The small heat shock proteins (sHsps) from human (Hsp27) and mouse (Hsp25) form large oligomers which can act as molecular chaperones in vitro and protect cells from heat shock and oxidative stress when overexpressed. In addition, mammalian sHsps are rapidly phosphorylated by MAPKAP kinase 2/3 at two or three serine residues in response to various extracellular stresses. Here we analyze the effect of sHsp phosphorylation on its quaternary structure, chaperone function, and protection against oxidative stress. We show that in vitro phosphorylation of recombinant sHsp as well as molecular mimicry of Hsp27 phosphorylation lead to a significant decrease of the oligomeric size. We demonstrate that both phosphorylated sHsps and the triple mutant Hsp27-S15D,S78D,S82D show significantly decreased abilities to act as molecular chaperones suppressing thermal denaturation and facilitating refolding of citrate synthase in vitro. In parallel, Hsp27 and its mutants were analyzed for their ability to confer resistance against oxidative stress when overexpressed in L929 and 13.S.1.24 cells. While wild type Hsp27 confers resistance, the triple mutant S15D,S78D,S82D cannot protect against oxidative stress effectively. These data indicate that large oligomers of sHsps are necessary for chaperone action and resistance against oxidative stress whereas phosphorylation down-regulates these activities by dissociation of sHsp complexes to tetramers. The small heat shock proteins (sHsps) from human (Hsp27) and mouse (Hsp25) form large oligomers which can act as molecular chaperones in vitro and protect cells from heat shock and oxidative stress when overexpressed. In addition, mammalian sHsps are rapidly phosphorylated by MAPKAP kinase 2/3 at two or three serine residues in response to various extracellular stresses. Here we analyze the effect of sHsp phosphorylation on its quaternary structure, chaperone function, and protection against oxidative stress. We show that in vitro phosphorylation of recombinant sHsp as well as molecular mimicry of Hsp27 phosphorylation lead to a significant decrease of the oligomeric size. We demonstrate that both phosphorylated sHsps and the triple mutant Hsp27-S15D,S78D,S82D show significantly decreased abilities to act as molecular chaperones suppressing thermal denaturation and facilitating refolding of citrate synthase in vitro. In parallel, Hsp27 and its mutants were analyzed for their ability to confer resistance against oxidative stress when overexpressed in L929 and 13.S.1.24 cells. While wild type Hsp27 confers resistance, the triple mutant S15D,S78D,S82D cannot protect against oxidative stress effectively. These data indicate that large oligomers of sHsps are necessary for chaperone action and resistance against oxidative stress whereas phosphorylation down-regulates these activities by dissociation of sHsp complexes to tetramers. small heat shock protein circular dichroism, CS, citrate synthase green fluorescent protein propidium iodide tumor necrosis factor mitogen-activated protein kinase Small heat shock proteins (sHsps)1 are constitutively expressed in virtually all organisms and exhibit a monomeric molecular mass of 15ā42 kDa (for a recent review see Ref. 1Ehrnsperger M. Buchner J. Gaestel M. Fink A.L. Goto Y. Molecular Chaperones in the Life Cycle of Proteins. Marcel Dekker, New York1998: 533-575Google Scholar). Within the cell they can form oligomeric complexes of up to 1 MDa (2Arrigo A.P. Suhan J.P. Welch W.J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; 8: 5059-5071Crossref PubMed Scopus (300) Google Scholar). Overexpression of different mammalian sHsps increases cellular thermoresistance to a significant degree (3Knauf U. Jakob U. Engel K. Buchner J. Gaestel M. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 54-60Crossref PubMed Scopus (124) Google Scholar, 4Landry J. Chretien P. Lambert H. Hickey E. Weber L.A. J. Cell Biol. 1989; 109: 7-15Crossref PubMed Scopus (582) Google Scholar). sHsps can, furthermore, function in different, seemingly unrelated processes like RNA stabilization (5Nover L. Scharf K.D. Neumann D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1983; 3: 1648-1655Crossref PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar), interaction with the cytoskeleton (6Miron T. Vancompernolle K. Vandekerckhove J. Wilchek M. Geiger B. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 114: 255-261Crossref PubMed Scopus (389) Google Scholar, 7Nicholl I.D. Quinlan R.A. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 945-953Crossref PubMed Scopus (396) Google Scholar), or apoptosis (8Arrigo A.-P. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler. 1998; 379: 19-26PubMed Google Scholar, 9Mehlen P. Schulze-Osthoff K. Arrigo A.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 16510-16514Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (582) Google Scholar). In vitro sHsps act as molecular chaperones preventing unfolded proteins from irreversible aggregation (10Horwitz J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 10449-10453Crossref PubMed Scopus (1745) Google Scholar, 11Jakob U. Gaestel M. Engel K. Buchner J. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 1517-1520Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 12Merck K.B. Groenen P.J. Voorter C.E. de Haard-Hoekman W.A. Horwitz J. Bloemendal H. de Jong W.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 1046-1052Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) and, in cooperation with other factors, e.g. Hsp70 and ATP, facilitating productive refolding of unfolded proteins (13Ehrnsperger M. Graber S. Gaestel M. Buchner J. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 221-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (634) Google Scholar, 14Lee G.J. Roseman A.M. Saibil H.R. Vierling E. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 659-671Crossref PubMed Scopus (656) Google Scholar). In mammalian cells certain sHsps, e.g. mouse Hsp25 or human Hsp27, form a converging element of the cellular stress response since they show both a stress-induced increase in expression and phosphorylation. Under heat shock conditions increased phosphorylation can be detected after several minutes while changes in expression are detected after several hours (15Landry J. Chretien P. Laszlo A. Lambert H. J. Cell. Physiol. 1991; 147: 93-101Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar). The rapid stress-induced phosphorylation is the result of stimulation of the p38 MAP kinase cascade and subsequent activation of MAPKAP kinases 2 and 3 which directly phosphorylate mammalian sHsps (16Stokoe D. Engel K. Campbell D.G. Cohen P. Gaestel M. FEBS Lett. 1992; 313: 307-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (472) Google Scholar, 17Ludwig S. Engel K. Hoffmeyer A. Sithanandam G. Neufeld B. Palm D. Gaestel M. Rapp U.R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996; 16: 6687-6697Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar) at several distinct sites (18Gaestel M. Schroder W. Benndorf R. Lippmann C. Buchner K. Hucho F. Erdmann V.A. Bielka H. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 14721-14724Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 19Landry J. Lambert H. Zhou M. Lavoie J.N. Hickey E. Weber L.A. Anderson C.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 794-803Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Since sHsp phosphorylation and stress-induced expression show different kinetics, it is assumed that phosphorylation of the pre-existing constitutively expressed sHsps is a first phase of the stress response while the elevated expression at a time when their phosphorylation is already down-regulated comprises the second phase. So far, it is not clear whether sHsps fulfill different cellular functions at these different stages of the stress response. In contrast to plant sHsps, which are not phosphorylated and structurally reorganized in response to stress (20Suzuki T.C. Krawitz D.C. Vierling E. Plant Physiol. 1998; 116: 1151-1161Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar), increased phosphorylation of mammalian sHsps leads to changes in the oligomeric organization resulting in both smaller (21Kato K. Hasegawa K. Goto S. Inaguma Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 11274-11278Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 22Lavoie J.N. Lambert H. Hickey E. Weber L.A. Landry J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 505-516Crossref PubMed Scopus (570) Google Scholar, 23Zantema A. Verlaand-De Vries M. Maasdam D. Bol S. van der Eb A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 12936-12941Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) and larger oligomers (24Arata S. Hamaguchi S. Nose K. J. Cell. Physiol. 1997; 170: 19-26Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 25Mehlen P. Mehlen A. Guillet D. Preville X. Arrigo A.P. J. Cell. Biochem. 1995; 58: 248-259Crossref PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar). In cells exposed to TNFĪ± a transient formation of large oligomers was followed by the accumulation of small oligomers (25Mehlen P. Mehlen A. Guillet D. Preville X. Arrigo A.P. J. Cell. Biochem. 1995; 58: 248-259Crossref PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar, 26Mehlen P. Hickey E. Weber L.A. Arrigo A.P. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 241: 187-192Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar). It is supposed that small oligomers and especially monomers are responsible for stabilization of the actin filaments (27Benndorf R. Hayess K. Ryazantsev S. Wieske M. Behlke J. Lutsch G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20780-20784Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 28Lavoie J.N. Gingras-Breton G. Tanguay R.M. Landry J. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 3420-3429Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 29Lavoie J.N. Hickey E. Weber L.A. Landry J. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 24210-24214Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) and that the large oligomers induce a protection against stress (13Ehrnsperger M. Graber S. Gaestel M. Buchner J. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 221-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (634) Google Scholar, 14Lee G.J. Roseman A.M. Saibil H.R. Vierling E. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 659-671Crossref PubMed Scopus (656) Google Scholar, 26Mehlen P. Hickey E. Weber L.A. Arrigo A.P. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 241: 187-192Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar,30Preville X. Schultz H. Knauf U. Gaestel M. Arrigo A.P. J. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 69: 436-452Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar). So far, the influence of the quaternary structure of mammalian sHsps on their chaperone activity has not been characterized. Hence, although some aspects of sHsp function already have become clear, a comprehensive picture of their function is still lacking. In this study, we phosphorylated sHsps by MAPKAP kinase 2 to investigate the influence on their oligomerization and chaperone properties in vitro. In a second approach, we used āmolecular mimicryā of serine phosphorylation of Hsp27 to study the effect of phosphorylation also in vivo. To this end phosphorylatable serines were replaced by negatively charged aspartate residues with similar overall structure. This strategy has been used before to obtain information about the structure and function of phosphorylated isoforms of a wide variety of proteins, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (31Thorsness P.E. Koshland Jr., D.E. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 10422-19425Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), serum response factor (32Manak J.R. Prywes R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1991; 11: 3652-3659Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar), myosin heavy chain (33Egelhoff T.T. Lee R.J. Spudich J.A. Cell. 1993; 75: 363-371Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (242) Google Scholar), MAPK kinase 1 (34Cowley S. Paterson H. Kemp P. Marshall C.J. Cell. 1994; 77: 841-852Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1853) Google Scholar, 35Mansour S.J. Matten W.T. Hermann A.S. Candia J.M. Rong S. Fukasawa K. Vande-Woude G.F. Ahn N.G. Science. 1994; 265: 966-970Crossref PubMed Scopus (1260) Google Scholar), vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein P (36Gao Y. Lenard J. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 1240-1247Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar), and multidrug resistance glycoprotein (37Hardy S.P. Goodfellow H.R. Valverde M.A. Gill D.R. Sepulveda V. Higgins C.F. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 68-75Crossref PubMed Scopus (196) Google Scholar). For Hsp27 we constructed three different mutants replacing one (S15D), two (S78D,S82D), or all three (S15D,S78D,S82D) phosphorylation sites by aspartate. These mutants were compared in their oligomerization and chaperone properties with the phosphorylated protein. Furthermore, overexpression of these mutants was used to analyze the dependence of the protective function of Hsp27 on oligomerization. Size exclusion liquid chromatography was carried out on a Superose 6 HR 30/10 column (Pharmacia) equilibrated with 30 mm NH4Cl, 20 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 10 mm MgCl2, 0.5 mm dithioerythritol, 50 Ī¼mNaN3, and 2 Ī¼m phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. For estimation of the molecular mass a combination of several proteins of the LMW and HMW calibration kit (Pharmacia) were used (thyroglobulin, 669 kDa; ferritin, 440 kDa; catalase 232 kDa; aldolase, 158 kDa; and chymotrypsinogen A, 25 kDa). 200 pmol of recombinant Hsp25 or Hsp27 were incubated with 17 pmol of recombinant GST-MAPKAP kinase 2 Ī3BĪPC or 60 milliunits of native purified MAPKAP kinase 2 (Upstate Biotechnology), 10 nmol of ATP, and 3 pmol of [Ī³-32P]ATP (3000 Ci/mmol) in a reaction volume of 50 Ī¼l containing 50 mmĪ±-glycerophosphate, pH 7.4, 0.1 mm EDTA, and 4 mm magnesium acetate at 30 Ā°C for 3 h. Before and after the incubation aliquots of 10 Ī¼l were taken and proteins were precipitated with 1 ml of 5% trichloroacetic acid. The pellets were washed twice with 20% trichloroacetic acid. Pellets were measured in a scintillation counter in order to calculate the relative incorporation of phosphate. Mutagenesis of pAK3038-Hsp27 (11Jakob U. Gaestel M. Engel K. Buchner J. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 1517-1520Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) was performed using the TransformerTM Site-directed Mutagenesis Kit (CLONTECH) and the oligonucleotides 5ā²-GCGCTCGACCGGCAACTCGACAGCGGGG-3ā² changing the codons for both serine 78 and 82 to aspartate and 5ā²-CTTCCTTTTTCGATATCATTGAAGCATTT-3ā² for selection of positive clones by changing the restriction siteSspI to EcoRV. The resulting plasmid was pAK3038-Hsp27-S78D,S82D. For the mutagenesis of serine 15 to aspartate we used the Quickchange Site-directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene) and the two corresponding oligonucleotides 5ā²-GGGGCCCCGACTGGGACCCC-3ā²and 5ā²-GGAAGGGGTCCCAGTCGGGGCCCCGCAGG-3ā² leading to plasmid pAK3038-Hsp27-S15D. pAK3038-Hsp27-S15D,S78D,S82D was constructed by inserting the NdeI/KpnI fragment of pAK3038-Hsp27-S15D into NdeI/KpnI cut pAK3038-Hsp27-S78D,S82D. All mutations were verified by sequencing. Near and far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra were recorded using a Jasco J715 spectropolarimeter. Hsp27 and its mutants were dialyzed overnight against 10 mm potassium phosphate, pH 7.0. After centrifugation of the samples to remove aggregates the protein concentrations were determined. Near UV spectra were recorded at 245ā330 nm in thermostated 0.5-cm quarz cuvettes at 20 Ā°C. The far UV spectra were recorded at the same temperature at 200ā250 nm in 0.1-cm quartz cuvettes. As a control for unstructured protein, Hsp27 was incubated in 6 m guanidinium chloride in potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, for 4 h at 20 Ā°C. The protein was then treated and measured like the native samples. All spectra were buffer corrected and 12 times accumulated. Mean residue ellipticities for the spectra were calculated based on a mean residue molecular weight of 112. Electron microscopic investigations were performed with negatively stained protein samples. Negative staining was done at a protein concentration of 0.1 mg/ml with 1% uranyl formiate using the double-carbon film technique (38Behlke J. Lutsch G. Gaestel M. Bielka H. FEBS Lett. 1991; 288: 119-122Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar). Electron micrographs were taken with a Philips EM400T at 80 kV and a magnification of Ć 60,000. For statistical evaluation selected micrographs were digitized using a linear-CCD densitometer (EMiL, Image Science GmbH, Berlin, Germany) with a sampling size corresponding to 1 nm at the specimen scale. Analysis was done with the analySIS software (Soft Imaging System GmbH, MuĢnster, Germany). Briefly, micrographs were shading corrected, median filtered, and binerized using an adequate threshold to eliminate background staining. Particles were separated using a watershed algorithm, and detected and classified according to their area size. Thermal aggregation of CS and oxaloacetic acid-induced reactivation of CS were performed as described in Ref. 13Ehrnsperger M. Graber S. Gaestel M. Buchner J. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 221-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (634) Google Scholar in the presence and absence of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated Hsp27 and its mutants. IgG was used as a control for unspecific protein effects. The experiments were performed in 20 mm sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 100 mm NaCl in a volume of 120 Ī¼l in quartz microcuvettes (path length: 1 cm). Insulin was added to a final concentration of 45 Ī¼m (0.25 mg/ml) to the buffer in the presence and absence of phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated Hsp27. The reaction was started by 1:25 dilution of dithiothreitol to a final concentration of 20 mm (stock solution: 0.5 m in assay buffer). Turbidity due to the aggregation of the insulin B chain was then monitored at 30 Ā°C and 400 nm in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipped with a temperature control unit. All Hsp27 concentrations refer to a 16-subunit oligomeric complex. The pcDNA3 vector (Invitrogen) carrying the cytomegalovirus promoter was used to drive eukaryotic expression of Hsp27 and its mutants. At the amino-terminal end of Hsp27 a HA-tag (MAYPYDVPPYASLGGH) was added during re-cloning from pAK3038 vectors. Exponentially growing L929 cells in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (Life Technologies, Inc.) were plated at a density of 106 cells/78 cm2 and allowed to grow in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 Ā°C 24 h prior to transfection. Cells were transfected with 5 Ī¼g of DNA (either pcDNA3 plain vector or pcDNA3-Hsp27-WT, -S15D, -S78D,S82D, or -S15,S78D,S82D) using DAC30 (Eurogentec, Angers, France). Before transfection, serum was removed from the cell culture. DNA and DAC 30 at a ratio of 1:2 (w:v), respectively, were separately diluted in 600 Ī¼l of 150 mm NaCl. The different DNA solutions were then added to their corresponding DAC30 solutions and incubated 20 min at room temperature. The different mixes were subsequently added to the cells and incubated 3 h in normal culture conditions before supplementing the culture media with 10% fetal calf serum. The efficiency of transfection was estimated in parallel experiments using pSVĪ² plasmid that contains the gene encoding Ī²-galactosidase under the control of the SV40 promoter (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, CA). Cells expressing Ī²-galactosidase were monitored by 5-bromochloro-3-indolyl-Ī²-d-galactosidase staining (39Lim K. Chae C. BioTechniques. 1989; 7: 576-579Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar). Transfection efficiency was determined to range at 20 Ā± 3%. Expression of the different proteins was monitored by immunoblot analysis using a specific polyclonal antibody directed against human Hsp27 as described previously (40Mehlen P. Preville X. Chareyron P. Briolay J. Klemenz R. Arrigo A.P. J. Immunol. 1995; 154: 363-374PubMed Google Scholar). 24 h after transfection, cells were plated at a density of 104 cells per well in 96-well plates (Nunc, Rockskilde, Denmark) and were grown 24 h before being analyzed for their resistance to TNFĪ± or H2O2. Two-fold serial dilutions of TNFĪ± or H2O2 were added to the cells. Actinomycin D (0.5 Ī¼g/ml) was used to enhance the killing activity of TNFĪ±. Incubations were 24 h with TNFĪ± or 16 h with H2O2. Survival was measured with alamarBlueTM (Interchim, MontlucĢ§on, France) which is a metabolic indicator that yields a fluorescent signal in response to metabolic activity. Briefly, alamarBlueTM was added to the cells at a 5% final volume and incubated 3 h at 37 Ā°C. The fluorescence of each well was read with an excitation wavelength of 560 nm and an emission wavelength of 590 nm using a VictorTMfluorometer (Wallac, Turku, Finland). Crystal violet staining (40Mehlen P. Preville X. Chareyron P. Briolay J. Klemenz R. Arrigo A.P. J. Immunol. 1995; 154: 363-374PubMed Google Scholar) was selected for the determination of the survival rates in the hydrogen peroxide set of experiments because of the unreliability of the alamarBlueTM assay due to interference with H2O2. The percentage of cell survival was defined as the relative absorbance of sample versusuntreated control cells. Immortalized rat neuroblasts 13.S.1.24 have been described previously (41Coronas V. Feron F. Hen R. Sicard G. Jourdan F. Moyse E. J. Neurochem. 1997; 69: 1870-1881Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar). They were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (Life Technologies, Inc.) and 0.3 mg/ml gentamycin (Life Technologies, Inc.). Exponentially growing 13.S.1.24 cells were plated at a density of 5 Ć 103cells/cm2 and allowed to grow at 37 Ā°C for 24 h prior transfection. Cells were transfected using Fugen-6 reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) according to the manufacturers instructions with 2.34 Ī¼g of pcDNA3, pcDNA3-Hsp27-WT, -S15D, -S78D,S82D, or -S15D,S78,82D vector together with 0.26 Ī¼g of the green fluorescent protein expressing vector pEGFP-C1 (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, CA). 24 h after transfection, cells were plated at a density of 5 Ć 103 cells/cm2 and were further grown for 24 h before their resistance to cytotoxicity induced by the free radical inducer menadione (Sigma Chimie, Saint-Quentin, Fallavier, France) was analyzed. After 24 h of incubation in the presence of 10 Ī¼m menadione, cells were harvested by trypsination, resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline, and incubated with 1 mg/ml propidium iodide (PI). After 10 min of incubation at room temperature, cell fluorescence was recorded by flow cytometric analysis using a FACScan cytometer (Beckton Dickinson, Le Pont de Claix, France) equipped with FL1 and FL3 detectors. Excitation: 488 nm, emission filters 530 nm for GFP and 630 nm for PI. To study the influence of Hsp27 phosphorylation on its oligomeric structure, recombinant Hsp27 (11Jakob U. Gaestel M. Engel K. Buchner J. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 1517-1520Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) was phosphorylated by MAPKAP kinase 2 (16Stokoe D. Engel K. Campbell D.G. Cohen P. Gaestel M. FEBS Lett. 1992; 313: 307-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (472) Google Scholar) in vitro. The oligomeric size of differently phosphorylated Hsp27 was analyzed by size exclusion liquid chromatography using Superose 6. As determined by a number of different methods (12Merck K.B. Groenen P.J. Voorter C.E. de Haard-Hoekman W.A. Horwitz J. Bloemendal H. de Jong W.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 1046-1052Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 13Ehrnsperger M. Graber S. Gaestel M. Buchner J. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 221-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (634) Google Scholar, 23Zantema A. Verlaand-De Vries M. Maasdam D. Bol S. van der Eb A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 12936-12941Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 38Behlke J. Lutsch G. Gaestel M. Bielka H. FEBS Lett. 1991; 288: 119-122Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 42Arrigo A.P. Welch W.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 15359-15369Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 43Chiesa R. McDermott M.J. Mann E. Spector A. FEBS Lett. 1990; 268: 222-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 44Lee G.J. Pokala N. Vierling E. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 10432-10438Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (272) Google Scholar, 45Farahbakhsh Z.T. Huang Q.L. Ding L.L. Altenbach C. Steinhoff H.J. Horwitz J. Hubbell W.L. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 509-516Crossref PubMed Scopus (203) Google Scholar, 46Sanger F. J. Biol. Chem. 1949; 45: 563-574Google Scholar), nonphosphorylated sHsps form complexes of an average molecular mass of 200ā800 kDa indicating a complex of 12 to nearly 40 sHsp monomers. Our analysis shows that nonphosphorylated Hsp27 exhibits an average mass of 530 kDa which correlates with an oligomer of about 24 subunits (Fig.1 A). In human glioma cells (21Kato K. Hasegawa K. Goto S. Inaguma Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 11274-11278Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) and in transfected hamster cells (22Lavoie J.N. Lambert H. Hickey E. Weber L.A. Landry J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 505-516Crossref PubMed Scopus (570) Google Scholar) induction of Hsp27 phosphorylation has been shown to lead to the reduction of the oligomeric size to about 70ā250 kDa. In our analysis phosphorylated Hsp27 (0.6 mol of phosphate incorporated per mol of Hsp27 monomer, about 65% of the phosphate was covalently bound to Ser-82, 22% to Ser-78, and 13% to Ser-15 (16Stokoe D. Engel K. Campbell D.G. Cohen P. Gaestel M. FEBS Lett. 1992; 313: 307-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (472) Google Scholar)) shows only traces of the large oligomer, and predominantly a peak corresponding to a molecular mass of about 110 kDa indicative of a Hsp27 tetramer (Fig. 1 A). Since these data were in contrast to former results for the murine homolog Hsp25, where no influence of phosphorylation on the oligomerization, as judged by gel filtration, could be detected (3Knauf U. Jakob U. Engel K. Buchner J. Gaestel M. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 54-60Crossref PubMed Scopus (124) Google Scholar), we repeated the experiments for Hsp25 under the same conditions as shown above. Interestingly, even before phosphorylation, a significant amount of Hsp25 forms small oligomers. In addition, as a result of phosphorylation by MAPKAP kinase 2 (1.6 mol of phosphate/mol of protein, where 55% of the phosphate was covalently bound to Ser-86 and 45% to Ser-15, (16Stokoe D. Engel K. Campbell D.G. Cohen P. Gaestel M. FEBS Lett. 1992; 313: 307-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (472) Google Scholar)) we detected a significant shift to small Hsp25 oligomers (Fig. 1 B) similar to the results obtained for Hsp27. The phosphorylation dependence of Hsp27 oligomerization was further characterized by subsequently mixing the phosphorylated Hsp27 with different amounts of the nonphosphorylated protein. After an incubation of 60 min at 25 Ā°C allowing the exchange of subunits between the different oligomers the samples were analyzed by gel filtration (Fig.1 C, mixing of equimolar amounts of nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated, 0.6 mol of phosphate/mol of protein, Hsp27). The amounts of tetramers and larger oligomers were determined as a function of Hsp27 phosphorylation (Fig. 1 D). The dissociation of the large oligomers and the formation of tetramers depends on the degree of phosphorylation with a midpoint of transition being reached at a phosphorylation level of about 0.3 mol of phosphate/mol of Hsp27 monomer and complete tetramer formation occurs above 0.6 mol of phosphate/mol of Hsp27. Since the mixing experiment leads to different oligomers and since 32P-labeled phosphorylated Hsp27 could be detected to a lower degree also in the large complexes (Fig.1 C), it is supposed that the oligomerization process is reversible and that the equilibrium is regulated by phosphorylation.