Article25 January 2013Open Access TET2 and TET3 regulate GlcNAcylation and H3K4 methylation through OGT and SET1/COMPASS Rachel Deplus Rachel Deplus Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Benjamin Delatte Benjamin Delatte Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Marie K Schwinn Marie K Schwinn Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Matthieu Defrance Matthieu Defrance Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Jacqui Méndez Jacqui Méndez Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Nancy Murphy Nancy Murphy Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Mark A Dawson Mark A Dawson Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK Department of Pathology, Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Michael Volkmar Michael Volkmar Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Pascale Putmans Pascale Putmans Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Emilie Calonne Emilie Calonne Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Alan H Shih Alan H Shih Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA Search for more papers by this author Ross L Levine Ross L Levine Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA Search for more papers by this author Olivier Bernard Olivier Bernard INSERM UMR 985, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France Search for more papers by this author Thomas Mercher Thomas Mercher INSERM UMR 985, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France Search for more papers by this author Eric Solary Eric Solary INSERM UMR 1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France Search for more papers by this author Marjeta Urh Marjeta Urh Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Danette L Daniels Corresponding Author Danette L Daniels Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author François Fuks Corresponding Author François Fuks Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Rachel Deplus Rachel Deplus Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Benjamin Delatte Benjamin Delatte Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Marie K Schwinn Marie K Schwinn Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Matthieu Defrance Matthieu Defrance Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Jacqui Méndez Jacqui Méndez Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Nancy Murphy Nancy Murphy Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Mark A Dawson Mark A Dawson Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK Department of Pathology, Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Search for more papers by this author Michael Volkmar Michael Volkmar Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Pascale Putmans Pascale Putmans Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Emilie Calonne Emilie Calonne Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Alan H Shih Alan H Shih Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA Search for more papers by this author Ross L Levine Ross L Levine Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA Search for more papers by this author Olivier Bernard Olivier Bernard INSERM UMR 985, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France Search for more papers by this author Thomas Mercher Thomas Mercher INSERM UMR 985, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France Search for more papers by this author Eric Solary Eric Solary INSERM UMR 1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France Search for more papers by this author Marjeta Urh Marjeta Urh Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author Danette L Daniels Corresponding Author Danette L Daniels Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA Search for more papers by this author François Fuks Corresponding Author François Fuks Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Author Information Rachel Deplus1,‡, Benjamin Delatte1,‡, Marie K Schwinn2,‡, Matthieu Defrance1, Jacqui Méndez2, Nancy Murphy2, Mark A Dawson3,4, Michael Volkmar1, Pascale Putmans1, Emilie Calonne1, Alan H Shih5, Ross L Levine5, Olivier Bernard6, Thomas Mercher6, Eric Solary7, Marjeta Urh2, Danette L Daniels 2 and François Fuks 1 1Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium 2Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA 3Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK 4Department of Pathology, Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 5Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA 6INSERM UMR 985, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France 7INSERM UMR 1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France ‡These authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding authors. Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI 53703, USA. Tel.:+1 608 274 4330; Fax:+1 608 277 2601; E-mail: [email protected] of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels 1070, Belgium. Tel.:+32 2 555 62 45; Fax:+32 2 555 62 57; E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2013)32:645-655https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2012.357 There is a Have you seen? (March 2013) associated with this Article. PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. Peer ReviewDownload a summary of the editorial decision process including editorial decision letters, reviewer comments and author responses to feedback. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info TET proteins convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, an emerging dynamic epigenetic state of DNA that can influence transcription. Evidence has linked TET1 function to epigenetic repression complexes, yet mechanistic information, especially for the TET2 and TET3 proteins, remains limited. Here, we show a direct interaction of TET2 and TET3 with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). OGT does not appear to influence hmC activity, rather TET2 and TET3 promote OGT activity. TET2/3–OGT co-localize on chromatin at active promoters enriched for H3K4me3 and reduction of either TET2/3 or OGT activity results in a direct decrease in H3K4me3 and concomitant decreased transcription. Further, we show that Host Cell Factor 1 (HCF1), a component of the H3K4 methyltransferase SET1/COMPASS complex, is a specific GlcNAcylation target of TET2/3–OGT, and modification of HCF1 is important for the integrity of SET1/COMPASS. Additionally, we find both TET proteins and OGT activity promote binding of the SET1/COMPASS H3K4 methyltransferase, SETD1A, to chromatin. Finally, studies in Tet2 knockout mouse bone marrow tissue extend and support the data as decreases are observed of global GlcNAcylation and also of H3K4me3, notably at several key regulators of haematopoiesis. Together, our results unveil a step-wise model, involving TET–OGT interactions, promotion of GlcNAcylation, and influence on H3K4me3 via SET1/COMPASS, highlighting a novel means by which TETs may induce transcriptional activation. Introduction Epigenetic marking of the genome and regulation of chromatin are central to establishing tissue-specific gene expression programs, and hence to several biological processes (Bonasio et al, 2010). Until recently, the only known epigenetic mark on DNA was 5-methylcytosine (mC), established and propagated by DNA methyltransferases, and generally associated with gene repression (Suzuki and Bird, 2008; Cedar and Bergman, 2009; Ndlovu et al, 2011). The discovery of cystosine 5-hydroxymethylation (hmC), and of the Ten-Eleven Translocation family of enzymes (TET1, TET2, and TET3) that catalyse the conversion of mC to hmC has sparked great interest in uncovering the roles played by this mark and these proteins (Kriaucionis and Heintz, 2009; Tahiliani et al, 2009; Ito et al, 2010). Genome-wide profiling of the distribution of Tet1 and hmC in mouse ES cells has shown that both are important in regulation of pluripotency and cellular differentiation (Ficz et al, 2011; Pastor et al, 2011; Williams et al, 2011; Wu et al, 2011). Other data have linked TET1 to epigenetic repression complexes, notably SIN3A and PRC2 (Williams et al, 2011; Wu et al, 2011). Regarding TET2 and TET3, mouse Tet2 has been implicated in haematopoiesis and human TET2 mutations have been found in various leukaemias (Langemeijer et al, 2009), while studies in mouse germ cells have shown the importance of Tet3 in epigenetic reprogramming (Gu et al, 2011). However the mode of action, particularly of the TET2 and TET3 family members, is still poorly understood. Results TET2 and TET3 associate with the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT To aid in this understanding and further explore binding partners of these proteins, we performed an unbiased proteomic approach using HaloTag technology as previously described (Los et al, 2008; Daniels et al, 2012). To this end, we expressed the full-length TET1, TET2, and TET3 proteins as HaloTag (HT) fusions in HEK293T cells, covalently captured them on an HT affinity resin, eluted the interacting proteins, and purified these for mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and spectral counting analysis (Materials and methods; Supplementary Figure 1). Figure 1A shows the silver stain gel for each complex isolation and the enrichment of numerous bands for each as compared to the HT alone control. Mass spectrometry of each revealed notably several transcriptional and epigenetic interacting proteins identified in biological replicates and enriched over the HT alone control, including the known TET1–SIN3A interaction and the absence of this with TET2 (Williams et al, 2011; Figure 1B). All TET proteins showed interaction with O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT, (Figure 1B), though TET2 and TET3 showed demonstrably higher enrichment. Given this, we focused all following experiments with the TET2 and TET3 family members. Two approaches were used to confirm the interaction between TET2 or TET3 and OGT: (i) western blotting with anti-OGT antibody, applied to samples of eluate from the above-mentioned HT-pulldown experiments (Figure 1C), and (ii) co-immunoprecipitations (Co-IPs) showing capture of both TET2 and TET3 from extracts of untransfected cells upon immunoprecipitation with an anti-OGT antibody, confirming the interaction of endogenous TET2 and TET3 with OGT (Figure 1D). Input loading controls of OGT are shown for each (Figures 1C and D). A variant of TET2 lacking the catalytic domain (TET2ΔCD) did not show interaction with OGT (Figures 1A and C; Supplementary Figure 2), indicating that the catalytic domain is important for the OGT interaction and demonstrating the specificity of the HT pulldown and mass spectrometry analysis. Supporting this, FLAG Co-IP experiments performed with FLAG-TET2 and -TET3 CD alone showed interaction with transfected or endogenous OGT (Supplementary Figure 3). Furthermore, to evaluate whether the interaction is direct, an in vitro protein isolation was performed using E. coli expressed and purified full-length OGT incubated with E. coli expressed HT-TET2CD or HT alone control covalently bound to resin. As shown in Supplementary Figure 3, OGT was specifically enriched on resin containing the TET2CD as compared to the control. Together, these data demonstrate that TET2 and TET3 interact directly with the OGT glycosyltransferase. Figure 1.TET2 and TET3 associate with the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and promote GlcNAcylation. (A) Silver stain gel of HaloTag-TET protein complex isolations and HaloTag alone control (Ctrl). Protein pulldowns were performed from HEK293T cells overexpressing the indicated HT constructs (see Materials and methods and Supplementary Figure 1 for details). As not all of the indicated complex isolations were performed at the same time, two separate silver stain gels were run, as shown in this panel. (B) Table of transcriptional or chromatin protein interactors found in the various HaloTag-TET isolations. Spectral counts for each interacting protein are shown for biological replicates. TET1, but not TET2, as previously reported (Williams et al, 2011; Wu et al, 2011), shows interaction with SIN3A. OGT interacts with all TET proteins, though it is most highly abundant with TET2 and TET3. (C) Detection of OGT by western blotting from HT-TET2 and HT-TET3 pulldowns from (A). The indicated pulldowns were probed with an anti-OGT antibody to detect the presence of OGT. OGT and beta-Actin shown as input loading controls. (D) TET2 and TET3 co-immunoprecipitate (CoIP) with endogenous OGT from untransfected HEK293T cells. Cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-OGT or rabbit IgG and probed with antibodies against the indicated proteins. An IP control of OGT alone is shown to demonstrate specific capture and enrichment of OGT. Inputs loading controls are shown for all. Note that in this experiment very weak expression of TET2 relative to TET3 is observed. (E) The global level of hmC does not change after cell treatment with Alloxan or PUGNAc. Dot blot quantification of global hmC after the indicated treatments. The hmC content is normalized with respect to the input DNA and to mock-treated cells, where the ratio is set at 1.00. Error bars indicate s.d. of three independent experiments. As controls, western blots using anti-O-GlcNAc antibody show the expected decrease in GlcNAcylation with Alloxan and increase with PUGNAc. HDAC1 input loading controls are also shown. Vertical line indicates juxtaposition of lanes non-adjacent within the same blot, exposed for the same time. (F) Global decrease in GlcNAcylation is observed in TET2/3 knockdowns. Left: TET2 kd or TET3 kd show decreased GlcNAc activity. Nuclear extracts were prepared from HEK293T cells expressing RNAi Ctrl, RNAi TET2, or RNAi TET3, and UDP-[3H]GlcNAc incorporation was measured. The amount incorporated into the control cells was set at 1. Error bars indicate s.d. of three independent experiments (*P<0.05). Right: Nuclear extracts were prepared from HEK293T cells expressing RNAi Ctrl or RNAi TET2/3 and global GlcNAcylation was visualized with an antibody against O-GlcNAc. HDAC1 input loading control is also shown. Download figure Download PowerPoint TET2 and TET3 promote OGT-mediated GlcNAcylation OGT places O-GlcNAc modifications on numerous proteins, including transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, and also histones (Hart et al, 2007). GlcNAcylation can activate or inhibit protein activity and serve as a mark to recruit other proteins (Slawson and Hart, 2011). As several proteins that interact with OGT are also regulated by GlcNAcylation (Hart et al, 2007), we analysed TET2 and TET3 by mass spectrometry for the presence of O-GlcNAc modifications. Despite high levels of spectral counts (∼400) for both proteins, GlcNAcylation could not be detected for either protein (data not shown). Based upon these results, we predict if TET proteins are GlcNAcylated, they would be at low levels. As TET and OGT are both enzymes, we next sought to determine if their respective activities are altered by each other. To evaluate if the enzymatic activity of OGT might influence hydroxymethylation by the TET enzymes, we measured the overall abundance of the hmC mark in dot blot assay using a specific hmC antibody (Supplementary Figure 4) in the absence or presence of either Alloxan, an OGT inhibitor, or PUGNAc, which prevents removal of the O-GlcNAc modification by inhibiting the enzyme O-linked N-acetylglucosaminidase (OGA) (Capotosti et al, 2011; Fujiki et al, 2009). As shown in Figure 1E, no changes in overall hmC level were observed with these respective treatments (upper panel), while a western blot of lysates revealed the expected impact on global levels of O-GlcNAc for each (lower panel). Similarly, overexpression of HT-OGT did not increase levels of hmC, while overexpression of a TET2CD alone control did (Supplementary Figure 4). Hence, cytosine hydroxylation does not appear to require the GlcNAcylating activity of OGT. We then investigated if GlcNAcylation might depend on TET2 and/or TET3. To answer this question, we measured overall OGT activity in lysates of cells where RNAi was used to knock down TET2 or TET3 (cf. Supplementary Figure 5 for RNAi efficiency and controls). As shown in Figure 1F (left panel), we observed lower GlcNAcylation activity in TET2 or TET3 RNAi than in the control cells. Following with this, in a TET2 and TET3 double RNAi kd (referred to as TET2/3 kd) a discernable decrease in O-GlcNAc modified proteins is seen as revealed by western blot analysis using an anti-O-GlcNAc antibody (Figure 1F, right panel; Supplementary Figure 5). To demonstrate that decreased OGT activity was not due to change in levels of OGT, analysis of lysates from mock RNAi and TET2/3 kd cells revealed that protein levels of OGT were unchanged after depletion of TET2 and TET3 (Supplementary Figures 5 and 6). These combined data suggest that TET2/3 positively impacts the activity of OGT. TET2, TET3, and OGT show genome-wide co-localization, notably at CpG islands and at transcription start sites We next undertook to map genome-wide binding of TET2, TET3, and OGT, looking for their possible co-occurrence at genomic targets. We performed crosslinking and chromatin isolation from HEK293T cells, expressing HT fusion proteins (Los et al, 2008; Hartzell et al, 2009) coupled with high-throughput sequencing (Supplementary Figure 7). Our results show that TET2, TET3, and OGT all localize primarily to CpG islands (CGI) and promoter regions (Figure 2A; Supplementary Figure 8), similar to previously observed localization for Tet1 in mouse ES cells (Ficz et al, 2011; Williams et al, 2011; Wu et al, 2011). Co-occurrence analysis of OGT binding sites revealed statistically significant overlaps with TET2 (42%) (Figure 2A) and TET3 (55%) (Supplementary Figure 8; Supplementary Table 2). The TET2–OGT and TET3–OGT targets are primarily contained within promoter regions, tightly clustered around transcription start sites (TSSs), with intermediate to high CpG content (ICP and HCP) (Figure 2A; Supplementary Figures 8 and 9; Supplementary Table 2). Figure 2.TET2/3–OGT show genomic co-localization around TSSs and impact on H3K4me3 and transcriptional activation. (A) Left: Venn diagrams indicating significant overlap of TET2 and OGT bound regions (left part; P-value<10−10) identified after HaloCHIP-Seq in HEK293T cells expressing HT-TET2, or HT-OGT. Right: TET2–OGT targets are primarily found at TSSs and CpG-rich sequences. Similar profiles were also observed for TET3–OGT (Supplementary Figure 8). (B) An analysed subset of TET2–TET3–OGT targets show a lack of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, yet display GlcNAcylation. qPCR analysis of TET2–TET3–OGT binding and non-binding regions after MeDIP (top), hMeDIP (middle), or ChIP with an anti-O-GlcNAc antibody (bottom). '% Input' represents real-time qPCR values normalized with respect to the input chromatin. Known methylated and hydroxymethylated regions are shown as positive controls in MeDIP and hMeDIP panels. Download figure Download PowerPoint TET2, TET3, and OGT genomic targets are enriched for GlcNAcylation, but not for 5hmC or 5mC We then examined the DNA methylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, and protein GlcNAcylation status of selected TET2/3–OGT target sequences. As shown in Figure 2B (upper and middle panels), methylated DNA and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitations (MeDIP and hMeDIP) followed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed essentially no enrichment of 5mC or 5hmC, respectively, at these targets in either immunoprecipitate. Significant enrichment of O-GlcNAc was found for TET2/3–OGT targets using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR against O-GlcNAc (Figure 2B, lower panel), indicating OGT activity at these chromatin sites. Together, these data show co-occurrence of TET2, TET3, and OGT, which in a subset analysed, lack DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, but display protein GlcNAcylation. TET2, TET3, and OGT co-localize with and influence H3K4 trimethylation at active promoters in human cells The clustering of TET2/3–OGT primarily at TSSs and HCP promoters (cf. Figure 2A) led us next to examine the genomic overlap at promoters with H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), an expected mark at these sites which is also correlated with transcriptional activity. As depicted in Figures 2C and D, ChIP-Seq with an antibody against H3K4me3 confirmed an expected high overlap (98%) of TET2/3–OGT targets with the H3K4me3 mark. We then wondered whether TET proteins might be involved in regulating H3K4me3, and therefore repeated ChIP-Seq experiment in cells containing a TET2 RNAi kd. We observed a significant reduction of H3K4me3 at over 78% of the TET2/3–OGT genomic targets (Figure 2E). A similar impact on global reduction of H3K4me3 is observed in western blot analysis of TET2/3 knockdown cellular lysates (Figure 2F). As reduction in H3K4me3 could occur through a variety of mechanisms, we then sought to determine if there was a connection to OGT activity. Supporting this hypothesis and similar to the above data with TET2/3 kd (Figure 2F), cells treated with the OGT inhibitor, Alloxan, show also a decrease in global H3K4me3 as compared to controls (Figure 2G). Thus, TET2/3–OGT targets are enriched for H3K4me3, which is regulated by both the TET proteins and OGT activity. Figure 3.(C) TET2/3–OGT targets in HEK293T cells are enriched for H3K4me3 as depicted in a Venn diagram; P-value<10−10. (D) Examples of HaloCHIP-Seq OGT, TET2, TET3, and ChIP-Seq H3K4me3 profiles (UCSC tracks). (E) Decreased levels of H3K4me3 in TET2 kd cells. Upper-left: decrease in the normalized number of H3K4me3 reads in TET2/3–OGT-binding regions in TET2 kd cells versus control RNAi-treated cells. Upper-right: pie chart showing the percentage of TET2–TET3–OGT binding regions with a statistically significant reduction of the normalized number of H3K4me3 reads for TET2 kd versus control RNAi-treated cells. Lower-part: examples of H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq profiles (UCSC tracks) in TET2–TET3–OGT-binding regions for the RNAi control versus TET2 kd sample. (F) Western blot showing global decrease in H3K4me3 in a TET2/3 double kd cells. Lysates from mock HEK293T RNAi kd or TET2/3 kd cells were probed for H3K4me3 using an anti-H3K4 antibody in western blot. Tubulin is shown as a loading control. (G) OGT activity is important for H3K4me3. Cell extracts were prepared from HEK293T cells treated with or without the OGT inhibitor Alloxan, and then western blots for H3K4me3 were performed. HDAC1 and H3 are shown as loading controls and a western blot against O-GlcNAc was used to monitor specific GlcNAcylation inhibition by Alloxan. Vertical lines indicate juxtaposition of lanes non-adjacent within the same blot, exposed for the same time. (H) Decreases in transcription are observed in both TET2/3 knockdowns and an OGT knockdown. The indicated target genes (which showed decrease in H3K4me3 after TET2 kd; cf. E) and negative controls (unbound TET2/3–OGT–H3K4me3 targets), were analysed by RT–qPCR in HEK293T cells subjected to the various listed RNAi treatments. Independent experiments were performed in duplicates. Download figure Download PowerPoint To correlate these data to gene activity, we found by ChIP-Seq a marked co-occupancy of TET2/3–OGT–H3K4me3 targets with RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) and by RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses a significant and positive correlation with high expression levels (Supplementary Figure 10). To determine if there are effects on transcriptional levels after loss of TET and/or OGT, we then analysed by RT–qPCR a subset of TET2/3–OGT targets specifically decreased in H3K4me3 after TET kd, as identified in Figure 2E. As shown in Figure 2H, moderate, but reproducible and specific decreases in expression of targets after TET2/3 kd match patterns to those observed in OGT RNAi kd. Together, these data suggest that TET2/3–OGT–H3K4me3 targets are highly transcribed regions and for the subset studied, show concomitant transcriptional activation by both TET proteins and OGT. TET2 and TET3 associate with HCF1, an OGT-modified target and component of the H3K4 methyltransferase complex SET1/COMPASS We next wished to extend our observed TET2/3–OGT interaction and identify potential specific downstream protein targets that may connect to H3K4me3 regulation. With this in mind, we noticed in our initial proteomic analysis for TET2 and TET3 that besides OGT (cf. Figure 1B), Host Cell Factor 1 (HCF1) was also identified and similarly to OGT, was decreased in the TET2ΔCD isolation (Figure 3A). HCF1 was of interest as not only is it a known GlcNAcylation target of OGT (Capotosti et al, 2011), but also a component of the histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex, SET1/COMPASS (Wysocka et al, 2003; Lee et al, 2010). ChIP-Seq experiments for endogenous HCF1 showed overlap of HCF1 target genes with those of Halo-TET2, TET3, OGT, and H3K4me3 (Supplementary Figure 11A). We then desired to further the mechanistic understanding of the TET2- or TET3-OGT–HCF1 interactions with relationship to H3K4me3, and therefore examined the interactions of OGT using a similar HT proteomics approach including mass spectrometry analysis. Interacting partners of HT-OGT included the previously identified HCF1 protein (Capotosti et al, 2011), the TET2 and TET3 proteins (confirming the TET–OGT interaction), and interestingly, all components of SET1/COMPASS (Figure 3B). To determine if the interactions were dependent on OGT activity, we repeated the above experiments in the presence of the OGT inhibitor Alloxan. Such treatment resulted not only in the expected decrease in OGT–HCF1 interaction (Capotosti et al, 2011), but also in significant loss of capture of the SET1/COMPASS components, including the H3K4 methyltransferase SETD1A (Figure 3C). Normalized spectral abundance factors (NSAFs) showed the same trend (Supplementary Figure 11B), therefore validating the direct comparison of respective loss of spectral counts for each protein within the samples. Mass spectrometry analysis of HCF1 peptides from HT-OGT protein isolations with or without Alloxan treatment showed high levels of GlcNAcylation in untreated cells and reduction after Alloxan treatment (Supplementary Figure 12A), matching previously published results (Capotosti et al, 2011). Figure 4.TET2/3 promotes GlcNAcylation of HCF1, and both TET and OGT activity favour the integrity of SET1/COMPASS and SETD1A binding to chromatin. (A) Mass spectrometry reveals HCF1, a known target of OGT (Wysocka et al, 2003) and component of SET1/COMPASS (Lee et al, 2010), as an interacting partner of HT-TET2 and HT-TET3. Biological duplicates and respective spectral counts (SpC) for HCF1 are shown. (B) Protein pulldowns of HT-OGT coupled with mass spectrometry identify HCF1, TET2, TET3, and all components of SET1/COMPASS as partners of OGT. Biological duplicates and SpC for each protein identified are shown for HT-OGT and Ctrl isolations. (C) The interaction of HCF1 and SET1/COMPASS components with HT-OGT depends on O-GlcNAc activity. Plot showing average SpCs for HCF1 and SET1/COMPASS components isolated from HT-OGT pulldowns of untreated (grey bars) and Alloxan-treated (green bars) HEK293T cells. Error bars represent s.d. of biological duplicates. Representative NSAF plots are shown in Supplementary Figure 11. (D) The interaction of HT-SETD1A with SET1/COMPASS components and OGT is reduced by a TET2/3 double kd. Plot showing average SpCs for SET1/COMPASS components and OGT isolated from HT-SETD1A pulldowns of control RNAi-treated (grey bars) and TET2/3 kd (blue bars) HEK293T cells. Error bars represent s.d. of biological duplicates. Representative NSAF plots are shown in Supplementary Figure 11. (E) A significant reduction in HCF1 GlcNAcylation is observed after TET2/3 double kd. Uppe