ABSTRACT The reaction of CO 2 with H 2 O to form HCO 3 - and H + is one of the most important chemical equilibria in cells. In mammalian sperm, a soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) serves as cellular HCO 3 - sensor that conveys the equilibrium state via cAMP synthesis to cAMP-signaling molecules. The function of sAC and cAMP in non-mammalian sperm is largely unknown. Here, we identify sAC orthologs in sea urchin and salmon sperm that, surprisingly, are activated by alkaline pH rather than HCO 3 - . Two amino-acid residues required for HCO 3 - binding of mammalian sAC are lacking in pH-regulated sAC. Orthologs identified in ten other phyla are also lacking either one of these key residues, suggesting that pH control is widespread among non-mammalian metazoan. The pH-sensitive sAC controls several functions of sperm from external fertilizers. Upon spawning, alkalization triggers cAMP synthesis and, thereby, activates motility of quiescent sperm. Egg-derived chemoattractants also alkalize sperm and elevate cAMP, which then-modulates pacemaker HCN channels to trigger a chemotactic Ca 2+ response. Finally, the sAC and the voltage- and cAMP-activated Na + /H + exchanger sNHE mutually control each other. A picture of evolutionary significance is emerging: motility and sensory signaling of sperm from both internal and external fertilizers rely on cAMP, yet, their sAC is regulated by HCO 3 - or pH i , respectively. Acidification of aquatic habitats due to climate change may adversely affect pH-sensing by sAC and thereby sexual reproduction in the sea. Statement of significance Adenylyl cyclases synthesize cAMP, a prominent cellular messenger. A bicarbonate-sensitive AC family member, soluble AC (sAC), is tied to the chemical equilibrium: H 2 O + CO 2 ↔ HCO 3 - (bicarbonate) + H + . The sAC is required for fertilization: Mammals lacking sAC are infertile and sperm immotile. We now identify a new sAC form in sperm of non-mammalian animals that reproduce in the sea. This novel sAC is activated at alkaline pH rather than bicarbonate. It controls sperm motility and chemotaxis. The switch from HCO 3 - to pH rests on substitution of two amino-acids, which represents an adaptation to aquatic environments low in bicarbonate. Acidification of aquatic habitats due to climate change may adversely affect sAC activity and, thereby, fertilization.