Insig-1 and Insig-2, a pair of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane proteins, mediate feedback control of cholesterol synthesis through their sterol-dependent binding to the following two polytopic ER membrane proteins: sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Sterol-induced binding of Insigs to SCAP prevents the proteolytic processing of SREBPs, membrane-bound transcription factors that enhance the synthesis of cholesterol, by retaining complexes between SCAP and SREBP in the ER. Sterol-induced binding of Insigs to reductase leads to the ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation of the enzyme, thereby slowing a rate-controlling step in cholesterol synthesis. Here we report the isolation of a new line of mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells, designated SRD-15, deficient in both Insig-1 and Insig-2. The SRD-15 cells were produced by γ-irradiation of Insig-1-deficient SRD-14 cells, followed by selection in high levels of the oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol. Sterols neither inhibit SREBP processing nor promote reductase ubiquitination/degradation in SRD-15 cells. Sterol regulation of SREBP processing and reductase ubiquitination/degradation is fully restored in SRD-15 cells when they are transfected with expression plasmids encoding either Insig-1 or Insig-2. These results demonstrate an absolute requirement for Insig proteins in the regulatory system that mediates lipid homeostasis in animal cells. Insig-1 and Insig-2, a pair of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane proteins, mediate feedback control of cholesterol synthesis through their sterol-dependent binding to the following two polytopic ER membrane proteins: sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Sterol-induced binding of Insigs to SCAP prevents the proteolytic processing of SREBPs, membrane-bound transcription factors that enhance the synthesis of cholesterol, by retaining complexes between SCAP and SREBP in the ER. Sterol-induced binding of Insigs to reductase leads to the ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation of the enzyme, thereby slowing a rate-controlling step in cholesterol synthesis. Here we report the isolation of a new line of mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells, designated SRD-15, deficient in both Insig-1 and Insig-2. The SRD-15 cells were produced by γ-irradiation of Insig-1-deficient SRD-14 cells, followed by selection in high levels of the oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol. Sterols neither inhibit SREBP processing nor promote reductase ubiquitination/degradation in SRD-15 cells. Sterol regulation of SREBP processing and reductase ubiquitination/degradation is fully restored in SRD-15 cells when they are transfected with expression plasmids encoding either Insig-1 or Insig-2. These results demonstrate an absolute requirement for Insig proteins in the regulatory system that mediates lipid homeostasis in animal cells. It has become increasingly evident that Insig-1 and Insig-2, a pair of related endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1The abbreviations used are: ER, endoplasmic reticulum; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A; SCAP, SREBP cleavage-activating protein; SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding protein; LDL, low density lipoprotein. 1The abbreviations used are: ER, endoplasmic reticulum; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A; SCAP, SREBP cleavage-activating protein; SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding protein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.-localized membrane proteins, are crucial for homeostatic control of cholesterol synthesis in animal cells. Insigs coordinate the synthesis of cholesterol and other lipids through their sterol-dependent binding to the following two polytopic ER membrane proteins: SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase). SCAP controls the activation of SREBPs, a family of membrane-bound transcription factors that activate transcription of all the known genes encoding cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes (1Horton J.D. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 2002; 67: 491-498Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar). Excess sterols promote the binding of SCAP to Insigs, a reaction that leads to the ER retention of SCAP and prevents delivery of its bound SREBPs to the Golgi for proteolytic release from membranes (2Yang T. Espenshade P.J. Wright M.E. Yabe D. Gong Y. Aebersold R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Cell. 2002; 110: 489-500Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar, 3Yabe D. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 12753-12758Crossref PubMed Scopus (416) Google Scholar). In the absence of SREBP activation, levels of the mRNAs encoding SREBP target genes fall, and cholesterol synthesis is suppressed. The sterol-induced binding of reductase to Insigs leads to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. This reaction is part of a complex, multivalent feedback mechanism that governs the levels and activity of reductase (4Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. J. Lipid Res. 1980; 21: 505-517Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The reductase-catalyzed conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is a rate-determining step in the synthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids (5Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Nature. 1990; 343: 425-430Crossref PubMed Scopus (4499) Google Scholar). Accelerated degradation of reductase slows the rate at which mevalonate is produced, which in turn halts the synthesis of cholesterol. Together, these Insig-mediated reactions (ER retention of SCAP and accelerated degradation of reductase) ensure that cells maintain the production of important nonsterol by-products of mevalonate metabolism, while avoiding the overaccumulation of potentially toxic end products such as cholesterol.When SCAP and reductase are overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by transfection, neither protein is subjected to sterol regulation (2Yang T. Espenshade P.J. Wright M.E. Yabe D. Gong Y. Aebersold R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Cell. 2002; 110: 489-500Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar, 6Sever N. Yang T. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. DeBose-Boyd R.A. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 25-33Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar). Overexpression of Insig-1 or Insig-2 restores sterol-mediated ER retention of overexpressed SCAP and sterol-accelerated degradation of overexpressed reductase. The sterol-dependent binding of SCAP and reductase to Insigs occurs through a region of both proteins that consists of five of their eight membrane-spanning helices (2Yang T. Espenshade P.J. Wright M.E. Yabe D. Gong Y. Aebersold R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Cell. 2002; 110: 489-500Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar, 6Sever N. Yang T. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. DeBose-Boyd R.A. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 25-33Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar, 7Nohturfft A. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 17243-17250Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (161) Google Scholar, 8Roitelman J. Olender E.H. Bar-Nun S. Dunn Jr., W.A. Simoni R.D. J. Cell Biol. 1992; 117: 959-973Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar, 9Sever N. Song B.L. Yabe D. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52479-52490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar). The amino acid sequence of the Insig-binding sites in SCAP and reductase bears significant identities to each other, and the region has become known as the sterol-sensing domain (10Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 11041-11048Crossref PubMed Scopus (1092) Google Scholar, 11Kuwabara P.E. Labouesse M. Trends Genet. 2002; 18: 193-201Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar). Point mutations within the sterol-sensing domains of SCAP and reductase prevent their binding to Insigs, thereby abolishing sterol-mediated ER retention of mutant SCAP·SREBP complexes and sterol-dependent ubiquitination/degradation of mutant reductase (2Yang T. Espenshade P.J. Wright M.E. Yabe D. Gong Y. Aebersold R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Cell. 2002; 110: 489-500Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar, 9Sever N. Song B.L. Yabe D. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52479-52490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar, 12Yabe D. Xia Z.P. Adams C.M. Rawson R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 16672-16677Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar).The two human Insig proteins are 59% identical and are predicted to share a similar topology with both proteins containing six membrane-spanning helices (13Feramisco J.D. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 8487-8496Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar). Despite these similarities, Insig-1 and Insig-2 differ in their mode of regulation (3Yabe D. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 12753-12758Crossref PubMed Scopus (416) Google Scholar, 14Yabe D. Komuro R. Liang G. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 3155-3160Crossref PubMed Scopus (246) Google Scholar). In cultured cells, the INSIG-1 gene is a target of SREBPs, and the transcription rate of the gene parallels the nuclear content of processed SREBPs. Transcription of the INSIG-2 gene is controlled by two promoters that give rise to alternative mRNA transcripts, designated Insig-2a and Insig-2b, with different noncoding first exons spliced into a common second exon. The Insig-2b transcript is ubiquitous and does not vary in cultured cells; it is not influenced by SREBPs. The Insig-2a transcript is exclusively expressed in the liver and is down-regulated by insulin.We recently characterized a line of mutant CHO cells, designated SRD-14, in which Insig-1 mRNA and protein are not produced as a result of a partial deletion of one copy of the INSIG-1 gene and a loss of function of the other copy (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). SRD-14 cells were produced by γ-irradiation of CHO cells, followed by selection in medium supplemented with SR-12813. SR-12813 belongs to a class of cholesterol-lowering 1,1-bisphosphonate esters that mimic sterols in accelerating reductase degradation but do not block SREBP processing. As a result of their Insig-1 deficiency, SRD-14 cells did not respond to SR-12813 by promoting reductase ubiquitination and degradation. The cells also had a partial resistance to the regulatory sterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol. In the SRD-14 cells, 25-hydroxycholesterol absolutely failed to promote reductase ubiquitination and degradation. However, 25-hydroxycholesterol did block SREBP processing, although this effect required a longer exposure to the oxysterol in SRD-14 cells as compared with wild-type cells. Resistance to SR-12813 and 25-hydroxycholesterol was completely corrected by the overexpression of either Insig-1 or Insig-2. Considering that in wild-type CHO cells, Insig-1 accounts for ∼90% of total Insigs (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar), we proposed that the remaining Insig-2 was sufficient to maintain partial sterol regulation of SCAP·SREBP but not reductase. Definitive proof of this hypothesis requires an analysis of the SCAP·SREBP pathway in cells lacking both Insig-1 and Insig-2.In the current studies, we describe the generation, isolation, and characterization of mutagenized SRD-14 cells that are totally resistant to 25-hydroxycholesterol. This cell line, designated SRD-15, was found to harbor a deletion of one allele of the INSIG-2 gene, and Insig-2 mRNA expression was reduced to less than 20% of wild-type cells. As a result of their combined deficiencies in Insig-1 (100% deficiency) and Insig-2 (80% deficiency), SRD-15 cells were completely refractory to sterol-mediated actions on SREBP processing, as well as reductase degradation. The experiments with the SRD-15 cells provide genetic proof that cells require at least one Insig protein in order to exhibit normal feedback regulation of cholesterol metabolism.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESMaterials—We obtained sterols (25-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol) from Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI); MG-132 was from Calbiochem; methyl- and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were from Cyclodextrin Technologies Development, Inc.; DECAtemplate β-actin-mouse was from Ambion; horseradish peroxidase-conjugated, donkey anti-mouse, and anti-rabbit IgGs were from Jackson ImmunoResearch. Lipoprotein-deficient serum (d > 1.215 g/ml) was prepared from newborn calf serum by ultracentrifugation (16Goldstein J.L. Basu S.K. Brown M.S. Methods Enzymol. 1983; 98: 241-260Crossref PubMed Scopus (1277) Google Scholar). Solutions of sodium mevalonate, sodium compactin, and complexes between methyl-β-cyclodextrin and 25-hydroxycholesterol or cholesterol were prepared as described previously (17Brown M.S. Faust J.R. Goldstein J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 1121-1128Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 18Brown A.J. Sun L. Feramisco J.D. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. Mol. Cell. 2002; 10: 237-245Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (330) Google Scholar). Other reagents were obtained from sources described previously (19DeBose-Boyd R.A. Brown M.S. Li W.P. Nohturfft A. Goldstein J.L. Espenshade P.J. Cell. 1999; 99: 703-712Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (249) Google Scholar).Cultured Cells—Cells were maintained in monolayer culture at 37 °C in a 8-9% CO2 incubator. CHO-7 cells, a subline of CHO-K1 cells selected for growth in lipoprotein-deficient serum (20Metherall J.E. Goldstein J.L. Luskey K.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 15634-15641Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), were maintained in medium A (a 1:1 mixture of Ham's F-12 medium and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate) supplemented with 5% (v/v) lipoprotein-deficient serum. SRD-1 cells, previously described mutant CHO cells that express constitutively active SREBP-2 resulting from genomic rearrangements of the SREBP-2 gene (21Yang J. Sato R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 1910-1919Crossref PubMed Scopus (92) Google Scholar), were maintained in medium A supplemented with 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum and 2.5 μm 25-hydroxycholesterol. SRD-14 cells, a line of mutant CHO cells lacking Insig-1, were grown in medium A supplemented with 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum and 10 μm SR-12813 (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar).Mutagenesis and Isolation of 25-Hydroxycholesterol-resistant Cells Deficient in Insig-1 and Insig-2—On day 0, 2.5 × 107 SRD-14 cells were subjected to γ-irradiation as described previously (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 22Rawson R.B. Cheng D. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 28261-28269Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar). The cells were immediately plated at 5 × 105 cells/100-mm dish in medium A supplemented with 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum. On day 1, the medium was replaced with the identical medium containing 1.25 μm 25-hydroxycholesterol. Fresh medium was added to the cells every 2 days until colonies formed. On day 29, the surviving colonies were isolated with cloning cylinders and were allowed to proliferate. Of the 50 original dishes, 20 contained 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant colonies, and it was determined that 19 of the colonies exhibited reduced expression of Insig-2 mRNA as determined by Northern blot analysis and real time PCR (see below). The most vigorous colony was cloned by limiting dilution and designated SRD-15 cells.SRD-15 cells stably overexpressing human Insig-1 or human Insig-2 were generated as follows. On day 0, SRD-15 cells were set up at 5 × 105 cells per 60-mm dish in medium A supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, 5 μg/ml cholesterol, 1 mm mevalonate, and 20 μm sodium oleate. On day 1, the cells were transfected with 1 μg of pCMV-Insig-1-Myc or pCMV-Insig-2-Myc, expression plasmids encoding human Insig-1 and Insig-2 followed by six tandem copies of the c-Myc epitope (2Yang T. Espenshade P.J. Wright M.E. Yabe D. Gong Y. Aebersold R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Cell. 2002; 110: 489-500Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar, 3Yabe D. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 12753-12758Crossref PubMed Scopus (416) Google Scholar), using the FuGENE 6 transfection reagent as described (23Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 28549-28556Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar). On day 2, cells were switched to the identical medium supplemented with 700 μg/ml G418. Fresh medium was added every 2-3 days until colonies formed after about 2 weeks. Individual colonies were isolated with cloning cylinders, and Insig-1 or Insig-2 expression was assessed by immunoblot analysis with anti-Myc. Cells from a single colony were cloned by limiting dilution and maintained in medium A containing 5% fetal calf serum, 5 μg/ml cholesterol, 1 mm mevalonate, 20 μm sodium oleate, and 500 μg/ml G418 at 37 °C, 8-9% CO2.Cell Fractionation and Immunoblot Analysis—The pooled cell pellets from triplicate dishes of cells were used to isolate membrane fractions and/or nuclear extract fractions as described previously (6Sever N. Yang T. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. DeBose-Boyd R.A. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 25-33Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar, 9Sever N. Song B.L. Yabe D. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52479-52490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar). Aliquots of nuclear extract and membrane fractions were subjected to 8% SDS-PAGE; the proteins were transferred to Hybond-C extra nitrocellulose filters (Millipore), and immunoblot analysis was carried out as described (6Sever N. Yang T. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. DeBose-Boyd R.A. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 25-33Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar). Primary antibodies used for immunoblotting are as follows: IgG-7D4, a mouse monoclonal antibody against the NH2 terminus of hamster SREBP-2 (24Yang J. Brown M.S. Ho Y.K. Goldstein J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 12152-12161Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar); IgG-9E10, a mouse monoclonal antibody against c-Myc purified from the culture medium of hybridoma clone 9E10 (American Type Culture Collection); IgG-A9, a mouse monoclonal antibody against the catalytic domain of hamster HMG-CoA reductase (amino acids 450-887) (25Liscum L. Luskey K.L. Chin D.J. Ho Y.K. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1983; 258: 8450-8455Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar); IgG-P4D1, a mouse monoclonal antibody against bovine ubiquitin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); and 5 μg/ml of IgG-2179, a rabbit polyclonal antibody (previously undescribed) prepared by immunizing rabbits with a bacterially produced and purified fusion protein encoding an NH2-terminal His6 tag, followed by amino acids 1-125 of hamster SREBP-1c (26Shimano H. Horton J.D. Hammer R.E. Shimomura I. Brown M.S. Goldstein J.L. J. Clin. Investig. 1996; 98: 1575-1584Crossref PubMed Scopus (695) Google Scholar).Real Time PCR and Northern and Southern Blot Analysis—The protocol for real time PCR was identical to that described by Liang et al. (27Liang G. Yang J. Horton J.D. Hammer R.E. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 9520-9528Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (518) Google Scholar). Total RNA was isolated from CHO-7, SRD-14, and SRD-15 cells using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions and subjected to reverse transcription reactions. Triplicate samples of reverse-transcribed total RNA were subjected to real time PCR quantification using forward and reverse primers for hamster Insig-1, Insig-2, SCAP, HMG-CoA reductase, HMG-CoA synthase, LDL receptor, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (invariant control) (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). Relative amounts of mRNAs were calculated using the comparative CT method. Hamster Insig-2 and hamster SCAP cDNA probes for Northern and Southern blot analyses were prepared by PCR amplification of reverse-transcribed total RNA isolated from CHO-7 cells using the following forward and reverse primers: Insig-2, 5′-CCAAGGATCCATGCCCAGGCTGCACGACCAC-3′ and 5′-CCAAGCGGCCGCTCAGTCACTGTGAGGCTTTTCCGG-3′; SCAP, 5′-GATGTCCATTGTCTTTGGTATCC-3′ and 5′-AGACCGTCCTCTTCCTTGTG-3′.The cDNA probe for hamster Insig-1 was also generated by PCR as described previously (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). The resulting PCR products and the mouse β-actin probe were radiolabeled with [α-32P]dCTP using the Megaprime DNA Labeling System (Amersham Biosciences). In addition, the PCR products of the Insig-2 reaction were digested with KpnI, and the resulting two fragments (corresponding to nucleotides 1-216 and 217-678 of the Insig-2 cDNA, respectively) were used as probes in Southern blot analyses. Total RNA and restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA were subjected to electrophoresis and transferred to Hybond N+ membranes (Amersham Biosciences), and the filters were hybridized at 60-68 °C with radiolabeled probe (2 × 106 cpm/ml and 4 × 106 cpm/ml for Northern and Southern blots, respectively) using the ExpressHyb hybridization solution (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Filters were exposed to film with intensifying screens for the indicated time at -80 °C.Synthesis and Pulse-Chase Analysis of HMG-CoA Reductase—Cells were pulse-labeled in methionine/cysteine-free medium A, and pulse-chase analysis was carried out as described (9Sever N. Song B.L. Yabe D. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52479-52490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar). Immunoprecipitation of labeled reductase from detergent lysates was carried out with polyclonal antibodies against the 60-kDa COOH-terminal domain of human reductase as described previously (9Sever N. Song B.L. Yabe D. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 52479-52490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar, 28Sato R. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 9261-9265Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar). Immunoprecipitates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to Hybond C-extra nitrocellulose filters. Dried filters were exposed to an imaging plate at room temperature and scanned in a Storm 820 PhosphorImager (Amersham Biosciences).Ubiquitination of HMG-CoA Reductase—Conditions of incubations are described in the figure legends. At the end of the incubations, the cells were harvested and lysed in detergent-containing buffer, and immunoprecipitation of reductase from the detergent lysates was carried out as described above. Aliquots of the immunoprecipitates were subjected to SDS-PAGE on 6% gels, transferred to nylon membranes, and subjected to immunoblot analysis.RESULTSThe oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol blocks cholesterol synthesis through its potent ability to simultaneously inhibit SREBP processing and stimulate the ubiquitination and degradation of reductase. In the absence of exogenous cholesterol, the continual culture of normal cells in 25-hydroxycholesterol is toxic because the oxysterol blocks the synthesis of cholesterol but cannot replace the structural function of cholesterol in cellular membranes. Thus, to isolate mutant cells deficient in both Insig-1 and Insig-2, we began by mutagenizing ∼2.5 × 107 Insig-1-deficient SRD-14 cells with γ-irradiation and subjecting them to chronic selection in 25-hydroxycholesterol. The most vigorous clone of mutagenized cells proliferated in 1.25 μm 25-hydroxycholesterol, a concentration determined previously to completely inhibit growth of SRD-14 cells as well as wild-type cells (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). The resistant clone was isolated, expanded, and designated SRD-15 (sterol regulatory defective-15) cells. Fig. 1 shows an experiment in which we compared the growth of wild-type and mutant cells in medium supplemented with lipoprotein-deficient serum and various concentrations of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Wild-type CHO-7 cells were efficiently killed in medium containing 0.25 μm 25-hydroxycholesterol, whereas higher concentrations (0.75 μm) of the oxysterol were required to block growth of the SRD-14 cells. In contrast, SRD-15 cells were resistant to culture in 25-hydroxycholesterol at concentrations as high as 2.5 μm. Considering that growth of cells in medium containing lipoprotein-deficient serum renders them dependent upon endogenous cholesterol synthesis for survival (20Metherall J.E. Goldstein J.L. Luskey K.L. Brown M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 15634-15641Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), the resistance of SRD-15 cells to culture in 25-hydroxycholesterol indicates that the cells do not suppress cholesterol synthesis in response to oxysterol treatment.In previous studies, we found that sterols blocked the accumulation of nuclear SREBPs in SRD-14 cells only after prolonged treatment (up to 16 h) (15Sever N. Lee P.C.W. Song B.L. Rawson R.B. DeBose-Boyd R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 43136-43147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). In light of this, we compared the sterol regulation of SREBP processing in wild-type CHO-7, Insig-1-deficient SRD-14, and SRD-15 cells (Fig. 2). We depleted the cells of sterols by incubating them in medium containing lipoprotein-deficient serum, the reductase inhibitor compactin (17Brown M.S. Faust J.R. Goldstein J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 1121-1128Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and the lowest level of mevalonate (50 μm) that ensures viability. Some of the cells also received various concentrations of 25-hydroxycholesterol. After 5 or 16 h, the cells were harvested and separated into membrane and nuclear extract fractions, and aliquots of the fractions were subjected to SDS-PAGE. Subsequently, immunoblot analysis of the fractions was carried out with anti-SREBP-1 (Fig. 2A, top panel) and anti-SREBP-2 (Fig. 2A, bottom panel) antibodies. In untreated cells, bands corresponding to the processed, nuclear forms of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 were observed at the 5- and 16-h time points (Fig. 2A, top and bottom panels, lanes 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, and 21). In CHO-7 cells, 25-hydroxycholesterol caused the disappearance of both nuclear SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 in a dose-dependent manner after 5 and 16 h of treatment (Fig. 2A, top and bottom panels, lanes 2-4 and 14-16). After 5 h of treatment, 25-hydroxycholesterol did not appreciably reduce nuclear SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 levels in either SRD-14 or SRD-15 cells (Fig. 2A, top and bottom panels, lanes 6-8 and 10-12). At the 16-h time point, 25-hydroxycholesterol completely blocked processing of both SREBPs in CHO-7 and SRD-14 cells (Fig. 2A, lanes 14-16 and 18-20), whereas SREBP processing in the SRD-15 cells was fully resistant to oxysterol-mediated suppression (Fig. 2A, top and bottom panels, lanes 22-24).Fig. 2Proteolytic processing of SREBPs is refractory to sterol regulation in SRD-15 cells. A, CHO-7, SRD-14, and SRD-15 cells were set up on day 0 at 5 × 105 cells per 100-mm dish in medium A supplemented with 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum. On day 2, the cells were refed medium A containing 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum, 10 μm sodium compactin, and 50 μm sodium mevalonate. Some of the cells received the same medium supplemented with the indicated concentration of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Sterols were added to the cells in a staggered fashion, such that all of the cells could be harvested together after incubations for 5 or 16 h at 37 °C. After the incubations, the cells were harvested and subjected to cell fractionation as described under “Experimental Procedures.” Aliquots of the membrane (40 μg of protein/lane) and nuclear extract (32 μg of protein/lane) fractions were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to nylon membranes, and immunoblot analysis was carried out with 5 μg/ml IgG-2179 (against hamster SREBP-1) or 5 μg/ml IgG-7D4 (against hamster SREBP-2). Filters were exposed to film for 5-20 s at room temperature. B, CHO-7 and SRD-15 cells were set up and refed as in A. On day 3, the cells were incubated for 1 h in medium A supplemented with 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum, 50 μm compactin, 50 μm mevalonate, and 1% (w/v) hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Subsequently, the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline and subjected to an additional 6 h incubation at 37 °C in medium A containing 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum, 50 μm compactin, 50 μm mevalonate, and the indicat