Little is known about the relative role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) and guanine exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (Epac) as mediators of cAMP action. We tested cAMP analogs for ability to selectively activate Epac1 or cAPK and discriminate between the binding sites of Epac and of cAPKI and cAPKII. We found that commonly used cAMP analogs, like 8-Br-cAMP and 8-pCPT-cAMP, activate Epac and cAPK equally as well as cAMP, i.e. were full agonists. In contrast, 6-modified cAMP analogs, like N6-benzoyl-cAMP, were inefficient Epac activators and full cAPK activators. Analogs modified in the 2′-position of the ribose induced stronger Epac1 activation than cAMP but were only partial agonists for cAPK. 2′-O-Alkyl substitution of cAMP improved Epac/cAPK binding selectivity 10–100-fold. Phenylthio substituents in position 8, particularly with MeO- or Cl- in p-position, enhanced the Epac/cAPK selectivity even more. The combination of 8-pCPT- and 2′-O-methyl substitutions improved the Epac/cAPK binding selectivity about three orders of magnitude. The cAPK selectivity of 6-substituted cAMP analogs, the preferential inhibition of cAPK by moderate concentrations of Rp-cAMPS analogs, and the Epac selectivity of 8-pCPT-2′-O-methyl-cAMP was also demonstrated in intact cells. Using these compounds to selectively modulate Epac and cAPK in PC-12 cells, we observed that analogs selectively activating Epac synergized strongly with cAPK specific analogs to induce neurite outgrowth. We therefore conclude that cAMP-induced neurite outgrowth is mediated by both Epac and cAPK. Little is known about the relative role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) and guanine exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (Epac) as mediators of cAMP action. We tested cAMP analogs for ability to selectively activate Epac1 or cAPK and discriminate between the binding sites of Epac and of cAPKI and cAPKII. We found that commonly used cAMP analogs, like 8-Br-cAMP and 8-pCPT-cAMP, activate Epac and cAPK equally as well as cAMP, i.e. were full agonists. In contrast, 6-modified cAMP analogs, like N6-benzoyl-cAMP, were inefficient Epac activators and full cAPK activators. Analogs modified in the 2′-position of the ribose induced stronger Epac1 activation than cAMP but were only partial agonists for cAPK. 2′-O-Alkyl substitution of cAMP improved Epac/cAPK binding selectivity 10–100-fold. Phenylthio substituents in position 8, particularly with MeO- or Cl- in p-position, enhanced the Epac/cAPK selectivity even more. The combination of 8-pCPT- and 2′-O-methyl substitutions improved the Epac/cAPK binding selectivity about three orders of magnitude. The cAPK selectivity of 6-substituted cAMP analogs, the preferential inhibition of cAPK by moderate concentrations of Rp-cAMPS analogs, and the Epac selectivity of 8-pCPT-2′-O-methyl-cAMP was also demonstrated in intact cells. Using these compounds to selectively modulate Epac and cAPK in PC-12 cells, we observed that analogs selectively activating Epac synergized strongly with cAPK specific analogs to induce neurite outgrowth. We therefore conclude that cAMP-induced neurite outgrowth is mediated by both Epac and cAPK. With the exception of cyclic nucleotide gated channels in specialized cells like olfactory neurons (1Zufall F. Shepherd G.M. Barnstable C.J. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1997; 7: 404-412Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar), the only known direct cAMP effector in mammalian cells was, until recently, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), 1The abbreviations used are: cAPK, cAMP-dependent protein kinase; RI and RII, regulatory subunit of cAPK isozyme I and II, respectively; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; Epacfl, Epac full-length protein; CNBD, cyclic nucleotide binding domain; NGF, nerve growth factor; GST, glutathione S-transferase; CREB, cAMP-response element-binding protein; cPuMP, cyclic purine monophosphate; Sp- and Rp-cAMPS, axial and equatorial diastereoisomer, respectively, of cAMPS; DCl-cBIMP, dichloro-cyclic benzimidazole monophosphate; 6-Bnz-cAMP, N6-benzoyl-cAMP; 6-MB-cAMP, N6-monobutyryl-cAMP. The following abbreviations were used to designate substituents: Pip, piperidino; pCPT, para-chloro-phenyl-thio; AHA, aminohexylamino; Phe, phenyl; Me, methyl; PT, phenylthio; HPT, hydroxyphenylthio; MABA, 4-[N′-methylanthraniloyl]aminobutylamino.1The abbreviations used are: cAPK, cAMP-dependent protein kinase; RI and RII, regulatory subunit of cAPK isozyme I and II, respectively; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; Epacfl, Epac full-length protein; CNBD, cyclic nucleotide binding domain; NGF, nerve growth factor; GST, glutathione S-transferase; CREB, cAMP-response element-binding protein; cPuMP, cyclic purine monophosphate; Sp- and Rp-cAMPS, axial and equatorial diastereoisomer, respectively, of cAMPS; DCl-cBIMP, dichloro-cyclic benzimidazole monophosphate; 6-Bnz-cAMP, N6-benzoyl-cAMP; 6-MB-cAMP, N6-monobutyryl-cAMP. The following abbreviations were used to designate substituents: Pip, piperidino; pCPT, para-chloro-phenyl-thio; AHA, aminohexylamino; Phe, phenyl; Me, methyl; PT, phenylthio; HPT, hydroxyphenylthio; MABA, 4-[N′-methylanthraniloyl]aminobutylamino. whose mechanism of activation and structure has been studied in detail (2Døskeland S.O. Maronde E. Gjertsen B.T. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1993; 1178: 249-258Crossref PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar, 3Diller T.C. Madhusudan Xuong N. Taylor S.S. Structure. 2001; 9: 73-82Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar, 4Su Y. Dostmann W.R. Herberg F.W. Durick K. Xuong N.H. Ten Eyck L. Taylor S.S. Varughese K.I. Science. 1995; 269: 807-813Crossref PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar). It has been questioned whether cAPK is the sole mediator of cAMP action (5Dremier S. Pohl V. Poteet-Smith C. Roger P.P. Corbin J. Døskeland S.O. Dumont J.E. Maenhaut C. Mol. Cell Biol. 1997; 17: 6717-6726Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar, 6Cass L.A. Summers S.A. Prendergast G.V. Backer J.M. Birnbaum M.J. Meinkoth J.L. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999; 19: 5882-5891Crossref PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar). The discovery (7de Rooij J. Zwartkruis F.J. Verheijen M.H. Cool R.H. Nijman S.M. Wittinghofer A. Bos J.L. Nature. 1998; 396: 474-477Crossref PubMed Scopus (1594) Google Scholar, 8Kawasaki H. Springett G.M. Mochizuki N. Toki S. Nakaya M. Matsuda M. Housman D.E. Graybiel A.M. Science. 1998; 282: 2275-2279Crossref PubMed Scopus (1158) Google Scholar) of Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors directly activated by cAMP (Epac1 and Epac2) raised the possibility that effects hitherto attributed to activation of cAPK were in fact mediated by Epac. Epac1 has an N-terminal DEP (dishevelled, Egl-10, pleckstrin) domain, involved in membrane docking (9de Rooij J. Rehmann H. van Triest M. Cool R.H. Wittinghofer A. Bos J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 20829-20836Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar) and cell adhesion (10Qiao J. Mei F.C. Popov V.L. Vergara L.A. Cheng X. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 26581-26586Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar), a cAMP binding domain (CNBD), a Ras exchange motif, and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor homology domain (see Fig. 1A). Epac2 has been crystallized recently (11Rehmann H. Prakash B. Wolf E. Rueppel A. De Rooij J. Bos J.L. Wittinghofer A. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2003; 10: 26-32Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). It has an additional CNBD (8Kawasaki H. Springett G.M. Mochizuki N. Toki S. Nakaya M. Matsuda M. Housman D.E. Graybiel A.M. Science. 1998; 282: 2275-2279Crossref PubMed Scopus (1158) Google Scholar), which is dispensable for cAMP-induced Rap activation (9de Rooij J. Rehmann H. van Triest M. Cool R.H. Wittinghofer A. Bos J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 20829-20836Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar, 12Ueno H. Shibasaki T. Iwanaga T. Takahashi K. Yokoyama Y. Liu L.M. Yokoi N. Ozaki N. Matsukura S. Yano H. Seino S. Genomics. 2001; 78: 91-98Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). There is increasing but still modest knowledge about the biological consequences of cAMP activation of endogenous Epac in intact cells. Epac appears not to mediate modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity by cAMP (13Enserink J.M. Christensen A.E. de Rooij J. van Triest M. Schwede F. Genieser H.G. Døskeland S.O. Blank J.L. Bos J.L. Nat. Cell Biol. 2002; 4: 901-906Crossref PubMed Scopus (610) Google Scholar) but may mediate the stimulation by cAMP of exocytosis (14Ozaki N. Shibasaki T. Kashima Y. Miki T. Takahashi K. Ueno H. Sunaga Y. Yano H. Matsuura Y. Iwanaga T. Takai Y. Seino S. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000; 2: 805-811Crossref PubMed Scopus (390) Google Scholar, 15Kang G. Joseph J.W. Chepurny O.G. Monaco M. Wheeler M.B. Bos J.L. Schwede F. Genieser H.G. Holz G.G. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 8279-8285Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (251) Google Scholar) and the calcitonin-induced H,K-ATPase activation in kidney cells (16Laroche-Joubert N. Marsy S. Michelet S. Imbert-Teboul M. Doucet A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 18598-18604Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar) and may modulate integrin-mediated cell adhesion (17Rangarajan S. Enserink J.M. Kuiperij H.B. de Rooij J. Price L.S. Schwede F. Bos J.L. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 160: 487-493Crossref PubMed Scopus (230) Google Scholar). Less is known about how cAMP signaling through cAPK and Epac might be integrated, but there is evidence that overexpressed Epac1 can activate Akt/protein kinase B, whereas stimulation of cAPK inhibits Akt/protein kinase B (18Mei F.C. Qiao J. Tsygankova O.M. Meinkoth J.L. Quilliam L.A. Cheng X. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 11497-11504Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (242) Google Scholar), suggesting that Epac and cAPK serve opposite functions. The aim of the present study was to develop and identify cyclic nucleotide analogs that could help distinguish the roles of cAPK and Epac1 in intact cells. We obtained first a detailed map of the cAMP binding site of Epac1 using more than 50 analogs, many of which are novel. We studied next the ability of selected analogs to activate Epac and cAPK in vitro. We found that 2′-O-alkyl-modified cAMP analogs were only partial agonists of cAPK activation, while being stronger than cAMP itself as activators of Epac. On the other hand, several 6-modified cAMP analogs were full cAPK agonists and poor agonists of Epac activation, even if they bound well to Epac. Intact cell studies confirmed the cAPK specificity of 6-modified analogs and the Epac specificity of 2′-O-Me-cAMP analogs like 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP. Using these analogs as tools we showed that Epac acted synergistically with NGF to promote neurite extension in PC-12 rat pheochromocytoma cells, a model for neuronal differentiation (19Richter-Landsberg C. Jastorff B. J. Cell Biol. 1986; 102: 821-829Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 20Vaudry D. Stork P.J. Lazarovici P. Eiden L.E. Science. 2002; 296: 1648-1649Crossref PubMed Scopus (696) Google Scholar). Activation of Epac sensitized the cells toward cAPK. This is the first demonstration that Epac and cAPK act in synergy to mediate a cAMP effect. Cyclic Nucleotide Analogs—The cAMP and cGMP analogs modified only in the purine ring or the cyclic phosphate ring and all 2′-deoxy cAMP analogs were provided by BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Bremen, Germany. 2′-O-Ethyl-, 2′-O-propyl-, 2′-O-butyl-, and 2′-O-isobutyl-cAMP were kindly provided by Drs. B. Jastorff and J. Kruppa, Bio-Organic Unit, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. 8-Br-2′-O-Methyladenosine was phosphorylated and cyclized in a one pot reaction to 8-Br-2′-O-Me-cAMP as described earlier (21Genieser H.G. Butt E. Bottin U. Dostmann W.R. Jastorff B. Synthesis. 1989; 1: 53-54Crossref Scopus (24) Google Scholar). 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution (22Miller J.P. Boswell K.H. Muneyama K. Simon L.N. Robins R.K. Shuman D.A. Biochemistry. 1973; 12: 5310-5319Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar) of 8-Br-2′-O-Me-cAMP. Other 8-substituted 2′-O-Me-cAMP analogs were synthesized essentially as described for 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP. 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP benzyl ester was prepared from 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP by alkylation with benzyl bromide (23Furuta T. Torigai H. Osawa T. Iwamura M. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. 1993; 24: 3139-3142Crossref Scopus (22) Google Scholar). All analogs, including the axial and equatorial stereoisomers of 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP benzyl ester, were purified by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (YMC ODS-120A; 10 μm) and isolated to purity >98%. The structure of each analog was confirmed by UV-visible and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis (8-Br-2′-O-Me-cAMP and 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP also by 1H NMR and 31P NMR). Epac and cAPK Purification—Recombinant GST-hEpac1fl, GST-hEpac12–329, GST-hEpac1149–318, GST-hEpac1149–881, GST-hRIα, and His-hRIIα were expressed in E. coli BL21 cells. The GST fusion proteins were adsorbed to GST-agarose and either eluted with glutathione, or the GST cleaved off in situ with thrombin (7de Rooij J. Zwartkruis F.J. Verheijen M.H. Cool R.H. Nijman S.M. Wittinghofer A. Bos J.L. Nature. 1998; 396: 474-477Crossref PubMed Scopus (1594) Google Scholar, 24Kopperud R. Christensen A.E. Kjærland E. Viste K. Kleivdal H. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 13443-13448Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar). Epac1149 –318 was a gift from Drs. A. Krämer and A. Wittinghofer (25Krämer A. Rehmann H.R. Cool R.H. Theiss C. de Rooij J. Bos J.L. Wittinghofer A. J. Mol. Biol. 2001; 306: 1167-1177Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar). The proteins were further purified by size exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography as described (24Kopperud R. Christensen A.E. Kjærland E. Viste K. Kleivdal H. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 13443-13448Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar). The catalytic subunit of cAPK was prepared as described (24Kopperud R. Christensen A.E. Kjærland E. Viste K. Kleivdal H. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 13443-13448Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar). Determination of [3H]cAMP Binding to the R Subunits of cAPK and to Epac1—An extensively validated ammonium sulfate precipitation method was used to assay [3H]cAMP bound to the RI and RII subunits of cAPK (26D⊘skeland S.O. Øgreid D. Methods Enzymol. 1988; 159: 147-150Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar). To determine [3H]cAMP bound to the more rapidly exchanging binding site of Epac we used cold (–10 °C) 98% saturated ammonium sulfate. Unbound isotope was removed by immediate filtering and rinsing with 1 ml of the ammonium sulfate solution. A size-exclusion chromatography method (27Hummel J.P. Dreyer W.J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1962; 63: 530-532Crossref PubMed Scopus (929) Google Scholar) was used to assay the binding of [3H]cAMP to Epac under strict equilibrium conditions. The buffer (Buffer A; 15 mm Hepes, pH 7.2, with 1 mm Na2PO4, 130 mm KCl, 2 mm Mg(CH3COO)2, 2 mm glutathione, 0.1 mm β-mercaptoethanol, 0.3 mm EGTA, 1 mm EDTA, 0.2 mm AMP, and 0.2 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor) had near physiological pH and ionic strength. To assay for [3H]cAMP without interference from cAMP-induced Epac precipitation GST-Epac was attached to GSH-coated Flashplates (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). To determine [3H]cAMP binding, the plates were incubated with Buffer A (0.1 ml) and various concentrations of [3H]cAMP and analyzed (at 25 °C) in a TopCount NXT scintillation counter (Packard, Meriden, CT). Determination of the cAMP Analog Binding Affinity for Sites A and B of RI and RII and for Epac1—The equilibrium inhibition constant of binding (Ki) of cAMP analog was determined by competitive displacement of [3H]cAMP binding to R or Epac. The analog affinity relative to cAMP (K′ i analog) is Ki cAMP/Ki analog. The determination of K′ i analog for Epac was, in principle, as described previously (28Schwede F. Christensen A. Liauw S. Hippe T. Kopperud R. Jastorff B. Døskeland S.O. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 8803-8812Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar) and validated for RI and RII. In Vitro Assay of Epac-induced Rap Activation and cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Activity—Cyclic AMP analogs were tested for in vitro Rap1 or Rap2 activation by determination of their effect on the rate of Epac-induced fluorescent GDP analog (3′-O-(N-methylantraniloyl)-GDP) exchange from Rap (9de Rooij J. Rehmann H. van Triest M. Cool R.H. Wittinghofer A. Bos J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 20829-20836Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar). The determination of cAMP analog effects on protein kinase activity was routinely by incubation for 40 min at 37 °C in Buffer A with 1 mm [γ-32P]ATP, using kemptide as substrate (24Kopperud R. Christensen A.E. Kjærland E. Viste K. Kleivdal H. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 13443-13448Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar). Assay of cAMP Analog Actions in Intact Cells—The activation of Rap was determined by GST pull-down assay as described (29van Triest M. de Rooij J. Bos J.L. Methods Enzymol. 2001; 333: 343-348Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar), except that NaF was omitted, and 5 mm Mg(CH3COO)2 added in lysis and wash buffers. The amount of immobilized Ral-GDS-RBD-GST protein (where GDS is GDP dissociation stimulator and RBD is Ras binding domain) used to capture Rap1-GTP was in excess to ensure that variation in pipetting error of the slurry would not affect the pull down of Rap-GTP. Phospho-CREB was determined by Western blotting using the Ab5322 (a kind gift from Dr. M. Montminy, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA) and compared with the amount of total CREB using a non-discriminating CREB antibody (number 9192; www.cellsignal.com). Primary dog thyroid cells were cultured and assessed for rounding as described earlier (5Dremier S. Pohl V. Poteet-Smith C. Roger P.P. Corbin J. Døskeland S.O. Dumont J.E. Maenhaut C. Mol. Cell Biol. 1997; 17: 6717-6726Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar, 30Dremier S. Vandeput F. Zwartkruis F.J. Bos J.L. Dumont J.E. Maenhaut C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000; 267: 7-11Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). Rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells were cultured in RPMI with 10% horse serum and 5% fetal calf serum. The cells were kept for 20 h in intact medium after seeding and 1 h with low (5% horse and 2.5% fetal calf) serum, before being stimulated with cAMP analog or NGF for 3 to 72 h, and fixed for evaluation by phase and differential interference contrast microscopy (31Sandal T. Stapnes C. Kleivdal H. Hedin L. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 20783-20793Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar). Molecular Modeling—The structures of the CNBDs A and B of RIα (Protein Data Bank accession code 1RGS) (4Su Y. Dostmann W.R. Herberg F.W. Durick K. Xuong N.H. Ten Eyck L. Taylor S.S. Varughese K.I. Science. 1995; 269: 807-813Crossref PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar) were used as templates to construct a structural model of the CNBD of Epac1. The model obtained using the Homology module of InsightII 2000 (MSI found at www.msi.com) was similar to that obtained by the Swiss-Pdb Viewer in conjunction with SWISS-MODEL (32Guex N. Peitsch M.C. Electrophoresis. 1997; 18: 2714-2723Crossref PubMed Scopus (9399) Google Scholar). Final optimization of the structure of the complexes was performed using Discover (MSI). The programs InsightII (MSI) and WebLab Viewer (MSI) were used to prepare the figures. Binding of [3H]cAMP and cAMP Analogs to Full-length Epac1, the CNBD Fragment of Epac, and Sites AI, BI, AII, and BII of cAPK—The isolated CNBD (Epac149–318) of Epac is well expressed and does not aggregate in the presence of cAMP, unlike Epacfl and Epac149–881 (25Krämer A. Rehmann H.R. Cool R.H. Theiss C. de Rooij J. Bos J.L. Wittinghofer A. J. Mol. Biol. 2001; 306: 1167-1177Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar). To know whether the binding properties of CNBD are relevant for full-length Epac, we compared their affinity for cAMP. The isolated CNBD (Epac149–318) of Epac1 bound [3H]cAMP with an apparent KD of 2.9 μm (Fig. 1, B and C) at close to physiological pH (7.2) and ionic strength, as determined by the time-honored size exclusion gel chromatography method (27Hummel J.P. Dreyer W.J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1962; 63: 530-532Crossref PubMed Scopus (929) Google Scholar). To prevent aggregation, we anchored GST-Epacfl and GST-Epac149–881 to GSH-coated plates with intrinsic scintillant and determined [3H]cAMP binding by scintillation proximity assay. GST-Epacfl and GST-Epac149–881 bound [3H]cAMP with an apparent KD of 2.8 μm (Fig. 1D). We conclude that the CNBD of Epac has the same affinity for cAMP whether in a 170-residue peptide (Epac149–318) or included in the full-length Epac molecule. Cyclic AMP analog mapping of the binding sites of Epac1, RI and RII, was undertaken to probe for differences between the Epac and R subunit binding sites. We showed first that the estimated K′ i of cAMP analogs for binding to Epac149–318 was similar whether assayed by the routine ammonium sulfate precipitation method or the equilibrium binding chromatography assay (Fig. 2). Mapping data for analogs modified only in the adenine moiety are shown in Table I. We noted that the commonly used cAPK activators 8-Br-cAMP, 8-AHA-cAMP, and particularly 8-pCPT-cAMP had higher affinity than cAMP itself for Epac. No analog was severely restricted from binding to Epac, whereas several had very low K′ i for binding to one or more of the binding sites of RIα (AI, BI) or RIIα (AII, BII). All the R subunit binding sites discriminated better than Epac against cGMP (Table I). The modestly (12-fold) decreased K′ i of cGMP for Epac was because of a combined effect of the introduction of 2-NH2 and 6=O into the cAMP molecule (Table I). The Sp- and Rp-diastereoisomers of cAMPS bound to Epac with a relative affinity similar to that for the cAPK sites (Table II). The presumed cAPK-specific agonists Sp-8-pCPT-cAMPS and Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPs (33Schwede F. Maronde E. Genieser H. Jastorff B. Pharmacol. Ther. 2000; 87: 199-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar, 34Sandberg M. Butt E. Nolte C. Fischer L. Halbrugge M. Beltman J. Jahnsen T. Genieser H.G. Jastorff B. Walter U. Biochem. J. 1991; 279: 521-527Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar) bound to Epac with an affinity similar to that of cAMP itself (Table II).Table IAffinity of purine base-modified cAMP analogs the for Epac1 and site A and B of RIα and RIIαCompoundK′i Epac1K′i RIαK′i RIIαAIBIAIIBIIcAMP1.01.01.01.01.02-NH2-cAMP0.130.0430.350.0360.0298-Pip-cAMP0.212.10.0600.0472.78-Br-cAMP8.11.31.00.116.88-pCPT-cAMP653.91.70.054198-AHA-cAMP1.30.0554.10.0100.396-Phe-cAMP2.8110.38190.346-Bnz-cAMP1.34.00.263.80.0376-MB-cAMP0.773.60.0930.740.041cIMP (6 = O)0.280.120.0250.0940.0051cGMP (2-NH2, 6 = O)0.0780.00510.0120.00410.000936-Phe-8-pCPT-cAMP1108.10.900.0409.6 Open table in a new tab Table IIMapping of Epac1, RIα, and RIIα with cAMP analogs modified in their cyclic phosphate or ribose moietyCompoundK′i Epac1K′i RIαK′i RIIαAIBIAIIBIISp-cAMPS0.0850.180.0340.0380.43Sp-8-pCPT-cAMPS5.21.60.0870.00592.3Sp-5,6-DC1-cBIMPS0.690.0220.130.03414Rp-cAMPS0.00830.00130.00280.00210.022Rp-8-Br-cAMPS0.0980.00080.000710.000480.094Rp-8-pCPT-cAMPS0.360.0150.00680.00120.172′-dcAMP0.00250.0000650.000280.0000700.000118-pCPT-2′-dcAMP0.170.0020.000690.000140.00916-Phe-8-pCPT-2′-dcAMP0.460.0310.0110.200.0462′-O-Me-cAMP0.120.00900.00260.00190.0142′-O-Et-cAMP0.0500.00490.00382′-O-Pr-cAMP0.0250.00110.000512′-O-Bu-cAMP0.0250.00100.000638-Br-2′-O-Me-cAMP0.900.00370.000470.00280.00418-PT-2′-O-Me-cAMP3.40.0180.000528-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP4.60.0430.00160.000590.0248-pHPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP6.98-pMeOPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP7.10.0250.00060 Open table in a new tab The loss of the 2′-OH of cAMP was more detrimental for binding to cAPK than to Epac, because both 2′-deoxy- and 2′-O-alkyl-cAMP had higher K′ i for Epac than for RI or RII (Table II). A more detailed survey of 8-substituted analogs of 2′-O-Me-cAMP indicated that the highest affinity was achieved when the S-phenyl ring was substituted in the para-position with a polar group, like Cl–, HO–, O-methyl (Table II), or F– (not shown). Comparison of cAMP Analogs as Modulators of cAPK and Epac Activity in Vitro and in Intact Cells—It is not known whether cAMP analogs modified in the 2′-position are full or partial agonists for cAPK. We found that 2′-O-Me-cAMP, 8-Br-2′-O-Me-cAMP, and 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP failed to activate cAPK completely in vitro (Figs. 3, 4, 5). This indicates that 2′-O-Me analogs of cAMP are only partial agonists with respect to activation of cAPK. At near physiological concentration (300–600 nm) of R subunit (24Kopperud R. Christensen A.E. Kjærland E. Viste K. Kleivdal H. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 13443-13448Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar) 8-Br-2′-O-Me-cAMP (1 mm) achieved less than 15% activation of cAPKI, and 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (1 mm) achieved less than 25% activation of either isozyme.Fig. 4The activation of cAPKI by cAMP and by 8-pCPT- and 8-Br-substituted 2′-O-Me-cAMP at low and near physiological concentration of RIα. The assay was as described for Fig. 3, except that the concentration of hRIα was 3 nm (□), 30 nm (▴), or 300 nm (○). De-repression of kinase activity was by increasing concentrations of cAMP (A), 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (B), or 8-Br-2′-O-Me-cAMP (C). The data represent mean ± S.E. (n = 3–4), except for panel C, which presents the average from two separate experiments.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Fig. 5The activation of cAPKII by cAMP and by 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP at low and near physiological concentration of RIIα. The experimental details were as for the experiments shown in Fig. 4, except that hRIIα at 1 nm (□), 15 nm (▴), 100 nm (○), or 400 nm (♦) was present rather than RIα.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) The 2′-O-Me-cAMP analogs were next tested for ability to stimulate the Epac1-catalyzed dissociation of the GDP-Rap complex. The compounds 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP, 8-pHPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP, and 8-pMeOPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP all stimulated the dissociation of GDP more strongly than cAMP or 8-Br-cAMP (Fig. 6A and data not shown). We conclude that 2′-O-Me-cAMP analogs super-activate Epac. All cAMP analogs modified in the 6-position of the adenine ring, including cPuMP, 6-Cl-cPuMP, cIMP, cGMP, 6-MB-cAMP, 6-Bnz-cAMP, and to a lesser extent 6-Phe-cAMP, were only partial Epac agonists (data for 6-Bnz-cAMP are shown in Fig. 6A). Furthermore, the partial stimulation was observed at a higher concentration than expected from the analog affinity for free Epac (not shown). In fibroblasts with enforced expression of Rap1 and Epac1, the analogs 6-MB-cAMP and 6-Bnz-cAMP stimulated strongly the phosphorylation of the cAPK substrate CREB but failed to activate Rap1 (not shown). Preferential stimulation by 6-modified cAMP analog of CREB phosphorylation was observed also in primary dog thyrocytes. In these cells rounding is a specific reaction to cAPK (5Dremier S. Pohl V. Poteet-Smith C. Roger P.P. Corbin J. Døskeland S.O. Dumont J.E. Maenhaut C. Mol. Cell Biol. 1997; 17: 6717-6726Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar). Cell rounding was induced by 6-MB-cAMP (Fig. 7A) and 6-Bnz-cAMP (not shown) without Rap1 activation (Fig. 7A). In contrast, 8-pCPT-cAMP and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin induced Rap activation, CREB phosphorylation, and cell rounding, whereas 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP only induced Rap activation (Fig. 7A). We conclude that 6-modified cAMP analogs, notably 6-Bnz-cAMP and 6-MB-cAMP, may be useful to preferentially activate cAPK in intact cells. It was of interest to know whether Rp-cAMPS analogs could be used to inhibit Epac, and we used Rp-8-p-CPT-cAMPS to test this hypothesis, because this compound had a high affinity for Epac (Table II). Rp-8-pCPT-cAMPS is an inhibitor of both cAPKI and cAPKII in intact cells (33Schwede F. Maronde E. Genieser H. Jastorff B. Pharmacol. Ther. 2000; 87: 199-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar, 35Gjertsen B.T. Mellgren G. Otten A. Maronde E. Genieser H.G. Jastorff B. Vintermyr O.K. McKnight G.S. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 20599-20607Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar). It was a very weak Epac agonist in vitro (Fig. 6B) and did not activate Rap in intact thyrocytes (Fig. 7A). Rp-8-pCPT-cAMPS had a weak ability to counteract 8-Br-cAMP-induced Rap activation in vitro (Fig. 6B) although it could inhibit 8-pCPT-cAMP-induced Rap activation in thyrocytes when present at high concentration. The compound was a stronger inhibitor of CREB phosphorylation and rounding than of Rap activation in thyrocytes (Fig. 7, B and C). This suggests that Rp-8-pCPT-cAMPS would have to be modified to act as a specific Epac antagonist in intact cells. Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, which inhibits cAPKI in intact cells (35Gjertsen B.T. Mellgren G. Otten A. Maronde E. Genieser H.G. Jastorff B. Vintermyr O.K. McKnight G.S. Døskeland S.O. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 20599-20607Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar), was a weak partial Epac agonist in vitro (Fig. 6B) and failed to inhibit either basal (Fig. 7A) or 8-pCPT-cAMP-i