Eosinophilia is an important indicator of various neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. Depending on the underlying disease and mechanisms, eosinophil infiltration can lead to organ dysfunction, clinical symptoms, or both. During the past 2 decades, several different classifications of eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes have been proposed in various fields of medicine. Although criteria and definitions are, in part, overlapping, no global consensus has been presented to date. The Year 2011 Working Conference on Eosinophil Disorders and Syndromes was organized to update and refine the criteria and definitions for eosinophilic disorders and to merge prior classifications in a contemporary multidisciplinary schema. A panel of experts from the fields of immunology, allergy, hematology, and pathology contributed to this project. The expert group agreed on unifying terminologies and criteria and a classification that delineates various forms of hypereosinophilia, including primary and secondary variants based on specific hematologic and immunologic conditions, and various forms of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. For patients in whom no underlying disease or hypereosinophilic syndrome is found, the term hypereosinophilia of undetermined significance is introduced. The proposed novel criteria, definitions, and terminologies should assist in daily practice, as well as in the preparation and conduct of clinical trials. Eosinophilia is an important indicator of various neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. Depending on the underlying disease and mechanisms, eosinophil infiltration can lead to organ dysfunction, clinical symptoms, or both. During the past 2 decades, several different classifications of eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes have been proposed in various fields of medicine. Although criteria and definitions are, in part, overlapping, no global consensus has been presented to date. The Year 2011 Working Conference on Eosinophil Disorders and Syndromes was organized to update and refine the criteria and definitions for eosinophilic disorders and to merge prior classifications in a contemporary multidisciplinary schema. A panel of experts from the fields of immunology, allergy, hematology, and pathology contributed to this project. The expert group agreed on unifying terminologies and criteria and a classification that delineates various forms of hypereosinophilia, including primary and secondary variants based on specific hematologic and immunologic conditions, and various forms of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. For patients in whom no underlying disease or hypereosinophilic syndrome is found, the term hypereosinophilia of undetermined significance is introduced. The proposed novel criteria, definitions, and terminologies should assist in daily practice, as well as in the preparation and conduct of clinical trials. Eosinophilia is observed in patients with various inflammatory and allergic conditions, as well as diverse hematologic malignancies.1Gleich G.J. Leiferman K.M. The hypereosinophilic syndromes: still more heterogeneity.Curr Opin Immunol. 2005; 17: 679-684Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, 2Tefferi A. Patnaik M.M. Pardanani A. Eosinophilia: secondary, clonal and idiopathic.Br J Haematol. 2006; 133: 468-492Crossref PubMed Scopus (227) Google Scholar, 3Bain B.J. Fletcher S.H. Chronic eosinophilic leukemias and the myeloproliferative variant of the hypereosinophilic syndrome.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 377-388Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar In hematopoietic stem cell and myeloid neoplasms, eosinophils originate from a malignant clone, whereas in other conditions and disorders, (hyper)eosinophilia is considered a nonneoplastic process triggered by eosinophilopoietic cytokines or by other as yet unknown processes.1Gleich G.J. Leiferman K.M. The hypereosinophilic syndromes: still more heterogeneity.Curr Opin Immunol. 2005; 17: 679-684Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, 2Tefferi A. Patnaik M.M. Pardanani A. Eosinophilia: secondary, clonal and idiopathic.Br J Haematol. 2006; 133: 468-492Crossref PubMed Scopus (227) Google Scholar, 3Bain B.J. Fletcher S.H. Chronic eosinophilic leukemias and the myeloproliferative variant of the hypereosinophilic syndrome.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 377-388Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar Peripheral blood eosinophilia can be transient, episodic, or persistent. In patients with chronic (persistent) eosinophilia, tissue infiltration and the effects of eosinophil-derived effector molecules might result in clinically relevant organ pathology or even in (irreversible) organ damage.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 6Hogan S.P. Rosenberg H.F. Moqbel R. Phipps S. Foster P.S. Lacy P. et al.Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease.Clin Exp Allergy. 2008; 38: 709-750Crossref PubMed Scopus (650) Google Scholar Notably, among a range of effects on multiple organs, endomyocardial fibrosis, thrombosis, or both might be life-threatening consequences in patients with sustained eosinophilia. In other patients eosinophilia can be persistent but does not lead to measurable organ dysfunction. In these patients the clinical course and outcome remain uncertain; therefore they should be followed for potential disease progression. Several neoplastic conditions are associated with eosinophilia. Myeloid neoplasms variably accompanied by eosinophilia are chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), distinct variants of acute myeloid leukemia, rare forms of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), some MDS/MPN overlap disorders, and a subset of patients with (advanced) systemic mastocytosis (SM).7Bain B.J. Relationship between idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis.Am J Hematol. 2004; 77: 82-85Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 8Valent P. Pathogenesis, classification, and therapy of eosinophilia and eosinophilic disorders.Blood Rev. 2009; 23: 157-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar, 9Tefferi A. Skoda R. Vardiman J.W. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: contemporary diagnosis using histology and genetics.Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009; 6: 627-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar These differential diagnoses have to be considered in cases of unexplained eosinophilia, especially when signs of myeloproliferation are present. In such patients a thorough hematologic workup, including bone marrow (BM) cytology, histology and immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, molecular analyses, and staging of potentially affected organ systems, should be initiated. In patients with eosinophilic leukemia, hypereosinophilia (HE) is a consistent and predominant feature. Most serious complications of HE (ie, endomyocardial fibrosis, thrombosis, or both) are particularly prone to develop in these patients, especially in the setting of fusion genes involving platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA). This is important clinically because imatinib is usually an effective therapy in patients with PDGFRA fusion genes and leads to complete hematologic and molecular remission in a high proportion of cases.2Tefferi A. Patnaik M.M. Pardanani A. Eosinophilia: secondary, clonal and idiopathic.Br J Haematol. 2006; 133: 468-492Crossref PubMed Scopus (227) Google Scholar, 3Bain B.J. Fletcher S.H. Chronic eosinophilic leukemias and the myeloproliferative variant of the hypereosinophilic syndrome.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 377-388Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar, 8Valent P. Pathogenesis, classification, and therapy of eosinophilia and eosinophilic disorders.Blood Rev. 2009; 23: 157-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar, 9Tefferi A. Skoda R. Vardiman J.W. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: contemporary diagnosis using histology and genetics.Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009; 6: 627-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar, 10Gotlib J. Cross N.C. Gilliland D.G. Eosinophilic disorders: molecular pathogenesis, new classification, and modern therapy.Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2006; 19: 535-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar During the past 2 decades, several different classifications of eosinophilic disorders have been proposed in various fields of medicine.11Roufosse F. Goldman M. Cogan E. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative variants.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 27: 158-170Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar, 12Tefferi A. Vardiman J.W. Classification and diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms: the 2008 World Health Organization criteria and point-of-care diagnostic algorithms.Leukemia. 2008; 22: 14-22Crossref PubMed Scopus (843) Google Scholar, 13Simon H.U. Rothenberg M.E. Bochner B.S. Weller P.F. Wardlaw A.J. Wechsler M.E. et al.Refining the definition of hypereosinophilic syndrome.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: 45-49Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (243) Google Scholar, 14Gotlib J. Eosinophilic myeloid disorders: new classification and novel therapeutic strategies.Curr Opin Hematol. 2010; 17: 117-124Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar Although respective criteria and definitions partially overlap, no multidisciplinary global consensus has been developed. In addition, the recent identification of several new molecular and immunologic mechanisms lends greater understanding to the disorders and therefore to logical taxonomy. To update and refine the criteria and definitions for eosinophilic disorders and to merge classifications in a multidisciplinary consensus, we organized the Year 2011 Working Conference on Eosinophil Disorders and Syndromes (Vienna, Austria; May 27-28, 2011). Experts from the fields of immunology, allergy, hematology, pathology, and molecular medicine contributed to this project. All faculty members actively participated in preconference and postconference discussions (from October 2010 to August 2011). The final outcomes of these discussions were formulated into consensus statements and into a contemporary multidisciplinary classification of eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes together with proposed criteria that are summarized in this article. Under normal physiologic conditions, eosinophil production is tightly controlled by the cytokine network.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 8Valent P. Pathogenesis, classification, and therapy of eosinophilia and eosinophilic disorders.Blood Rev. 2009; 23: 157-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar The normal eosinophil count in peripheral blood ranges between 0.05 and 0.5 × 109/L. Normal values for BM eosinophils also have been proposed, and in textbooks normal values of eosinophils in BM aspirates commonly range between 1% and 6%. Eosinophils are not normally present in other human tissues and organs, with the exception of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, uterus, and gastrointestinal tract from the stomach through the large intestine. The normal physiologic range of eosinophils in these organs is less well defined.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 6Hogan S.P. Rosenberg H.F. Moqbel R. Phipps S. Foster P.S. Lacy P. et al.Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease.Clin Exp Allergy. 2008; 38: 709-750Crossref PubMed Scopus (650) Google Scholar, 15Kato M. Kephart G.M. Talley N.J. Wagner J.M. Sarr M.G. Bonno M. et al.Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation in normal human tissue.Anat Record. 1998; 252: 418-425Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar Similar to other leukocytes, eosinophils originate from CD34+ hematopoietic precursor cells.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 8Valent P. Pathogenesis, classification, and therapy of eosinophilia and eosinophilic disorders.Blood Rev. 2009; 23: 157-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar The most potent growth factors for eosinophils are IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 8Valent P. Pathogenesis, classification, and therapy of eosinophilia and eosinophilic disorders.Blood Rev. 2009; 23: 157-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar These eosinophilopoietic cytokines are primarily produced by activated T lymphocytes, mast cells, and stromal cells and trigger not only growth but also activation of normal and neoplastic eosinophils.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 6Hogan S.P. Rosenberg H.F. Moqbel R. Phipps S. Foster P.S. Lacy P. et al.Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease.Clin Exp Allergy. 2008; 38: 709-750Crossref PubMed Scopus (650) Google Scholar Apart from these classical growth regulators, several other cytokines and chemokines also trigger eosinophil growth and/or function. Reactive eosinophilia is mainly caused by eosinophilopoietic cytokines (IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF), whereas clonal eosinophils typically are derived from progenitors containing mutations in oncogenic tyrosine kinase receptors, such as PDGFRA, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRB), or fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), or other acquired (cyto)genetic lesions.7Bain B.J. Relationship between idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis.Am J Hematol. 2004; 77: 82-85Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 8Valent P. Pathogenesis, classification, and therapy of eosinophilia and eosinophilic disorders.Blood Rev. 2009; 23: 157-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar, 9Tefferi A. Skoda R. Vardiman J.W. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: contemporary diagnosis using histology and genetics.Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009; 6: 627-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar, 10Gotlib J. Cross N.C. Gilliland D.G. Eosinophilic disorders: molecular pathogenesis, new classification, and modern therapy.Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2006; 19: 535-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar Eosinophils produce and store a number of biologically active molecules in their granules, such as eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil cationic protein, major basic protein, and numerous cytokines, including TGF-β.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 6Hogan S.P. Rosenberg H.F. Moqbel R. Phipps S. Foster P.S. Lacy P. et al.Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease.Clin Exp Allergy. 2008; 38: 709-750Crossref PubMed Scopus (650) Google Scholar Under various conditions, eosinophils are activated to release their mediators and thereby influence tissue homeostasis and integrity. In the setting of massive and persistent activation, eosinophils cause profound changes in the microenvironment, often with resultant fibrosis, thrombosis, or both and thus severe organ damage.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 6Hogan S.P. Rosenberg H.F. Moqbel R. Phipps S. Foster P.S. Lacy P. et al.Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease.Clin Exp Allergy. 2008; 38: 709-750Crossref PubMed Scopus (650) Google Scholar In patients with such persistent eosinophil activation, tissue specimens might show marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins, even in the absence of a massive eosinophil infiltrate.4Gleich G.J. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 651-663Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar, 5Ackerman S.J. Bochner B.S. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27: 357-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 6Hogan S.P. Rosenberg H.F. Moqbel R. Phipps S. Foster P.S. Lacy P. et al.Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease.Clin Exp Allergy. 2008; 38: 709-750Crossref PubMed Scopus (650) Google Scholar Recommended stains for visualization and enumeration of eosinophils in organ sections are May-Grunwald-Giemsa and Wright-Giemsa. In the normal BM the eosinophil count ranges between 1% and 6%. Eosinophils are also detectable in the normal mucosal layers of the stomach, small and large bowels, uterus, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, but only a few robust studies comparing eosinophil numbers in normal and inflamed organs are available. Other healthy tissues do not contain eosinophils, and no eosinophil-derived proteins can be detected.15Kato M. Kephart G.M. Talley N.J. Wagner J.M. Sarr M.G. Bonno M. et al.Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation in normal human tissue.Anat Record. 1998; 252: 418-425Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar Traditionally, peripheral blood eosinophilia has been divided into mild (0.5-1.5 × 109/L), marked (>1.5 × 109/L), and massive (>5.0 × 109/L) eosinophilia. As noted previously, eosinophilia can be transient, episodic, or persistent (chronic). The proposal of this expert panel is that the term HE should be used when marked and persistent eosinophilia has been documented or marked tissue eosinophilia is observed (Table I). The faculty also agreed that the term persistent applies to peripheral blood eosinophilia recorded on at least 2 occasions with a minimum time interval of 4 weeks (except when immediate therapy is required because of HE-related organ dysfunction). Because no data from clinical trials are available, further studies will be required to validate this time point against other (traditional) time points regarding duration of eosinophilia. Similarly, further investigations will be required to validate the proposed cutoff level to define blood HE (1.5 × 109/L). Tissue HE should apply when 1 or more of the following is fulfilled: (1) the percentage of eosinophils exceeds 20% of all nucleated cells in BM sections; (2) a pathologist is of the opinion that tissue infiltration by eosinophils is extensive (massive) when compared with the normal physiologic range, compared with other inflammatory cells, or both; or (3) a specific stain directed against an established eosinophil granule protein (eg, major basic protein) reveals extensive extracellular deposition of eosinophil-derived proteins indicative of local eosinophil activation (Table I). This third criterion applies even in the absence of massive local eosinophil infiltration and can be regarded as a sign of marked and persistent eosinophil activation in local tissue sites. However, because the proposed criteria of tissue HE are not based on robust quantitative markers, additional studies will be required to improve the definition and criteria of HE by introducing more quantitative measures and objective parameters in the future. Tissue HE can occur in the absence of blood HE, although in most instances blood HE, or at least eosinophilia, is also present.Table IDefinition of HE and HESProposed termProposed abbreviationDefinition and criteriaBlood eosinophilia—>0.5 Eosinophils × 109/L bloodHypereosinophiliaHE>1.5 Eosinophils × 109/L blood on 2 examinations (interval ≥1 month∗In the case of evolving life-threatening end-organ damage, the diagnosis can be made immediately to avoid delay in therapy.) and/or tissue HE defined by the following†Validated quantitative criteria for tissue HE do not exist for most tissues at the present time. Consequently, tissue HES is defined by a combination of qualitative and semiquantitative findings that will require revision as new information becomes available.:1.Percentage of eosinophils in BM section exceeds 20% of all nucleated cells and/or2.Pathologist is of the opinion that tissue infiltration by eosinophils is extensive and/or3.Marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins is found (in the absence or presence of major tissue infiltration by eosinophils).Hypereosinophilic syndromeHES1.Criteria for peripheral blood HE fulfilled∗In the case of evolving life-threatening end-organ damage, the diagnosis can be made immediately to avoid delay in therapy. and2.Organ damage and/or dysfunction attributable to tissue HE‡HE-related organ damage (damage attributable to HE): organ dysfunction with marked tissue eosinophil infiltrates and/or extensive deposition of eosinophil-derived proteins (in the presence or absence of marked tissue eosinophils) and 1 or more of the following: (1) fibrosis (lung, heart, digestive tract, skin, and others); (2) thrombosis with or without thromboembolism; (3) cutaneous (including mucosal) erythema, edema/angioedema, ulceration, pruritus, and eczema; and (4) peripheral or central neuropathy with chronic or recurrent neurologic deficit. Less commonly, other organ system involvement (liver, pancreas, kidney, and other organs) and the resulting organ damage can be judged as HE-related pathology, so that the clinician concludes the clinical situation resembles HES. Note that HES can manifest in 1 or more organ systems. and3.Exclusion of other disorders or conditions as major reason for organ damage.Eosinophil-associated single-organ diseases1.Criteria of HE fulfilled and2.Single-organ disease (see Table III and Tables E4 and E5 for specific entities)∗ In the case of evolving life-threatening end-organ damage, the diagnosis can be made immediately to avoid delay in therapy.† Validated quantitative criteria for tissue HE do not exist for most tissues at the present time. Consequently, tissue HES is defined by a combination of qualitative and semiquantitative findings that will require revision as new information becomes available.‡ HE-related organ damage (damage attributable to HE): organ dysfunction with marked tissue eosinophil infiltrates and/or extensive deposition of eosinophil-derived proteins (in the presence or absence of marked tissue eosinophils) and 1 or more of the following: (1) fibrosis (lung, heart, digestive tract, skin, and others); (2) thrombosis with or without thromboembolism; (3) cutaneous (including mucosal) erythema, edema/angioedema, ulceration, pruritus, and eczema; and (4) peripheral or central neuropathy with chronic or recurrent neurologic deficit. Less commonly, other organ system involvement (liver, pancreas, kidney, and other organs) and the resulting organ damage can be judged as HE-related pathology, so that the clinician concludes the clinical situation resembles HES. Note that HES can manifest in 1 or more organ systems. Open table in a new tab On the basis of the initial patient evaluation, HE can be divided into variant types: a hereditary (familial) HE variant,16Klion A.D. Law M.A. Riemenschneider W. McMaster M.L. Brown M.R. Horne M. et al.Familial eosinophilia: a benign disorder?.Blood. 2004; 103: 4050-4055Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar HE of undetermined significance (HEUS), primary (clonal/neoplastic) HE produced by apparently clonal (neoplastic) eosinophils (HEN), and secondary (reactive) HE (HER, Table II). It is important to note that some of these variants (ie, HEN and HER) do not represent final diagnoses but are meant as secondary decision points to guide further diagnostic evaluation. For example, a patient with HEN might have a PDGFRA-mutated MPN-eo or an overt chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL). The other HE variants (hereditary [familial] HE variant and HEUS) are provisional diagnoses but (as is the case for all HE variants) need follow-up investigations to exclude the development of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) or an underlying neoplastic or nonneoplastic disorder. The faculty agreed that the term HES should be used for subjects with any HE variant (with blood eosinophilia) and clear evidence of HE-related organ damage, with the exception of certain diseases exemplified by eosinophilic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic pneumonia in which the single-organ involvement is often associated with blood eosinophilia (HE) but the role of eosinophilia in organ damage remains uncertain (see sections below and Table I).Table IIClassification of HEProposed terminologyProposed abbreviationPathogenesis/definitionHereditary (familial) HEHEFAPathogenesis unknown; familial clustering, no signs or symptoms of hereditary immunodeficiency, and no evidence of a reactive or neoplastic condition/disorder underlying HEHE of undetermined significanceHEUSNo underlying cause of HE, no family history, no evidence of a reactive or neoplastic condition/disorder underlying HE, and no end-organ damage attributable to HEPrimary (clonal/neoplastic) HE†HEN and HER are prediagnostic checkpoints that should guide further diagnostic evaluations but cannot serve as final diagnoses.HENUnderlying stem cell, myeloid, or eosinophilic neoplasm, as classified by WHO criteria; eosinophils considered neoplastic cells∗Clonality of eosinophils is often difficult to demonstrate or is not examined. However, if a myeloid or stem cell neoplasm known to present typically with clonal HE is present or a typical molecular defect is demonstrable (eg, PDGFR or FGFR mutations or BCR/ABL1), eosinophilia should be considered clonal.Secondary (reactive) HE†HEN and HER are prediagnostic checkpoints that should guide further diagnostic evaluations but cannot serve as final diagnoses.HERUnderlying condition/disease in which eosinophils are considered nonclonal cells‡In a group of patients, HER might be caused/triggered by other as yet unknown processes because no increase in eosinophilopoietic cytokine levels can be documented.; HE considered cytokine driven in most cases‡In a group of patients, HER might be caused/triggered by other as yet unknown processes because no increase in eosinophilopoietic cytokine levels can be documented.∗ Clonality of eosinophils is often difficult to demonstrate or is not examined. However, if a myeloid or stem cell neoplasm known to present typically with clonal HE is present or a typical molecular defect is demonstrable (eg, PDGFR or FGFR mutations or BCR/ABL1), eosinophilia should be considered clonal.† HEN and HER are prediagnostic checkpoints that should guide further diagnostic evaluations but cannot serve as final diagnoses.‡ In a group of patients, HER might be caused/triggered by other as yet unknown processes because no increase in eosinophilopoietic cytokine levels can be documented. Open table in a new tab In addition to patients with HES, who typically require treatment to prevent disease progression, there are patients with unexplained persistent asymptomatic HE. These patients have an uncertain prognosis. For such cases, the term HEUS is most appropriate. In these patients the criteria for HE are met, but there are no clinical or laboratory signs or symptoms indicative of a hereditary condition, reactive process, underlying immunologic disease, or hematopoietic neoplasm that could lead to and thus explain HE. Furthermore, no signs, symptoms, or other evidence of eosinophil-related organ damage are identified. It is important to state that the designation HEUS is a proposed provisional term and that the clinical implication and value of this new terminology will require validation in forthcoming studies. If clinical manifestations develop in a patient with HEUS, the diagnosis will change to