Summary CD4 + T follicular helper (T FH ) cells are required for high-quality antibody generation and maintenance. However, the longevity and functional role of these cells are poorly defined in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccine recipients. Here, we longitudinally investigated the dynamics and functional roles of spike-specific circulating T FH cells and their subsets in convalescents at the 2 nd , 5 th , 8 th , 12 th and 24 th months after COVID-19 symptom onset and in vaccinees after two and three doses of inactivated vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited robust spike-specific T FH cell and antibody responses, of which spike-specific CXCR3 + T FH cells but not spike-specific CXCR3 − T FH cells and neutralizing antibodies were persistent for at least two years in more than 80% of convalescents who experienced symptomatic COVID-19, which was well coordinated between spike-specific T FH cell and antibody responses at the 5 th month after infection. Inactivated vaccine immunization also induced spike-specific T FH cell and antibody responses; however, these responses rapidly declined after six months with a two-dose standard administration, and a third dose significantly promoted antibody maturation and potency. Functionally, spike-specific CXCR3 + T FH cells exhibited better responsiveness than spike-specific CXCR3 − T FH cells upon spike protein stimulation in vitro and showed superior capacity in supporting spike-specific antibody secreting cell (ASC) differentiation and antibody production than spike-specific CXCR3 − T FH cells cocultured with autologous memory B cells. In conclusion, spike-specific CXCR3 + T FH cells played a dominant functional role in antibody elicitation and maintenance in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, suggesting that induction of CXCR3-biased spike-specific T FH cell differentiation will benefit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development aiming to induce long-term protective immune memory. Highlights SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited robust spike-specific T FH cell and antibody responses, which persisted for at least two years in the majority of symptomatic COVID-19 convalescent patients. Inactivated vaccine immunization also elicited spike-specific T FH cell and antibody responses, which rapidly declined over time, and a third dose significantly promoted antibody maturation and potency. Spike-specific CXCR3 + T FH cells exhibited more durable responses than spike-specific CXCR3 − T FH cells, correlated with antibody responses and showed superior capacity in supporting ASC differentiation and antibody production than spike-specific CXCR3 − T FH cells.