Lipolysis declines with age because NLRP3 inflammasome-activated adipose tissue macrophages reduce levels of noradrenaline by upregulating genes that control its degradation, such as GDF3 and MAOA. With increasing age, lipolysis (the breakdown of fats in the body) induced by catecholamines declines and fewer free fatty acids are mobilized. This is associated with increased fat around the abdomen, a lower exercise capacity, and a reduced ability to maintain core body temperature and to survive starvation. Vishwa Deep Dixit and colleagues now show that lipolysis declines because fatty tissue macrophages activated by NLRP3 inflammasome reduce the levels of catecholamine by upregulating genes that control its degradation, such as growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). Deletion of NLRP3 or GDF3, or inhibition of MAOA restores lipolysis to more youthful levels. Catecholamine-induced lipolysis, the first step in the generation of energy substrates by the hydrolysis of triglycerides1, declines with age2,3. The defect in the mobilization of free fatty acids in the elderly is accompanied by increased visceral adiposity, lower exercise capacity, failure to maintain core body temperature during cold stress, and reduced ability to survive starvation. Although catecholamine signalling in adipocytes is normal in the elderly, how lipolysis is impaired in ageing remains unknown2,4. Here we show that adipose tissue macrophages regulate the age-related reduction in adipocyte lipolysis in mice by lowering the bioavailability of noradrenaline. Unexpectedly, unbiased whole-transcriptome analyses of adipose macrophages revealed that ageing upregulates genes that control catecholamine degradation in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. Deletion of NLRP3 in ageing restored catecholamine-induced lipolysis by downregulating growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) that is known to degrade noradrenaline. Consistent with this, deletion of GDF3 in inflammasome-activated macrophages improved lipolysis by decreasing levels of MAOA and caspase-1. Furthermore, inhibition of MAOA reversed the age-related reduction in noradrenaline concentration in adipose tissue, and restored lipolysis with increased levels of the key lipolytic enzymes adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Our study reveals that targeting neuro-immunometabolic signalling between the sympathetic nervous system and macrophages may offer new approaches to mitigate chronic inflammation-induced metabolic impairment and functional decline.