Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology appears to be a general strategy to generate pluripotent stem cells from any given mammalian species. So far, iPS cells have been reported for mouse, human, rat, and monkey. These four species have also established embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines that serve as the gold standard for pluripotency comparisons. Attempts have been made to generate porcine ESC by various means without success. Here we report the successful generation of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblasts isolated from the Tibetan miniature pig using a modified iPS protocol. The resulting iPS cell lines more closely resemble human ESC than cells from other species, have normal karyotype, stain positive for alkaline phosphatase, express high levels of ESC-like markers (Nanog, Rex1, Lin28, and SSEA4), and can differentiate into teratomas composed of the three germ layers. Because porcine physiology closely resembles human, the iPS cells reported here provide an attractive model to study certain human diseases or assess therapeutic applications of iPS in a large animal model. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology appears to be a general strategy to generate pluripotent stem cells from any given mammalian species. So far, iPS cells have been reported for mouse, human, rat, and monkey. These four species have also established embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines that serve as the gold standard for pluripotency comparisons. Attempts have been made to generate porcine ESC by various means without success. Here we report the successful generation of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblasts isolated from the Tibetan miniature pig using a modified iPS protocol. The resulting iPS cell lines more closely resemble human ESC than cells from other species, have normal karyotype, stain positive for alkaline phosphatase, express high levels of ESC-like markers (Nanog, Rex1, Lin28, and SSEA4), and can differentiate into teratomas composed of the three germ layers. Because porcine physiology closely resembles human, the iPS cells reported here provide an attractive model to study certain human diseases or assess therapeutic applications of iPS in a large animal model. Induced nuclear reprogramming through induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) 2The abbreviations used are: iPSinduced pluripotent stem cellESCembryonic stem cellPEFporcine embryonic fibroblastsAPalkaline phosphataseTRITCtetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanateRTreverse transcriptase. 2The abbreviations used are: iPSinduced pluripotent stem cellESCembryonic stem cellPEFporcine embryonic fibroblastsAPalkaline phosphataseTRITCtetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanateRTreverse transcriptase. technology is an amazing achievement full of challenge to the intellect and important practical implications (1Tweedell K.S. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2008; 3: 151-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar, 2Pei D. Cell Res. 2008; 18: 221-223Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar). Overexpression of exogenous factors that are highly enriched in embryonic stem cell (ESC) can rearrange the genetic program of different cell types, including somatic and adult stem cells, and induce a long lasting ESC-like pluripotent state (3Takahashi K. Yamanaka S. Cell. 2006; 126: 663-676Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18482) Google Scholar, 4Okita K. Ichisaka T. Yamanaka S. Nature. 2007; 448: 313-317Crossref PubMed Scopus (3498) Google Scholar, 5Takahashi K. Tanabe K. Ohnuki M. Narita M. Ichisaka T. Tomoda K. Yamanaka S. Cell. 2007; 131: 861-872Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14662) Google Scholar, 6Yu J. Vodyanik M.A. Smuga-Otto K. Antosiewicz-Bourget J. Frane J.L. Tian S. Nie J. Jonsdottir G.A. Ruotti V. Stewart R. Slukvin I.I. Thomson J.A. Science. 2007; 318: 1917-1920Crossref PubMed Scopus (8046) Google Scholar, 7Wernig M. Meissner A. Foreman R. Brambrink T. Ku M. Hochedlinger K. Bernstein B.E. Jaenisch R. Nature. 2007; 448: 318-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (2204) Google Scholar). The repercussions of iPS technology are vast: it provides a way to create patient-specific stem cells that bypasses ethical and technical issues surrounding human ESC derivation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (8Thomson J.A. Kalishman J. Golos T.G. Durning M. Harris C.P. Becker R.A. Hearn J.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 7844-7848Crossref PubMed Scopus (909) Google Scholar, 9Wilmut I. Schnieke A.E. McWhir J. Kind A.J. Campbell K.H. Nature. 1997; 385: 810-813Crossref PubMed Scopus (4010) Google Scholar), a state of the art model for studying genetic diseases in vitro (10Park I.H. Arora N. Huo H. Maherali N. Ahfeldt T. Shimamura A. Lensch M.W. Cowan C. Hochedlinger K. Daley G.Q. Cell. 2008; 134: 877-886Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1790) Google Scholar, 11Ebert A.D. Yu J. Rose Jr., F.F. Mattis V.B. Lorson C.L. Thomson J.A. Svendsen C.N. Nature. 2009; 457: 277-280Crossref PubMed Scopus (1170) Google Scholar), and an incredible backwards route that can crystallize our current understanding of developmental and stem cell biology. Many questions, especially mechanistic, remain unanswered, but the current rhythm of research may bring iPS to clinical application sooner than expected. However, before jumping onto such extraordinary endeavor, safety must be scrupulously tested in an animal model close enough to humans. Nowadays that iPS technology is expanding, with improved delivery systems, chemical additions, new tissue culture conditions, and multiple cell sources being reported regularly, such animal model is essential to set up quality standards (12Kaji K. Norrby K. Paca A. Mileikovsky M. Mohseni P. Woltjen K. Nature. 2009; 458: 771-775Crossref PubMed Scopus (1035) Google Scholar, 13Woltjen K. Michael I.P. Mohseni P. Desai R. Mileikovsky M. Hämäläinen R. Cowling R. Wang W. Liu P. Gertsenstein M. Kaji K. Sung H.K. Nagy A. Nature. 2009; 458: 766-770Crossref PubMed Scopus (1432) Google Scholar, 14Okita K. Nakagawa M. Hyenjong H. Ichisaka T. Yamanaka S. Science. 2008; 322: 949-953Crossref PubMed Scopus (1588) Google Scholar, 15Stadtfeld M. Nagaya M. Utikal J. Weir G. Hochedlinger K. Science. 2008; 322: 945-949Crossref PubMed Scopus (1321) Google Scholar, 16Aoi T. Yae K. Nakagawa M. Ichisaka T. Okita K. Takahashi K. Chiba T. Yamanaka S. Science. 2008; 321: 699-702Crossref PubMed Scopus (859) Google Scholar, 17Hanna J. Markoulaki S. Schorderet P. Carey B.W. Beard C. Wernig M. Creyghton M.P. Steine E.J. Cassady J.P. Foreman R. Lengner C.J. Dausman J.A. Jaenisch R. Cell. 2008; 133: 250-264Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (674) Google Scholar, 18Shi Y. Do J.T. Desponts C. Hahm H.S. Schöler H.R. Ding S. Cell Stem Cell. 2008; 2: 525-528Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (585) Google Scholar). Mice, and maybe rats, will possibly continue unrivalled as the easier ways to learn about reprogramming machinery and improve methodology, but their size, physiology, and reduced lifespan are handicaps for making serious assumptions regarding safety in humans. Given philogenetic similarity, monkeys are theoretically an excellent alternative, but in practice ethical concerns remain to at least some extent, and they are neither easy to maintain nor to breed. Swine, a regular source of food whose farming humans have adapted over myriads of years and whose physiology is remarkably similar to ours, stands up as arguably the most attractive model for preclinical iPS. Notably, insulin obtained from pigs is widely used to treat diabetes, whereas pig heart valves and skin have been, respectively, transplanted and applied to human burn victims for decades (19Hall V. Stem Cell Rev. 2008; 4: 275-282Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar). Pig organs have also raised enormous interest for xenotransplantation: use of transgenic pigs lacking α(1–3)-galactosyltransferase gene, a major xenoantigen involved in acute rejection, holds optimism regarding effectiveness of more comprehensive genetic manipulations (20Kolber-Simonds D. Lai L. Watt S.R. Denaro M. Arn S. Augenstein M.L. Betthauser J. Carter D.B. Greenstein J.L. Hao Y. Im G.S. Liu Z. Mell G.D. Murphy C.N. Park K.W. Rieke A. Ryan D.J. Sachs D.H. Forsberg E.J. Prather R.S. Hawley R.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004; 101: 7335-7340Crossref PubMed Scopus (380) Google Scholar). Isolation of fully competent ESC from pigs or animal species apart from mouse, human, monkey, and more recently the rat, has proven impossible despite years of maintained effort (21Talbot N.C. Blomberg le A. Stem Cell Rev. 2008; 4: 235-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar, 22Vackova I. Ungrova A. Lopes F. J. Reprod. Dev. 2007; 53: 1137-1149Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar). Consequently, porcine genetic manipulation can only be achieved through laborious and inefficient somatic cell nuclear transfer (23Lai L. Kolber-Simonds D. Park K.W. Cheong H.T. Greenstein J.L. Im G.S. Samuel M. Bonk A. Rieke A. Day B.N. Murphy C.N. Carter D.B. Hawley R.J. Prather R.S. Science. 2002; 295: 1089-1092Crossref PubMed Scopus (1126) Google Scholar). Moreover, porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEF), the cell choice for somatic cell nuclear transfer, have a limited lifespan that complicates homologous recombination techniques (24Hao Y. Wax D. Zhong Z. Murphy C. Ross J.W. Rieke A. Samuel M. Spate L. Dyce P. Li J. Sutovsky P. Prather R.S. Cloning Stem Cells. 2009; 11: 101-110Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar). Genetic manipulation of pig iPS cell lines could provide an outstanding supply of tissues for xenotransplantation. From a different perspective, knowledge derived from porcine iPS may as well accelerate the isolation of bona fide ESC.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWe chose the Tibet miniature pig as a source for generating iPS. A significant advantage of this strain over the farm pig (Sus scrofa) is their reduced size and subsequent easier maintenance and experimentation (Fig. 1A) (26Wang X.M. Liu B. Zhao S.H. Fan B. Zhu M.J. Yu M. Xiong T.A. Li K. Anim. Biotechnol. 2006; 17: 99-107Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar). Retroviral overexpression of Sox2, Klf4, Oct4, and c-Myc (SKOM) remains yet the most standard approach to induce iPS, and has been successfully used in mouse, human, monkey, and rat cells (4Okita K. Ichisaka T. Yamanaka S. Nature. 2007; 448: 313-317Crossref PubMed Scopus (3498) Google Scholar, 5Takahashi K. Tanabe K. Ohnuki M. Narita M. Ichisaka T. Tomoda K. Yamanaka S. Cell. 2007; 131: 861-872Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14662) Google Scholar, 28Liu H. Zhu F. Yong J. Zhang P. Hou P. Li H. Jiang W. Cai J. Liu M. Cui K. Qu X. Xiang T. Lu D. Chi X. Gao G. Ji W. Ding M. Deng H. Cell Stem Cell. 2008; 3: 587-590Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (388) Google Scholar, 29Li W. Wei W. Zhu S. Zhu J. Shi Y. Lin T. Hao E. Hayek A. Deng H. Ding S. Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4: 16-19Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (462) Google Scholar). Despite cross-species differences, mouse SKOM factors can reprogram human cells efficiently (30Mali P. Ye Z. Hommond H.H. Yu X. Lin J. Chen G. Zou J. Cheng L. Stem Cells. 2008; 26: 1998-2005Crossref PubMed Scopus (245) Google Scholar). We employed both mouse and human factors delivered by means of retroviral transduction, and used PEF as a target (Fig. 1). Infection efficiency, measured with control GFP retroviruses, was close to 100% (Fig. 1, bottom). Three culture conditions (see "Experimental Procedures" for further details) were tested: standard mouse ESC medium (containing 15% serum and mouse LIF), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, high glucose with 15% of defined (human ESC tested) serum (hereafter named as defined medium), and no LIF but with basic fibroblast growth factor (Fig. 1), and a half and half mixture of the two. Except for the infection, cells were maintained at all times in a CO2 incubator set at 39 °C, as this is the physiological body temperature in pigs and we considered it might affect the reprogramming. Early morphological changes comparable with those seen during mouse or human iPS generation were detected in all 3 media starting at day 5–6 post-infection (Fig. 1), after which 104 cells were split onto feeder monolayers. Colonies with human ESC-like morphology (clear-cut borders and with flat cells), only more compacted, appeared on the feeders in all 3 media around day 8–10 post-infection and irrespective of the factors mixture. More irregular non-ESC-like cell clusters were also abundant and tended to take over more standard colonies progressively (Fig. 2A). At day 16 discernible colonies with human ESC-like characteristics remained only in the defined medium, and were picked mechanically (FIGURE 1, FIGURE 2A). 7 of 20 picked colonies in the mouse factor combination, and 11 of 24 in the human, survived the initial passage and stained positive for AP. These cell lines could be routinely passaged on feeders (after dispase digestion) without losing their characteristics, but trypsinization or splitting without feeders induced quick differentiation (not shown). Selected colonies were expanded and further characterized. Expanded colonies retained the original morphology, displayed a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio with big nucleoli characteristic of human and monkey ESC/iPS (28Liu H. Zhu F. Yong J. Zhang P. Hou P. Li H. Jiang W. Cai J. Liu M. Cui K. Qu X. Xiang T. Lu D. Chi X. Gao G. Ji W. Ding M. Deng H. Cell Stem Cell. 2008; 3: 587-590Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (388) Google Scholar), and were AP positive (Fig. 2B). Semiquantitative RT-PCR demonstrated integration of the 4 transgenes into the genome of all tested iPS cell lines (Fig. 2C), whereas reverse telomerase-reverse transcriptase expression, an indication of high replication potential, was low or absent in PEF and high in iPS clones (Fig. 2D). Indicative of acquisition of pluripotency characteristics: porcine iPS colonies stained positive for the human and monkey ESC-specific glycoprotein SSEA4 and transcription factors Nanog and Rex1 (Zfp42) (Fig. 3A). No clear differences in morphology, AP, or immunofluorescence staining were detected between iPS cell lines resulting from mouse or human factor combinations, or after repeated passages (over 25 in this study). Semiquantitative RT-PCR demonstrated high expression of endogenous Sox2 (eSox2), detected with primers that cannot amplify the overexpressed transgene, and also of Nanog and Lin28 (Fig. 3B). mRNA products for the expressed transgenes were not silenced (Fig. 3C). Incomplete transgene silencing has also been described by others in human and rat iPS cell lines (6Yu J. Vodyanik M.A. Smuga-Otto K. Antosiewicz-Bourget J. Frane J.L. Tian S. Nie J. Jonsdottir G.A. Ruotti V. Stewart R. Slukvin I.I. Thomson J.A. Science. 2007; 318: 1917-1920Crossref PubMed Scopus (8046) Google Scholar, 31Liao J. Cui C. Chen S. Ren J. Chen J. Gao Y. Li H. Jia N. Cheng L. Xiao H. Xiao L. Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4: 11-15Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (290) Google Scholar). Specific chemicals can allow the transformation of incompletely reprogrammed mouse iPS cell lines into full iPS (32Mikkelsen T.S. Hanna J. Zhang X. Ku M. Wernig M. Schorderet P. Bernstein B.E. Jaenisch R. Lander E.S. Meissner A. Nature. 2008; 454: 49-55Crossref PubMed Scopus (1175) Google Scholar, 33Silva J. Barrandon O. Nichols J. Kawaguchi J. Theunissen T.W. Smith A. PLoS Biol. 2008; 6: e253Crossref PubMed Scopus (643) Google Scholar). Treatment of pig iPS cell lines with 5′-azad over a period of 2 weeks did not produce any change in cell morphology (not shown) or ESC markers (Fig. 3B). Addition of ERK (PD0325901) and GSK3b (CHIR99021) inhibitors enhanced compaction and increased proliferation, but did not affect expression levels of the tested ESC markers (data not shown). To demonstrate multilineage differentiation, pig iPS cell lines were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of nude mice, which after 9 weeks resulted in teratomas comprising tissues derived from the three germ layers (Fig. 4A, a-b and g-h, mesoderm-derived striated muscle and adipose tissue; c-d, endoderm-derived gland like structures; e-f, ectoderm-derived neural epithelium). Noteworthy, karyotype analysis of these pig iPS cell lines showed that their pluripotent characteristics were not associated with accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities (Fig. 4B). Both fetal and born live chimeras have been obtained after injection of freshly isolated porcine inner mass cells into blastocysts (19Hall V. Stem Cell Rev. 2008; 4: 275-282Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar). During the course of our study we injected pig iPS cell lines into blastocysts from farm pigs (white), and deposited them into pseudopregnant recipient females. The outcome of such experiment is still waiting. To our knowledge only one case of teratoma, using pig ESC that had been expanded for only 8 weeks (equivalent to 12–14 passages of pig iPS clones), and one describing the birth of chimeric piglets from pig ESC has been reported (19Hall V. Stem Cell Rev. 2008; 4: 275-282Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar).FIGURE 2Isolation of porcine iPS cell lines. A, colonies with ESC-like characteristics were picked at day 16. Colonies with a variable non-ESC-like morphology were abundant. Magnifications are indicated. B, expanded pig iPS colonies (passage 10 is shown) maintained the original morphology and stained positive for AP after repeated passages. AP staining on 3-cm dishes is shown in reduced size. C, semiquantitative RT-PCR with specific primers shows integration of exogenous mouse or human factors into the genomic DNA of pig iPS clones. Positive (C+) control corresponding to pMX-Sox2 plasmid and negative (uninfected PEF) were included. D, real-time RT-PCR for the reverse telomerase-reverse transcriptase gene shows high expression in selected PEF iPS clones compared with uninfected PEF. Values were normalized with 18S. Pig iPS colonies at passages 9 (mouse SKOM) and 15 (human SKOM) were used. mm, M. musculus; hs, H. sapiens.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)FIGURE 3Characterization of porcine iPS cell lines. A, immunofluorescence microscopy shows activation of the endogenous ESC program. PEF are shown on the left and stained negative for all markers. Pig iPS colonies at passage 10 were used, note that feeder layers stained negative and serve as an internal comparison. Magnifications are indicated. B, semiquantitative RT-PCR of selected PEF iPS cell lines. eSox2 indicates the endogenous gene; Nanog and Lin28 are also included and β-actin was used as loading control. Uninfected PEF were used as negative control. Treatment of human factors C13 and C17 iPS clones with 5-azacytidine did not further increase expression of ESC markers (right panel). Pig iPS colonies at passages 9 (mouse SKOM) and 15 (human SKOM) were used. C, semiquantitative RT-PCR with primers that specifically amplify the mRNA product of the integrated transgenes shows no silencing in selected iPS cell lines compared with mRNA extracted from infected control cells at day 8 after viral transduction. Water was used as negative control for the PCR. mm, M. musculus; hs, H. sapiens.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)FIGURE 4Pig iPS cell lines are pluripotent. A, teratoma formation in immunodeficient mice demonstrates differentiation into the three germ layers. Results from the hs SKOM C13 clone (passage 16) are displayed, a similar pattern was observed with hs SKOM C17 (passage 16) (not shown). Magnified pictures are shown on the right, and magnification is indicated for both panels. Mesoderm-derived muscle and fat are shown in a-b and g-h, respectively, a gland-like structure (endoderm derived) in c-d, and neural-like tissue is shown in e-f. B, karyotype analysis demonstrates an equal number of chromosomes (19 pairs) in two different human SKOM iPS cell lines (passage 18) compared with control PEF. Note that the two iPS cell lines correspond to different genders. hs, H. sapiens.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)In summary, herein we explain a method for reprogramming PEF into iPS cells, and provide tools for their characterization. The consequences of lack of silencing for the endogenous transgenes in our cell lines are uncertain. Conceivably, this may have an effect on the readiness of our cell lines to differentiate into different tissues, and this may explain the long time (9 weeks) needed for teratoma formation. The use of different cell types other than fibroblasts has a dramatic impact on iPS generation (25Qin D. Gan Y. Shao K. Wang H. Li W. Wang T. He W. Xu J. Zhang Y. Kou Z. Zeng L. Sheng G. Esteban M.A. Gao S. Pei D. J. Biol. Chem. 2008; 283: 33730-33735Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar, 34Kim J.B. Sebastiano V. Wu G. Araúzo-Bravo M.J. Sasse P. Gentile L. Ko K. Ruau D. Ehrich M. van den Boom D. Meyer J. Hübner K. Bernemann C. Ortmeier C. Zenke M. Fleischmann B.K. Zaehres H. Schöler H.R. Cell. 2009; 136: 411-419Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (775) Google Scholar, 35Eminli S. Utikal J. Arnold K. Jaenisch R. Hochedlinger K. Stem Cells. 2008; 26: 2467-2474Crossref PubMed Scopus (284) Google Scholar). A more systematic analysis of susceptibility to iPS among different porcine tissues would be important and might allow full transgene silencing by increasing the extent of the reprogramming. Besides, shifting away from PEF toward an easily obtained cell that does not involve sacrificing the animal will be needed for autologous transplantation experiments. Use of loxP flanked polycistronic exogenous factors would also allow elimination of the exogenous DNA insertions, and we are now setting this system up for porcine iPS (27Soldner F. Hockemeyer D. Beard C. Gao Q. Bell G.W. Cook E.G. Hargus G. Blak A. Cooper O. Mitalipova M. Isacson O. Jaenisch R. Cell. 2009; 136: 964-977Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1232) Google Scholar). Models of lineage/tissue-specific differentiation will as well need to be validated in pig iPS. Such models may require variations from established mouse and human models, and in those cases in which cytokines are needed the cross-species jump may be problematic. The same can be argued regarding antibodies or other reagents needed for the characterization. In addition, Tibetan pigs, whereas having remarkable advantages over farm pigs in terms of their handling, have evolved for thousands of years in a restricted environment and this could have imposed evolutionary changes that affect their susceptibility to iPS generation. Systematic analysis of cells from other pig strains will thus be important as well. We are currently working on disease models using pigs in which iPS cell lines will be tested. Given the long life span of pigs (18–25 years), time consuming iPS generation is not an issue like it is now in mice. The latter implies the in vivo stability of iPS-derived lineages can be more rigorously monitored. Rather than all the above mentioned seeming incapacitating obstacles, and having in mind the creation of an outstanding model for preclinical testing, porcine iPS research is exciting and will likely move fast. Induced nuclear reprogramming through induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) 2The abbreviations used are: iPSinduced pluripotent stem cellESCembryonic stem cellPEFporcine embryonic fibroblastsAPalkaline phosphataseTRITCtetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanateRTreverse transcriptase. 2The abbreviations used are: iPSinduced pluripotent stem cellESCembryonic stem cellPEFporcine embryonic fibroblastsAPalkaline phosphataseTRITCtetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanateRTreverse transcriptase. technology is an amazing achievement full of challenge to the intellect and important practical implications (1Tweedell K.S. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2008; 3: 151-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar, 2Pei D. Cell Res. 2008; 18: 221-223Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar). Overexpression of exogenous factors that are highly enriched in embryonic stem cell (ESC) can rearrange the genetic program of different cell types, including somatic and adult stem cells, and induce a long lasting ESC-like pluripotent state (3Takahashi K. Yamanaka S. Cell. 2006; 126: 663-676Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18482) Google Scholar, 4Okita K. Ichisaka T. Yamanaka S. Nature. 2007; 448: 313-317Crossref PubMed Scopus (3498) Google Scholar, 5Takahashi K. Tanabe K. Ohnuki M. Narita M. Ichisaka T. Tomoda K. Yamanaka S. Cell. 2007; 131: 861-872Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14662) Google Scholar, 6Yu J. Vodyanik M.A. Smuga-Otto K. Antosiewicz-Bourget J. Frane J.L. Tian S. Nie J. Jonsdottir G.A. Ruotti V. Stewart R. Slukvin I.I. Thomson J.A. Science. 2007; 318: 1917-1920Crossref PubMed Scopus (8046) Google Scholar, 7Wernig M. Meissner A. Foreman R. Brambrink T. Ku M. Hochedlinger K. Bernstein B.E. Jaenisch R. Nature. 2007; 448: 318-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (2204) Google Scholar). The repercussions of iPS technology are vast: it provides a way to create patient-specific stem cells that bypasses ethical and technical issues surrounding human ESC derivation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (8Thomson J.A. Kalishman J. Golos T.G. Durning M. Harris C.P. Becker R.A. Hearn J.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 7844-7848Crossref PubMed Scopus (909) Google Scholar, 9Wilmut I. Schnieke A.E. McWhir J. Kind A.J. Campbell K.H. Nature. 1997; 385: 810-813Crossref PubMed Scopus (4010) Google Scholar), a state of the art model for studying genetic diseases in vitro (10Park I.H. Arora N. Huo H. Maherali N. Ahfeldt T. Shimamura A. Lensch M.W. Cowan C. Hochedlinger K. Daley G.Q. Cell. 2008; 134: 877-886Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1790) Google Scholar, 11Ebert A.D. Yu J. Rose Jr., F.F. Mattis V.B. Lorson C.L. Thomson J.A. Svendsen C.N. Nature. 2009; 457: 277-280Crossref PubMed Scopus (1170) Google Scholar), and an incredible backwards route that can crystallize our current understanding of developmental and stem cell biology. Many questions, especially mechanistic, remain unanswered, but the current rhythm of research may bring iPS to clinical application sooner than expected. However, before jumping onto such extraordinary endeavor, safety must be scrupulously tested in an animal model close enough to humans. Nowadays that iPS technology is expanding, with improved delivery systems, chemical additions, new tissue culture conditions, and multiple cell sources being reported regularly, such animal model is essential to set up quality standards (12Kaji K. Norrby K. Paca A. Mileikovsky M. Mohseni P. Woltjen K. Nature. 2009; 458: 771-775Crossref PubMed Scopus (1035) Google Scholar, 13Woltjen K. Michael I.P. Mohseni P. Desai R. Mileikovsky M. Hämäläinen R. Cowling R. Wang W. Liu P. Gertsenstein M. Kaji K. Sung H.K. Nagy A. Nature. 2009; 458: 766-770Crossref PubMed Scopus (1432) Google Scholar, 14Okita K. Nakagawa M. Hyenjong H. Ichisaka T. Yamanaka S. Science. 2008; 322: 949-953Crossref PubMed Scopus (1588) Google Scholar, 15Stadtfeld M. Nagaya M. Utikal J. Weir G. Hochedlinger K. Science. 2008; 322: 945-949Crossref PubMed Scopus (1321) Google Scholar, 16Aoi T. Yae K. Nakagawa M. Ichisaka T. Okita K. Takahashi K. Chiba T. Yamanaka S. Science. 2008; 321: 699-702Crossref PubMed Scopus (859) Google Scholar, 17Hanna J. Markoulaki S. Schorderet P. Carey B.W. Beard C. Wernig M. Creyghton M.P. Steine E.J. Cassady J.P. Foreman R. Lengner C.J. Dausman J.A. Jaenisch R. Cell. 2008; 133: 250-264Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (674) Google Scholar, 18Shi Y. Do J.T. Desponts C. Hahm H.S. Schöler H.R. Ding S. Cell Stem Cell. 2008; 2: 525-528Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (585) Google Scholar). Mice, and maybe rats, will possibly continue unrivalled as the easier ways to learn about reprogramming machinery and improve methodology, but their size, physiology, and reduced lifespan are handicaps for making serious assumptions regarding safety in humans. Given philogenetic similarity, monkeys are theoretically an excellent alternative, but in practice ethical concerns remain to at least some extent, and they are neither easy to maintain nor to breed. Swine, a regular source of food whose farming humans have adapted over myriads of years and whose physiology is remarkably similar to ours, stands up as arguably the most attractive model for preclinical iPS. Notably, insulin obtained from pigs is widely used to treat diabetes, whereas pig heart valves and skin have been, respectively, transplanted and applied to human burn victims for decades (19Hall V. Stem Cell Rev. 2008; 4: 275-282Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar). Pig organs have also raised enormous interest for xenotransplantation: use of transgenic pigs lacking α(1–3)-galactosyltransferase gene, a major xenoantigen involved in acute rejection, holds optimism regarding effectiveness of more comprehensive genetic manipulations (20Kolber-Simonds D. Lai L. Watt S.R. Denaro M. Arn S. Augenstein M.L. Betthauser J. Carter D.B. Greenstein J.L. Hao Y. Im G.S. Liu Z. Mell G.D. Murphy C.N. Park K.W. Rieke A. Ryan D.J. Sachs D.H. Forsberg E.J. Prather R.S. Hawley R.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004; 101: 7335-7340Crossref PubMed Scopus (380) Google Scholar). Isolation o