Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) belongs to the mitochondrial anion carrier family and partially uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis when expressed in recombinant yeast mitochondria. We generated a highly sensitive polyclonal antibody against human UCP2. Its reactivity toward mitochondrial proteins was compared between wild type and ucp2(−/−) mice, leading to non-ambiguous identification of UCP2. We detected UCP2 in spleen, lung, stomach, and white adipose tissue. No UCP2 was detected in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and brown adipose tissue. The level of UCP2 in spleen mitochondria is less than 1% of the level of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Starvation and LPS treatments increase UCP2 level up to 12 times in lung and stomach, which supports the hypothesis that UCP2 responds to oxidative stress situations. Stimulation of the UCP2 expression occurs without any change in UCP2 mRNA levels. This is explained by translational regulation of the UCP2 mRNA. We have shown that an upstream open reading frame located in exon two of theucp2 gene strongly inhibits the expression of the protein. This further level of regulation of the ucp2 gene provides a mechanism by which expression can be strongly and rapidly induced under stress conditions. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) belongs to the mitochondrial anion carrier family and partially uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis when expressed in recombinant yeast mitochondria. We generated a highly sensitive polyclonal antibody against human UCP2. Its reactivity toward mitochondrial proteins was compared between wild type and ucp2(−/−) mice, leading to non-ambiguous identification of UCP2. We detected UCP2 in spleen, lung, stomach, and white adipose tissue. No UCP2 was detected in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and brown adipose tissue. The level of UCP2 in spleen mitochondria is less than 1% of the level of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Starvation and LPS treatments increase UCP2 level up to 12 times in lung and stomach, which supports the hypothesis that UCP2 responds to oxidative stress situations. Stimulation of the UCP2 expression occurs without any change in UCP2 mRNA levels. This is explained by translational regulation of the UCP2 mRNA. We have shown that an upstream open reading frame located in exon two of theucp2 gene strongly inhibits the expression of the protein. This further level of regulation of the ucp2 gene provides a mechanism by which expression can be strongly and rapidly induced under stress conditions. uncoupling protein 1, 2, and 3 brain mitochondrial carrier protein brown adipose tissue gonadal white adipose tissue lipopolysaccharide Fos-choline 12 (N-dodecylphosphocholine) untranslated region open reading frame l-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid reactive oxygen species phosphate-buffered saline polymerase chain reaction N-hydroxysuccinimide UCP21 belongs to a large family of at least 35 anion carriers that are present in the inner mitochondrial membrane (1El Moualij B. Duyckaerts C. Lamotte-Brasseur J. Sluse F.E. Yeast. 1997; 13: 573-581Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar). Most of these carriers transport key metabolite substrates such as the malate, oxoglutarate, citrate, or products from the oxidative phosphorylation such as ADP3−, ATP4−, or Pi (for review see Ref. 2Kramer R. Palmieri F. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1989; 974: 1-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar). Since the discovery of ucp2 (3Gimeno R.E. Dembski M. Weng X. Deng N. Shyjan A.W. Gimeno C.J. Iris F. Ellis S.J. Woolf E.A. Tartaglia L.A. Diabetes. 1997; 46: 900-906Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 4Fleury C. Neverova M. Collins S. Raimbault S. Champigny O. Levi-Meyrueis C. Bouillaud F. Seldin M.F. Surwit R.S. Ricquier D. Warden C.H. Nat. Genet. 1997; 15: 269-272Crossref PubMed Scopus (1552) Google Scholar) and ucp3 (5Gong D.W. He Y. Karas M. Reitman M. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 24129-24132Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (738) Google Scholar, 6Vidal-Puig A. Solanes G. Grujic D. Flier J.S. Lowell B.B. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 235: 79-82Crossref PubMed Scopus (681) Google Scholar, 7Boss O. Samec S. Paoloni-Giacobino A. Rossier C. Dulloo A. Seydoux J. Muzzin P. Giacobino J.P. FEBS Lett. 1997; 408: 39-42Crossref PubMed Scopus (996) Google Scholar) genes, a subfamily of mitochondrial carriers, related to the well known UCP1 from brown adipose tissue, has emerged in mammals as well as in plants (8Laloi M. Klein M. Riesmeier J.W. Muller-Rober B. Fleury C. Bouillaud F. Ricquier D. Nature. 1997; 389: 135-136Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar). The deduced coding sequence for UCP2 predicts 59% identity with UCP1, whereas the predicted UCP3 sequence is 72% identical to UCP2. The common characteristic of these proteins is to uncouple the respiratory chain from ATP synthesis by dissipating the proton electrochemical gradient when overexpressed in yeast mitochondria (for reviews see Refs. 9Boss O. Hagen T. Lowell B.B. Diabetes. 2000; 49: 143-156Crossref PubMed Scopus (389) Google Scholar and 10Ricquier D. Bouillaud F. Biochem. J. 2000; 345: 161-179Crossref PubMed Scopus (750) Google Scholar). They may also transport anions, like the other mitochondrial carriers, but these substrates are currently unknown. Over the last few years, several physiological roles have been proposed for UCP2, based on the expression of its mRNA upon various physiological conditions (for review see Ref. 11Fleury C. Sanchis D. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 1999; 31: 1261-1278Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar). Genetic studies suggested the novel UCPs might be linked to hyperinsulinemia (4Fleury C. Neverova M. Collins S. Raimbault S. Champigny O. Levi-Meyrueis C. Bouillaud F. Seldin M.F. Surwit R.S. Ricquier D. Warden C.H. Nat. Genet. 1997; 15: 269-272Crossref PubMed Scopus (1552) Google Scholar) or to the resting metabolic rate (12Bouchard C. Perusse L. Chagnon Y.C. Warden C. Ricquier D. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1997; 6: 1887-1889Crossref PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar) and consequently to the control of body weight. It was also proposed that UCP2 contributes to the inflammatory response and regulates the production of reactive oxygen species from mitochondria (13Lee F.Y. Li Y. Zhu H. Yang S. Lin H.Z. Trush M. Diehl A.M. Hepatology. 1999; 29: 677-687Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar, 14Negre-Salvayre A. Hirtz C. Carrera G. Cazenave R. Troly M. Salvayre R. Penicaud L. Casteilla L. FASEB. J. 1997; 11: 809-815Crossref PubMed Scopus (683) Google Scholar). Recently, it has been shown thatucp3(−/−) mice exhibited no consistent phenotypic abnormality, despite a reduced proton leak in muscle mitochondria and a higher level of intracellular ROS in muscle. Moreover, double knockoutucp1-ucp3 phenotype was indistinguishable from the singleucp1(−/−) phenotype (15Gong D.W. Monemdjou S. Gavrilova O. Leon L.R. Marcus-Samuels B. Chou C.J. Everett C. Kozak L.P. Li C. Deng C. Harper M.E. Reitman M.L. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 24129-24132Google Scholar, 16Vidal-Puig A.J. Grujic D. Zhang C.Y. Hagen T. Boss O. Ido Y. Szczepanik A. Wade J. Mootha V. Cortright R. Muoio D.M. Lowell B.B. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 16258-16266Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (589) Google Scholar). One of the main problems encountered in the physiological studies of the new UCPs is the absence of reliable immunological tools to detect the proteins in vivo. More than 100 publications have described variation of UCP2 mRNA, whereas only seven analyses were performed at the protein level (for reviews see Refs. 9Boss O. Hagen T. Lowell B.B. Diabetes. 2000; 49: 143-156Crossref PubMed Scopus (389) Google Scholar and 10Ricquier D. Bouillaud F. Biochem. J. 2000; 345: 161-179Crossref PubMed Scopus (750) Google Scholar). In the present study, we have addressed this problem by generating antibodies against the complete human UCP2 sequence, rigorously evaluated their specificity and sensitivity, and compared them with commercial antibodies. Mitochondria were prepared either from ucp2(+/+) or ucp2(−/−) mice that were jointly created by the Ricquier and Collins laboratories (17Arsenijevic D. Onuma H. Pecqueur C. Raimbault S. Manning B.S. Miroux B. Goubern M. Alves-Guerra M. Couplan E. Surwit R. Bouillaud F. Richard D. Collins S. Ricquier D. Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 435-439Crossref PubMed Scopus (935) Google Scholar). UCP2 protein was immunodetected without ambiguity in spleen, lung, stomach, and gonadal WAT (gWAT) but not in other tissues. Although UCP2 protein was found in vivo at a low level in spleen, lung, stomach, and WAT mitochondria, its expression was strongly increased upon fasting and LPS treatment in lung and stomach. Analysis of UCP2 mRNA and protein levels in transfected COS cells showed that the translation of UCP2 transcript is strongly inhibited by an upstream ORF in the exon two of the gene. LPS, benzamidine, aprotinin, pepstatin, leupeptin, bestatin, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, CAPS, Tween 20, bicinchoninic acid kit, rabbit, sheep, and goat horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies were purchased from Sigma. TPCK and mouse UCP2-IP antibody were obtained from Calbiochem. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, fetal calf serum, and LipofectAMINE were purchased from Life Technologies, Inc. NHS-activated Sepharose 4 fast flow and ECL detection kit were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. Human UCP2-NP antibody was obtained from Research Diagnostic Inc., and mUCP22-A and hUCP32-A antibodies were from Alpha Diagnostic International (San Antonio, TX), and anti-cytochrome c antibody from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). All mice were 7–10 weeks old.ucp2(−/−) mice were generated on an mix inbred 129 and C57BL/6J background (17Arsenijevic D. Onuma H. Pecqueur C. Raimbault S. Manning B.S. Miroux B. Goubern M. Alves-Guerra M. Couplan E. Surwit R. Bouillaud F. Richard D. Collins S. Ricquier D. Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 435-439Crossref PubMed Scopus (935) Google Scholar). C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Elevage Janvier (Orleans, France) and were submitted to 24 h of starvation with free access to water or were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg of LPS from Escherichia coli serotype 0111:B4 (4 mg of LPS/kg of body weight). Control mice were injected with the same volume of PBS. Mice were killed at different times by cervical dislocation. Half of each organ was frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept for RNA preparation, and the other half was immediately taken for the preparation of fresh mitochondria. The complete mouse UCP2 transcript was obtained by PCR using the following primers, forward 5′ AAAATCAGTATGCGGCCGCCTTCTGCACTCCTGT 3′ and reverse 5′ TTTCGCTCATTGCGGCCGCCGGGCTTTATGGGTG 3′, and then subcloned in a pcDNA3 vector (Invitrogen, Gronioen, Netherlands) after digestion by NotI. The pUCP2-ORF1 was constructed by digestion with the restriction endonuclease HindIII. Mutations of the upstream initiator methionines at positions 123, 159, and 183 were achieved with the Gene Editor kit (Promega, Charbonnières, France) in combination with 2 sense primers 5′ GGACACAATAGTATCAACTTTAAGTGTTTC 3′ and 5′ CCAGCCATTTTCTAGGGAAAATCGAGGGGATCGGGCCTTGGTAGCCACCGGC 3′. Mouse UCP2 cDNA was amplified by PCR using 5′ GATCCATATGGTTGGTTTCAAGGCCAC 3′ and 5′ ATGAAGCTTTCAGAAAGGTGCCTCCC 3′ forward and reverse primers, respectively, and was cloned into NdeI andHindIII restriction sites of pMW7 (18Way M. Pope B. Gooch J. Hawkins M. Weeds A.G. EMBO J. 1990; 9: 4103-4109Crossref PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar), a high copy number expression plasmid closely related to the pET vector family (19Studier F.W. Rosenberg A.H. Dunn J.J. Dubendorff J.W. Methods Enzymol. 1990; 185: 60-89Crossref PubMed Scopus (5999) Google Scholar). Rat UCP1, human UCP2 and mouse UCP3 cDNA sequences were also introduced into a pHis17 expression vector ((20) gift of M. Runswick, Dunn Nutrition Center, Cambridge, UK), a derivative of pMW7 that contains six histidines in frame with BamHI,HindIII, and EcoRI restriction sites of the poly-linker. An internal NdeI site of the rat UCP1 cDNA at nucleotide 581 was first disrupted by mutagenesis using the following primer 5′ GAGCTGGTGACGTATGACCTCATGAAGG 3′ and subcloned intoNdeI and EcoRI sites of pHis17. Human UCP2 and UCP3 cDNA were amplified by PCR using 5′ GGATCCCATATGGTTGGGTTCAAGGC 3′ and 5′ AGCAAGCTTCCCCTTGTAGAAGGCTGTG 3′ as forward primers and 5′ CAGAAGCTTGAAGGGAGCCTCTCGGGA 3′ and 5′ ATGGAACATATGGTTGGACTGAAGCC 3′ as reverse primers. They were both cloned into the NdeI and HindIII sites of pHis17. Fragment of UCP2 cDNA encoding for UCP2-(95–206) peptide was amplified by PCR using 5′ GCATGCATATGCGCATTGGCCTCTACGAC 3′ and 5′ ACTGGAATTCTTTCAGGAGAGTATCTTTG 3′ forward and reverse primers, respectively, and subsequently cloned into NdeI andEcoRI sites of pHis17 expression vector. Cloning into theHindIII of pHis17 expression vector added KLHHHHHH amino acid sequence tag to the C terminus of the recombinant protein, and cloning into the EcoRI site added EFHHHHHH sequence tag. All constructs were sequenced on ABI 373A sequencer using the PRISM Bigdye Terminator sequencing kit (PE-Applied Biosystems, Paris, France). Total RNAs were extracted from frozen tissue as described previously (21Ricquier D. Bouillaud F. Toumelin P. Mory G. Bazin R. Arch J. Penicaud L. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 13905-13910Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) or from transfected cells with a RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France). Northern analysis of 20 μg of total tissue RNA or 5 μg of total cell culture RNA was carried out as described (22Cassard A.M. Bouillaud F. Mattei M.G. Hentz E. Raimbault S. Thomas M. Ricquier D. J. Cell. Biochem. 1990; 43: 255-264Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar) using an α-32P-labeled and the complete mouse UCP2 cDNA as probe (GenBankTM accession number U69135). Quantification of UCP2 signal was determined with a Packard instant imager (Packard Instrument Co., Meriden, CT), and the signal was normalized after hybridization of the membrane with an 18 S rRNA probe. Fragments of mouse UCP2 and the full-length rat UCP1, human UCP2, and mouse UCP3 were produced as inclusion bodies in the E. coli C41 (DE3) bacterial strain and purified as described previously (23Miroux B. Walker J.E. J. Mol. Biol. 1996; 260: 289-298Crossref PubMed Scopus (1568) Google Scholar). Proteins were refolded according to Qiagen's protocol and purified in the presence of Fc12 detergent (Anatrace, Maumee, OH) using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid resin (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France) and the Biologic Duo-flow high pressure liquid chromatography system (Bio-Rad). Purified hUCP2 protein was cross-linked to NHS-activated Sepharose 4 fast flow. Three hundred micrograms of purified peptides or proteins were injected in 5 different rabbits, twice within 15 days and 1 month later. Animals were bled 14 days after the last boost. Blood was left 1 h at room temperature and then overnight at 4 °C and centrifuged at 3,000 × g. After inactivation of the complement at 55 °C for 20 min, serum was precipitated with ammonium sulfate according to Ref.24Harlow E. Lane D. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY1988: 298-299Google Scholar and purified by affinity chromatography on 2-ml hUCP2-NHS column as described before (25Miroux B. Casteilla L. Klaus S. Raimbault S. Grandin S. Clement J.M. Ricquier D. Bouillaud F. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 13603-13609Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The simian kidney epithelial cell line, COS-7 cells, was routinely maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Cells were transiently transfected using LipofectAMINE Plus Reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions and harvested 24 h after transfection for UCP2 mRNA and protein analysis. All steps were carried out at 4 °C. Fresh tissues were minced in TES buffer (10 mmTris, pH 7.5, 1 mm EDTA, 250 mm sucrose) supplemented with the following protease inhibitors: 1 mmbenzamidine, 4 μg/ml aprotinin, 1 μg/ml pepstatin, 2 μg/ml leupeptin, 5 μg/ml bestatin, 50 μg/ml TPCK, and 0.1 mmphenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Minced tissue or COS cells were carefully disrupted in a Thomas's potter at low speed rotation. Unbroken cells and nuclei were removed by centrifugation of the homogenate at 750 × g for 10 min. The supernatant was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 20 min, and the mitochondrial pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of TES buffer. Mitochondria were submitted to another round of 10 min of centrifugation at 750 and 10,000 × g, respectively. Mitochondrial protein content was assayed by the bicinchoninic acid method according to the manufacturer's protocol. Proteins were first separated on a 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide and then transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane by liquid electroblotting (Bio-Rad) for 75 min (125 mA per gel) in a buffer containing 10 mm CAPS and 10% methanol, pH 9. Nonspecific binding was achieved by preincubating the membrane with PBS-T (phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20) supplemented with 5% dried milk for 1 h at room temperature. All antibodies were diluted in PBS-T, 2% dried milk, and incubated overnight at 4 °C. The concentration of the antibodies was carefully optimized according to the signal to noise ratio. After extensive washing of the membrane with PBS-T, appropriate peroxidase conjugate antibody was incubated 1 h at room temperature in PBS-T, 2% dried milk. Bound peroxidase-conjugated antibody was revealed with the enhanced chemiluminescence reagents kit (ECL, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Membrane was exposed for 1, 10, and 60 min on Biomax MR Kodak film. Films were digitized by a Nikon Coolpix 950 camera, and signal was quantified using the Image SXM software version 1.61 6P from NCBI. For statistical analysis, samples were compared on the same blot only. Fragments of the mouse UCP2 and the full-length rat UCP1, human UCP2, and mouse UCP3 were produced as inclusion bodies in the E. coli C41(DE3) bacterial strain (23Miroux B. Walker J.E. J. Mol. Biol. 1996; 260: 289-298Crossref PubMed Scopus (1568) Google Scholar). Full-length human UCP2 and mUCP2 (amino acid residues 95–206) proteins were purified on nickel columns in the presence of Fc12 detergent and injected into rabbits. Three antisera were obtained, two anti-hUCP2 sera and one anti-mUCP2 (95-206) serum. Table I summarizes the data obtained with all UCP2 antibodies tested in this study. The rUCP1-375-5 serum, an antibody that we raised against the purified rat UCP1 (26Ricquier D. Barlet J.P. Garel J.M. Combes-George M. Dubois M.P. Biochem. J. 1983; 210: 859-866Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar), displayed high sensitivity toward UCP1. This antibody could detect only 80 ng of UCP2 inclusion bodies. The mUCP2-IP (Calbiochem), hUCP32-A and mUCP22-A (Alpha Diagnostic) antibodies had a low titer and poor reactivity toward UCP2. Among the anti-peptide antibodies, the hUCP2-NP antibody (Research Diagnostic Int.) was the most sensitive toward UCP2 and was 50 times more selective for UCP2 than either UCP1 or UCP3. However, mUCP2–2/3 and both antibodies we raised against the full-length UCP2, hUCP2-605 and 606, displayed higher sensitivity toward UCP2 than all the other antibodies (Table I).Table ISensitivity and specificity of UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 antibodiesAntibody nameAntigenic regionaNumbers in parentheses correspond to position of amino acids residues defining protein fragment used as antigen.SupplierConcentrationbAll antibodies (except rUCP-(1–375-5)) were purified by affinity chromatography. Antibody concentration was chosen to optimize signal to noise ratio in Western blot analysis of mouse mitochondrial proteins.Inclusion bodiescSmallest amount of protein detectable by each antibody after 1 h of film exposure.Rat UCP1(His)Human UCP2(His) mouse UCP2Mouse UCP3(His)μg/mlngN-terminal peptidehUCP2-NPHuman UCP2dPeptide sequence was not given by the supplier.Research Diagnostics, Inc.150550Internal peptidesmUCP2-IPMouse UCP2-(144–157)Calbiochem0.5>10025>100mUCP2–2/3Mouse UCP2-(95–206)This work1535C-terminal peptideshUCP32-AHuman UCP3-(299–312)Alpha Diagnostic Int.1151515mUCP22-AMouse UCP2-(296–309)Alpha Diagnostic Int.1>100100>100Full-length proteinshUCP-(2–605)Human UCP2This work0.1815hUCP-(2–606)Human UCP2This work0.520220rUCP-(1–375-5)Rat UCP1This laboratory (26)0.118050a Numbers in parentheses correspond to position of amino acids residues defining protein fragment used as antigen.b All antibodies (except rUCP-(1–375-5)) were purified by affinity chromatography. Antibody concentration was chosen to optimize signal to noise ratio in Western blot analysis of mouse mitochondrial proteins.c Smallest amount of protein detectable by each antibody after 1 h of film exposure.1-d Peptide sequence was not given by the supplier. Open table in a new tab Since the hUCP2-605 serum we obtained was the most sensitive antibody and equipotent toward human or mouse UCP2, it was selected to investigate UCP2 distribution in mouse tissues. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of UCP2 protein in spleen, stomach, intestine, lung, and white adipose tissue mitochondria; this detection was specific since the 32-kDa band detected by the antibody disappeared in mitochondria fromucp2(−/−) mice (Fig.1 A). Surprisingly, we were unable to detect UCP2 in muscle, heart, liver, and brain mitochondria. Instead, other bands of similar apparent molecular weight appeared in liver, BAT, and especially in brain mitochondria (Fig. 1 B). The strong band observed in BAT mitochondria appears to be UCP1 because it disappeared in BAT mitochondria from ucp1(−/−) mice (data not shown (27Enerback S. Jacobsson A. Simpson E.M. Guerra C. Yamashita H. Harper M.E. Kozak L.P. Nature. 1997; 387: 90-94Crossref PubMed Scopus (1071) Google Scholar)). Incidentally, UCP2 did not appear in BAT mitochondria from ucp1(−/−) mice although theucp2 gene is up-regulated in these mice (data not shown (27Enerback S. Jacobsson A. Simpson E.M. Guerra C. Yamashita H. Harper M.E. Kozak L.P. Nature. 1997; 387: 90-94Crossref PubMed Scopus (1071) Google Scholar,28Matthias A. Jacobsson A. Cannon B. Nedergaard J. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 28150-28160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar)). Western blot analysis with hUCP2-606 and mUCP2-2/3 antibodies gave similar results. However, both antibodies recognized more unspecific proteins than hUCP2-605 antibody. All other antibodies tested in this study (Table I) did not reveal any band in vivo and instead some of them detected other proteins of similar molecular weight. The hUCP2-NP antibody reacted strongly toward proteins in liver and kidney mitochondria (Fig. 2 A). The rUCP1-375-5, our anti-UCP1 antibody, revealed a faint band in spleen, liver, and, as expected, a strong band in BAT (Fig.2 B). The hUCP32-A antibody reacted with a 30-kDa protein in kidney, liver, and BAT (Fig. 2 C). None of these bands disappeared in mitochondria isolated from ucp2(−/−) mice, demonstrating that these antibodies are unable to detect bona fide UCP2 in vivo. Quantitative analysis showed that UCP2 was 4 and 10 times less abundant in lung and stomach, respectively, than in spleen mitochondria (p< 0.001, Table II). To estimate the amount of UCP2 protein expressed in vivo, we took advantage of the cross-reactivity of hUCP2-605 antibody toward UCP1. As shown in Fig. 3, 1 μg of BAT mitochondria produced about the same signal in Western blot than 20 μg of spleen mitochondria. The same experiment was repeated five times with mitochondria from different mice. Quantification of the signals led us to the conclusion that the hUCP2-605 antibody reacted 19-fold more toward BAT mitochondria than spleen mitochondria (19 ± 2;n = 5). Since the signal detected in BAT corresponded to UCP1 and given that the hUCP2-605 antibody was 8-fold more sensitive toward UCP2 than UCP1 (Table I), we concluded that UCP2 is ∼160-fold less abundant in spleen mitochondria than UCP1 is in BAT mitochondria.Table IIExpression of UCP2 in mouse tissuesMouse tissues (mitochondrial fraction)Relative amount of UCP2 proteinRelative amount of UCP2 mRNASpleen (control)aSpleen was chosen as reference for both UCP2 mRNA and protein levels. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E.; n, number of independent experiments. p value was calculated versus the control condition using Student's t test.1 ± 0.05 n =111 ± 0.01 n =3Spleen (fasting)0.9 ± 0.17 n = 6 NSbNS, not significant.1.1 ± 0.03 n = 3 NSbNS, not significant.Spleen (LPS)1 ± 0.13 n = 6 NSbNS, not significant.1.3 ± 0.05 n = 2 NSbNS, not significant.Lung0.24 ± 0.01 n =141.2 ± 0.01 n =3Lung (fasting)1.5 ± 0.25 n =11 p < 0.0011.3 ± 0.05 n = 3 NSbNS, not significant.Lung (LPS)2.9 ± 0.45 n =5 p < 0.0011.3 ± 0.52 n = 2 NSbNS, not significant.Lung (LPS + cycloheximide)0.25 ± 0.04 n =4 p < 0.001NDcND, not determined.Stomach0.1 ± 0.004 n =141.1 ± 0.05 n =4Stomach (fasting)0.58 ± 0.08 n =5 p < 0.0011.2 ± 0.07n = 3 NSbNS, not significant.2-a Spleen was chosen as reference for both UCP2 mRNA and protein levels. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E.; n, number of independent experiments. p value was calculated versus the control condition using Student's t test.2-b NS, not significant.2-c ND, not determined. Open table in a new tab It has been previously reported that fasting and LPS treatment increased the level of UCP2 mRNA in skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria, respectively (29Boss O. Samec S. Dulloo A. Seydoux J. Muzzin P. Giacobino J.P. FEBS Lett. 1997; 412: 111-114Crossref PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar, 30Faggioni R. Shigenaga J. Moser A. Feingold K.R. Grunfeld C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 244: 75-78Crossref PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar, 31Cortez-Pinto H. Yang S.Q. Lin H.Z. Costa S. Hwang C.S. Lane M.D. Bagby G. Diehl A.M. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 251: 313-319Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar, 32Busquets S. Sanchis D. Alvarez B. Ricquier D. Lopez-Soriano F.J. Argiles J.M. FEBS Lett. 1998; 440: 348-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). Therefore, C57BL/6 mice were either treated with LPS (injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg of LPS or PBS buffer) or fasted for 24 h, and several organs were analyzed for their UCP2 protein content. Following 24 h of fasting, UCP2 remained undetectable in muscle and constant in spleen mitochondria, but a 6-fold increase of UCP2 protein was observed in stomach and lung mitochondria (Fig. 4,A and B). Two LPS-treated mice and two PBS-treated mice were killed 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 (3 mice), 18, and 24 h after injection. Western blot analysis showed that UCP2 protein appears 10 h after LPS injection only in lung mitochondria and reaches its maximal level 2 h later. UCP2 protein returned to its basal expression level 24 h after injection (Fig.5, A and B). No change in UCP2 protein was observed in the control mice treated with PBS (Fig. 5 B) and in stomach, liver, duodenum, kidney, heart, muscle, and spleen of LPS-treated mice. Quantitative analysis of LPS stimulation revealed that UCP2 protein increased 12-fold in lung mitochondria 14 h after injection (p < 0.001, Table II). To assess whether the apparent increase of UCP2 protein in lung mitochondria could simply reflect an increase of UCP2 protein stability, 280 μg of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein translation, was also injected intraperitoneally in four mice 9.5 h after LPS injection. Two and one-half hours later all mice were killed and analyzed for their UCP2 content in lung mitochondria. Cycloheximide treatment completely abolished UCP2 stimulation observed 12 h after LPS injection (98.2% inhibition p < 0.001, Table II). This experiment showed that LPS treatment stimulates the de novo synthesis of UCP2 protein in lung.Figure 5Induction of UCP2 protein in mouse lung mitochondria after LPS injection. Mitochondria (30 μg) from two LPS- or PBS-treated mice were prepared 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 (3 mice), 20, and 24 h after LPS injection. A, immunodetection of UCP2 using hUCP2-605 antibody at 0.1 μg/ml (10 min of exposure).B, graphic representation of UCP2 protein induction:closed circle, LPS-treated mice; open circle, PBS-treated mice. Level of UCP2 in lung mitochondria of noninjected mouse was chosen as reference. C, Northern blot analysis: total RNA (10 μg) were prepared from one lung of control mice or LPS-treated mice. The full-length UCP2 cDNA was used as probe. UCP2 signal was quantified after hybridization of the membrane with 18 S rRNA probe.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) To investigate whether the fluctuations in the protein content correlated with gene expression, total RNAs were prepared, and UCP2 mRNA level was estimated by Northern blot analysis. Although UCP2 protein level was 4 and 10 times lower in lung and stomach, respectively, than in spleen mitochondria, UCP2 mRNA levels in those tissues were very similar (Table II). The same discrepancy between UCP2 protein and mRNA levels was observed in stimulated conditions. The levels of UCP2 mRNA in lung and stomach marginally increased upon fasting (Fig. 4, C andD, and Table II). UCP2 mRNA levels also remained surprisingly unchanged over the LPS time course experiment (Fig.5 C). Fourteen hours after LPS injection, UCP2 mRNA levels in spleen and lung were comparable, although UCP2 protein content in lung had increased 12 times to reach three times the basal level of UCP2 in spleen (Table II). Finally, despite the strong variations of UCP2 protein that were observed in basal or stimulated conditions, the