophagus, gallbladder, kidney, liver, and lung. In addition, this is the first report of the ALT phenotype in several tumor types of nonepithelial origin, including medulloblastomas, pediatric glioblastomas multiformes (GBMs), oligodendrogliomas, meningiomas, and schwannomas. Two independent sets of primary tumor tissues were used in the present study. Set 1 consisted of 4001 tumors from 68 different cancer subtypes. The vast majority of these cases were resected and processed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and were arrayed in tissue microarray (TMA) format. This set consisted of 165 TMAs containing multiple cores of each tumor specimen and, in most instances, adjacent normal tissue. In addition to these TMAs from our institution, seven TMAs containing 195 cases (three cores per case from cancer and one core from matched normal intestinal mucosa) of primary small intestinal adenocarcinoma from 20 institutions of the Korean Small Intestinal Cancer Study Group were included. Moreover, 56 invasive breast carcinoma tissue sections from the Johns Hopkins Hospital and 29 neuroblastic tumor tissue sections from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center were also obtained. To validate and expand on the findings in this first set, a second set of multitumor arrays was obtained (set 2).18Baumhoer D. Tornillo L. Stadlmann S. Roncalli M. Diamantis E.K. Terracciano L.M. Glypican 3 expression in human nonneoplastic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic tissues: a tissue microarray analysis of 4,387 tissue samples.Am J Clin Pathol. 2008; 129: 899-906Crossref PubMed Scopus (191) Google Scholar TMAs in set 2 contained 2109 primary tumors from 61 cancer subtypes. In this set of tumors, each case was represented on the array by a single tissue core. In addition to the malignant tumors, 541 benign neoplasms (see Supplemental Table S1 at http://ajp.amjpathol.org) and 264 normal tissue samples (see Supplemental Table S2 at http://ajp.amjpathol.org) were also obtained. The study was approved by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine institutional review board. Combined telomere-specific FISH and immunofluorescence labeling of PML protein was performed as described previously.13Meeker A.K. Gage W.R. Hicks J.L. Simon I. Coffman J.R. Platz E.A. March G.E. De Marzo A.M. Telomere length assessment in human archival tissues: combined telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining.Am J Pathol. 2002; 160: 1259-1268Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar, 14Montgomery E. Argani P. Hicks J.L. DeMarzo A.M. Meeker A.K. Telomere lengths of translocation-associated and nontranslocation-associated sarcomas differ dramatically.Am J Pathol. 2004; 164: 1523-1529Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar Briefly, deparaffinized slides were hydrated, steamed for 25 minutes in citrate buffer (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), dehydrated, and hybridized with a Cy3-labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe complementary to the mammalian telomere repeat sequence [(N-terminus to C-terminus) 5′-CCCTAACCCTAACCCTAA-3′]. As a positive control for hybridization efficiency, an Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA) Alexa Fluor 610-labeled PNA probe having specificity for human centromeric DNA repeats (5′-ATTCGTTGGAAACGGGA-3′, CENP-B binding sequence) was included in the hybridization solution.19Chen C. Hong Y.K. Ontiveros S.D. Egholm M. Strauss W.M. Single base discrimination of CENP-B repeats on mouse and human chromosomes with PNA-FISH.Mamm Genome. 1999; 10: 13-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar After posthybridization washes, an anti-PML antibody (1:100 dilution; catalog no. PG-M3; Dako, Carpinteria, CA) was incubated for 45 minutes at room temperature, followed by incubation of anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 fluorescent secondary antibody (catalog no. A-11001; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and counterstaining with DAPI. Slides were imaged with a Nikon 50i epifluorescence microscope equipped with X-Cite series 120 illuminator (EXFO Photonics Solutions, Mississauga, ON, Canada) and appropriate fluorescence excitation/emission filters. Grayscale images were captured using Nikon NIS-Elements software version 2.30 and an attached Photometrics (Tucson, AZ) CoolSNAP EZ digital camera, pseudo-colored, and merged. All cases were assessed for the presence of the ALT phenotype. ALT-positive cases were identified by large, very bright intranuclear foci of telomere FISH signals marking ALT-associated telomeric foci throughout the tumor cells. Although telomere FISH signals from these individual bright foci often colocalized with PML protein, heterogeneity in this trait was observed, even within the same tumor. Given several instances in the literature of ALT-positive cell lines lacking telomere/PML colocalization,20Cerone M.A. Autexier C. Londoño-Vallejo J.A. Bacchetti S. A human cell line that maintains telomeres in the absence of telomerase and of key markers of ALT.Oncogene. 2005; 24: 7893-7901Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 21Fasching C.L. Bower K. Reddel R.R. Telomerase-independent telomere length maintenance in the absence of alternative lengthening of telomeres-associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies.Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 2722-2729Crossref PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar, 22Marciniak R.A. Cavazos D. Montellano R. Chen Q. Guarente L. Johnson F.B. A novel telomere structure in a human alternative lengthening of telomeres cell line.Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 2730-2737Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar colocalization was not considered an absolute requirement for classifying a case as ALT-positive. Thus, cases were classified as ALT-positive if they met the following criteria: first, the presence of ultra-bright intranuclear foci of telomere FISH signals (ALT-associated telomeric foci), with integrated total signal intensities for individual foci being >10-fold that of the per cell mean integrated signal intensities for all telomeric signals in individual benign stromal cells within the same case; second, ≥1% of tumor cells displaying these ALT-associated telomeric foci. Cases lacking ALT-associated telomeric foci in which at least 500 cells were assessed were considered ALT-negative. Areas exhibiting necrosis were excluded from consideration. When appropriate, different tumor subtypes were compared with a two-sided Fisher's exact test using SAS version 9.2 statistical packages (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). P values of <0.05 were considered to be significant. We identified the presence of the ALT phenotype by using telomere-specific FISH to visualize telomeric DNA in interphase nuclei of fixed tissue specimens. ALT-positive tumors are readily distinguishable by large ultra-bright telomere FISH signals, which are a nearly universal feature of ALT-positive cell populations.23Yeager T.R. Neumann A.A. Englezou A. Huschtscha L.I. Noble J.R. Reddel R.R. Telomerase-negative immortalized human cells contain a novel type of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) body.Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 4175-4179PubMed Google Scholar In Figure 1, we present for comparison an ALT-negative invasive urothelial carcinoma case (Figure 1A) and an ALT-positive invasive urothelial carcinoma case (Figure 1B). The ALT-negative case displays robust telomere signals in the tumor cells and adjacent stromal cells; in the ALT-positive case, distinctive large, very bright intranuclear foci of telomere FISH signals mark ALT-associated telomeric foci throughout the tumor cells. Other representative ALT-positive cases shown include a renal sarcomatoid carcinoma (Figure 1C) and an anaplastic medulloblastoma (Figure 1D), neither of which has been previously identified as using the ALT pathway. In ALT-positive tumors, the percentage of cells containing ALT-associated telomeric foci varied by tumor type, ranging from 1% to >95% of tumor cells. This trait also varied among different tumors from the same cancer subtype. Finally, in Figure 1 we present two additional ALT-positive cases, an oligodendroglioma (Figure 1E) and an angiosarcoma (Figure 1F). In both of these cases, PML protein colocalizes to most of the ALT-associated telomere foci. The inset for each case highlights a typical APB, displaying a targetoid appearance of telomere DNA signal with a peripheral rim of PML protein. To determine the prevalence of the ALT phenotype in human cancers, we assessed two independent sets of malignant tissues comprising 6110 primary tumors from 94 different cancer subtypes. Set 1 consisted of 4001 specimens encompassing a broad range of malignant tumors, including tumors arising from the adrenal gland, biliary tract, breast, central nervous system, colon, esophagus, gallbladder, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostate, salivary gland, skin, small intestine, soft tissue, stomach, urinary bladder, and uterus (Table 1). A total of 141 tumors were identified as ALT-positive in set 1, yielding a prevalence of 3.52%. To confirm and expand on these findings, we further assessed the ALT phenotype in a second set of multitumor TMAs (set 2), which had previously been used to validate other molecular markers.18Baumhoer D. Tornillo L. Stadlmann S. Roncalli M. Diamantis E.K. Terracciano L.M. Glypican 3 expression in human nonneoplastic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic tissues: a tissue microarray analysis of 4,387 tissue samples.Am J Clin Pathol. 2008; 129: 899-906Crossref PubMed Scopus (191) Google Scholar This set of tumors consisted of 2109 primary tumor specimens from 61 different cancer subtypes. Set 2 included types similar to the first set, but also included hematopoietic and neuroendocrine neoplasms, as well as tumors arising from the oral cavity, pleura, tendon sheath, testis, and thyroid (Table 1). A total of 87 tumors were identified as ALT-positive in set 2, representing a prevalence of 4.13%. With cases from both sets combined, a total of 228 ALT-positive tumors were identified, representing an overall prevalence of the ALT phenotype in human cancers of 3.73% (Table 1).Table 1Prevalence of the ALT Phenotype in Human Cancer SubtypesLocation/Tumor typeALT+, set 1ALT+, set 2ALT+, overalln/N%n/N%n/N%Adrenal gland/peripheral nervous system Pheochromocytoma1/3931/2842/673 Neuroblastoma2/229—⁎Subtype not included in this set.—2/229 Ganglioneuroblastoma1/714——1/714Biliary Cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic0/230——0/230 Cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic0/100——0/100Breast Ductal carcinoma†Includes data from samples previously published.175/21720/3405/2512 Ductal carcinoma with lobular features0/200——0/200 Lobular carcinoma1/1470/1301/274 Mucinous carcinoma——0/1500/150 Tubular carcinoma——0/900/90 Medullary carcinoma0/101/5421/552Central nervous system Pilocytic astrocytoma (grade 1)2/5540/302/583 Diffuse astrocytoma (grade 2)14/19743/83817/2763 Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade 3)17/19892/111819/3063 Glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4; adult)9/65143/40812/10511 Glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4; pediatric)14/3244——14/3244 Oligodendroglioma6/20302/20108/4020 Medulloblastoma, anaplastic3/1718——3/1718 Medulloblastoma, nonanaplastic1/383——1/383 Other embryonal tumors1/1010——1/1010 Meningioma——1/4621/462 Schwannoma——1/4421/442Colon Adenocarcinoma0/7700/4900/1260Esophagus Adenocarcinoma0/9701/9111/1061 Squamous cell carcinoma——0/2900/290 Small cell carcinoma——0/100/10Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma1/2740/3301/602Hematopoietic neoplasms non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, other subtypes——0/5400/540 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell——0/1000/100 Hodgkin's lymphoma, nodular sclerosis——0/2300/230 Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed cellularity——0/1700/170 Thymoma——0/3700/370Kidney Clear cell carcinoma1/6910/4801/1171 Papillary carcinoma0/5401/3231/861 Chromophobe carcinoma3/3781/10104/479 Sarcomatoid carcinoma2/277——2/277Larynx Squamous cell carcinoma——0/2900/290Liver Hepatocellular carcinoma7/9181/3038/1217Lung Adenocarcinoma0/6400/8900/1530 Squamous cell carcinoma0/5500/4500/1000 Papillary carcinoma0/450——0/450 Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma0/400——0/400 Small cell carcinoma0/1601/4721/632 Large cell carcinoma0/1001/2541/353 Carcinoma, other subtypes0/150——0/150 Carcinoid tumor0/30——0/30Neuroendocrine neoplasms Carcinoid tumor——2/3262/326 Paraganglioma——1/8131/813Oral cavity Squamous cell carcinoma——0/4100/410Ovary Serous carcinoma0/16300/4200/2050 Clear cell carcinoma2/564——2/564 Endometrioid carcinoma0/3201/4031/721 Mucinous carcinoma——0/2100/210Pancreas Adenocarcinoma0/42000/2800/4480Pleura Malignant mesothelioma——1/2841/284Prostate Adenocarcinoma0/107100/8100/11520 Small cell carcinoma0/240——0/240Salivary gland Carcinoma0/980——0/980Skin Malignant melanoma2/4745/5987/1067 Basal cell carcinoma——0/5700/570 Squamous cell carcinoma——0/5600/560Small intestine Adenocarcinoma0/19500/2000/2150Soft tissues Gastrointestinal stromal tumor0/340——0/340 Kaposi's sarcoma0/3300/2200/550 Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor0/230——0/230 Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma‡Includes cases classified as malignant fibrous histiocytoma.15/226818/306033/5263 Fibrosarcoma and variants3/2114——3/2114 Leiomyosarcoma11/138520/464331/5953 Liposarcoma3/10306/28219/3824 Angiosarcoma1/911——1/911 Epithelioid sarcoma2/633——2/633 Clear cell sarcoma0/50——0/50 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor0/40——0/40 Rhabdomyosarcoma0/40——0/40 Chondrosarcoma2/2100——2/2100 Neurofibroma——4/37114/3711Stomach Adenocarcinoma0/8000/7500/1550Tendon sheath Giant cell tumor——0/2200/220Testis Seminoma——0/4800/480 Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor——7/46157/4615Thyroid Follicular carcinoma——0/5200/520 Papillary carcinoma——0/3000/300Urinary bladder Invasive urothelial carcinoma2/7530/7502/1501 Non-invasive urothelial carcinoma——0/3800/380 Small cell carcinoma3/1323——3/1323 Non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma0/50——0/50 Squamous carcinoma0/20——0/20 Sarcomatoid carcinoma0/10——0/10Uterus Cervix, squamous carcinoma3/12720/2503/1522 Cervix, adenocarcinoma0/190——0/190 Endometrium, endometrioid carcinoma0/1600/4800/640 Endometrium, serous carcinoma1/9112/3263/417 Endometrium, mixed mesodermal tumor0/40——0/40 Endometrium, clear cell carcinoma0/30——0/30 Subtype not included in this set.† Includes data from samples previously published.17Subhawong A.P. Heaphy C.M. Argani P. Konishi Y. Kouprina N. Nassar H. Vang R. Meeker A.K. The alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype in breast carcinoma is associated with HER-2 overexpression.Mod Pathol. 2009; 22: 1423-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar‡ Includes cases classified as malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Open table in a new tab Although we recently described the presence of the ALT phenotype in a small subset of breast carcinomas,17Subhawong A.P. Heaphy C.M. Argani P. Konishi Y. Kouprina N. Nassar H. Vang R. Meeker A.K. The alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype in breast carcinoma is associated with HER-2 overexpression.Mod Pathol. 2009; 22: 1423-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar the ALT phenotype has rarely been reported in other epithelial malignancies.16Henson J.D. Reddel R.R. Assaying and investigating Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres activity in human cells and cancers.FEBS Lett. 2010; 584: 3800-3811Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar Here, we report the presence of the ALT phenotype in numerous epithelial malignancies. The ALT phenotype was present in 8/121 (7%) cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 3/41 (7%) cases of serous endometrial carcinoma, 3/152 (2%) cases of squamous cervical carcinoma, 1/60 (2%) case of gallbladder adenocarcinoma, and 1/106 (1%) case of esophageal adenocarcinoma. In renal carcinoma, the ALT phenotype was observed in 4/47 (9%) cases of chromophobe carcinoma, 2/27 (7%) cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma, 1/117 (1%) case of clear cell carcinoma, and 1/86 (1%) case of papillary carcinoma. In urinary bladder carcinomas, we observed the presence of ALT in 3/13 (7%) cases of small cell bladder carcinoma and 2/150 (1%) cases of invasive urothelial carcinoma. Although ALT was not observed in most lung carcinoma subtypes, we did observe a single case each of large cell [1/35 (3%)] and small cell [1/63 (2%)] carcinomas that exhibited the ALT phenotype. In addition to the novel findings in epithelial malignancies, we present here the first report of ALT in several tumor types of nonepithelial origin, including medulloblastomas, pediatric GBMs, oligodendrogliomas, meningiomas, and schwannomas. In medulloblastomas, the prevalence of ALT-positive tumors varied across subtypes: 18% in anaplastic medulloblastomas and 3% in nonanaplastic medulloblastomas. The prevalence of the ALT phenotype in adult GBM cases was 11%. We also assessed 32 cases of pediatric GBM and observed a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of the ALT phenotype in the pediatric cases (44%), compared with the adult cases (P = 0.0002). In other central nervous system tumors, the prevalence of ALT was 20% in oligodendrogliomas, 2% in meningiomas, and 2% in schwannomas. There appear to be several cancer subtypes that rarely, if ever, use the ALT telomere maintenance mechanism. In particular, we did not observe the ALT phenotype in adenocarcinomas arising from the prostate (N = 1152), pancreas (N = 448), small intestine (N = 215), stomach (N = 155), or colon (N = 126). Although the numbers of cases were smaller, we also did not observe the ALT phenotype in cholangiocarcinomas, laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, oral squamous cell carcinomas, salivary gland carcinomas, follicular and papillary thyroid carcinomas, giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath, or hematopoietic neoplasms. Although malignancies arising from certain organs (eg, prostate cancer) rarely, if ever, develop ALT, there are malignancies from other organ sites that are capable of developing the ALT phenotype, but apparently only in particular cancer subtypes. Notably, in lung carcinoma, the ALT phenotype was observed only in a small subset of carcinomas originating from neuroendocrine cells; it was not observed in any other subtype. Other specific subtypes in which we did not observe the ALT phenotype include ovarian serous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium, seminoma, and basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Although the ALT phenotype is highly prevalent in certain types of sarcomas, we did not find evidence of the ALT phenotype in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Kaposi's sarcomas, or Ewing's sarcomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Next, we assessed a set of 264 normal tissues encompassing a wide range of tissue types. The ALT phenotype was not observed in these non-neoplastic tissue samples (see Supplemental Table S1 at http://ajp.amjpathol.org). In accord with this observation, we did not observe the ALT phenotype in non-neoplastic tissue entrapped in or adjacent to any of the tumors assessed. We also assessed a set of 541 benign neoplasms arising from a range of different tissues. The ALT phenotype was not observed in these benign neoplasms (see Supplemental Table S1 at http://ajp.amjpathol.org). Although we did not specifically assess intraepithelial neoplasms, we did observe the ALT phenotype in two individual cases: a melanoma in situ and a case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (grade 3). For representative images demonstrating the presence of ALT-associated telomeric foci in these cases (see Supplemental Figure S1 at http://ajp.amjpathol.org). In the present study, we comprehensively surveyed the A