Article4 May 1999free access An F-box protein, FWD1, mediates ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of β-catenin Masatoshi Kitagawa Masatoshi Kitagawa Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Michiko Shirane Michiko Shirane Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Masaki Matsumoto Masaki Matsumoto Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Noriko Ishida Noriko Ishida Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Kimihiko Hattori Kimihiko Hattori Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Ikuo Nakamichi Ikuo Nakamichi Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Akira Kikuchi Akira Kikuchi First Department of Biochemistry, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0037 Japan Search for more papers by this author Kei-ichi Nakayama Corresponding Author Kei-ichi Nakayama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Laboratory of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan Search for more papers by this author Keiko Nakayama Keiko Nakayama CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Laboratory of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan Search for more papers by this author Masatoshi Kitagawa Masatoshi Kitagawa Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Michiko Shirane Michiko Shirane Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Masaki Matsumoto Masaki Matsumoto Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Noriko Ishida Noriko Ishida Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Kimihiko Hattori Kimihiko Hattori Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Ikuo Nakamichi Ikuo Nakamichi Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Search for more papers by this author Akira Kikuchi Akira Kikuchi First Department of Biochemistry, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0037 Japan Search for more papers by this author Kei-ichi Nakayama Corresponding Author Kei-ichi Nakayama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Laboratory of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan Search for more papers by this author Keiko Nakayama Keiko Nakayama CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Laboratory of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan Search for more papers by this author Author Information Masatoshi Kitagawa1,2,‡, Shigetsugu Hatakeyama1,2,‡, Michiko Shirane1,2, Masaki Matsumoto1,2, Noriko Ishida1,2, Kimihiko Hattori1,2, Ikuo Nakamichi1,2, Akira Kikuchi3, Kei-ichi Nakayama 1,2,4 and Keiko Nakayama2,4 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan 2CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan 3First Department of Biochemistry, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0037 Japan 4Laboratory of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan ‡M.Kitagawa and S.Hatakeyama contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (1999)18:2401-2410https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.9.2401 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info β-catenin plays an essential role in the Wingless/Wnt signaling cascade and is a component of the cadherin cell adhesion complex. Deregulation of β-catenin accumulation as a result of mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein is believed to initiate colorectal neoplasia. β-catenin levels are regulated by the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis system and β-catenin ubiquitination is preceded by phosphorylation of its N-terminal region by the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/Axin kinase complex. Here we show that FWD1 (the mouse homologue of Slimb/βTrCP), an F-box/WD40-repeat protein, specifically formed a multi-molecular complex with β-catenin, Axin, GSK-3β and APC. Mutations at the signal-induced phosphorylation site of β-catenin inhibited its association with FWD1. FWD1 facilitated ubiquitination and promoted degradation of β-catenin, resulting in reduced cytoplasmic β-catenin levels. In contrast, a dominant-negative mutant form of FWD1 inhibited the ubiquitination process and stabilized β-catenin. These results suggest that the Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein FWD1 (SCFFWD1)–ubiquitin ligase complex is involved in β-catenin ubiquitination and that FWD1 serves as an intracellular receptor for phosphorylated β-catenin. FWD1 also links the phosphorylation machinery to the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway to ensure prompt and efficient proteolysis of β-catenin in response to external signals. SCFFWD1 may be critical for tumor development and suppression through regulation of β-catenin protein stability. Introduction The Wingless/Wnt pathway is critical for development and organogenesis (Huber et al., 1996b; Miller and Moon, 1996; Cadigan and Nusse, 1997). Cytoplasmic β-catenin plays an essential role in Wnt signaling and membrane-associated β-catenin serves as a lining protein for the cadherin cell adhesion complex (Aberle et al., 1996). In this pathway, which starts with Wnt, inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) leads to stabilization and accumulation of hypo-phosphorylated β-catenin, which then interacts with and activates T cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer binding factor (TCF/LEF) transcription factors (Huber et al., 1996a; Clevers and Vandewetering, 1997; Bauer et al., 1998). In the absence of the Wnt signal, GSK-3β constitutively phosphorylates β-catenin, leading to low expression levels as a result of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of β-catenin. Regulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin levels is clinically important, because deregulation of this system may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene are the most common genetic events in colorectal cancers and one of the molecular functions of the APC protein is to bind β-catenin to GSK-3β, making it a target for destruction (Ilyas and Tomlinson, 1997; Korinek et al., 1997; Peifer, 1997). Colorectal tumors with intact APC genes, as well as melanoma cell lines, contain β-catenin mutations which functionally alter significant phosphorylation sites, and such alterations have been implicated in making β-catenin stable (Morin et al., 1997; Rubinfeld et al., 1997). GSK-3β, in concert with Axin, which associates with GSK-3β (Ikeda et al., 1998), appears to phosphorylate β-catenin at these sites. Axin also interacts directly with APC, suggesting that Axin functions as a scaffold protein for the assembly of the molecules that regulate β-catenin stability (Kishida et al., 1998). A recent study showed that β-catenin is a target for the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and that phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues at positions 29, 33, 37, 41 and 45 by GSK-3β appears to be a prerequisite for ubiquitination (Aberle et al., 1997; Orford et al., 1997). These findings suggest that the abnormal accumulation of β-catenin resulting from deregulation of the proteolytic machinery via phosphorylation/ubiquitination is the most likely cause of tumorigenesis in colorectal cancers. The molecular mechanism by which β-catenin is specifically marked for degradation by ubiquitination in response to phosphorylation, however, is unclear. The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway plays a key role in diverse biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and development, and protein levels which are determined in a substrate-specific manner by this system (Hershko and Ciechanover, 1992; Weissman, 1997). The formation of ubiquitin–protein conjugates involves three components which participate in a cascade of ubiquitin-transfer reactions: a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and a ubiquitin ligase (E3). The specificity of protein ubiquitination often derives from the latter and proteins polyubiquitinated by these enzymes are subject to degradation by the 26S proteasome. Recent genetic and biochemical studies on yeast have led to the identification of a novel class of E3 ligases (termed the Skp1/Cullin/F-box proteins, SCF complex) required for degradation of cyclins and their inhibitors. As well as cell-cycle-related proteins, an increasing number of molecules in other biological systems of yeast have been identified as substrates for the SCF–E3 complex, which consists of invariable components, such as Skp1 and Cdc53, and variable components called F-box proteins, which bind to Skp1 through the F-box motif (Elledge and Harper, 1998; Krek, 1998). F-box proteins serve as receptors for the target proteins, which are usually phosphorylated (Feldman et al., 1997; Skowyra et al., 1997). Thus, the substrate specificity of the SCF complex is believed to depend on F-box proteins. Although the physiological roles of the SCF complex in multicellular organisms have not been elucidated, a recent study showed that a mutation of the F-box/WD40-repeat protein Slimb in Drosophila led to accumulation of Armadillo, a β-catenin homologue (Jiang and Struhl, 1998). This genetic evidence prompted us to investigate whether the mammalian homologue of Slimb is involved in β-catenin degradation. In this study, we isolated FWD1, an F-box/WD40-repeat protein, as a mouse homologue of Drosophila Slimb, and demonstrated that FWD1 associated with β-catenin/Axin/GSK-3β/APC and promoted β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation. The biological roles of FWD1 and its involvement in cancer are discussed. Results Association of FWD1 with β-catenin and Axin We searched a mouse expression sequence tag (EST) database for DNA sequences homologous with the genes for Drosophila Slimb and identified a clone showing significant homology with Slimb. Full-length DNA sequencing revealed that this clone encodes a protein with features of an F-box domain followed by seven WD40 repeats (Hatakeyama et al., 1999). This clone, designated FWD1 (F-box/WD40-repeat protein 1) is very similar to Slimb (Drosophila melanogaster), βTrCP (Xenopus laevis) and h-βTrCP (Homo sapiens) (Spevak et al., 1993; Jiang and Struhl, 1998; Margottin et al., 1998; Hatakeyama et al., 1999). Such prominent evolutionary conservation of FWD1 implies that it is biologically important. Recently, we demonstrated that FWD1 forms an SCF complex with Skp1 and Cul1 (referred to as SCFFWD1), and that SCFFWD1 functions as a ubiquitin ligase for IκBα, which partially shares homology with β-catenin around the signal-induced phosphorylation site (Hatakeyama et al., 1999). To determine whether FWD1 associated with β-catenin, Flag-tagged FWD1 with or without Myc-tagged Axin were transfected into 293T cells, and co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed (Figure 1A). Very little β-catenin was detected in the FWD1 immunoprecipitate, but the association of FWD1 and β-catenin was significantly augmented by the co-introduction of Axin, which interacts with β-catenin, GSK-3β and APC (Ikeda et al., 1998; Kishida et al., 1998) (Figure 1A, lanes 3 and 4). The slight association between FWD1 and β-catenin without the introduction of Axin was probably due to the presence of endogenous Axin. FWD1 also associated with Axin (Figure 1A, lane 4). The negative control, p57Kip2, did not interact with β-catenin or Axin. This association of FWD1 with β-catenin and Axin was confirmed by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation analysis with anti-β-catenin and anti-Myc (Axin) antibodies. FWD1 was detected in the immunoprecipitate with the anti-β-catenin antibody only when Axin was co-introduced (Figure 1B, lane 4). Axin was also present in this complex. Therefore, β-catenin and FWD1 did not interact efficiently in the absence of Axin. FWD1 and β-catenin co-immunoprecipitated with Axin (Figure 1B, lane 8), whereas β-catenin did not bind efficiently to Axin in the absence of FWD1 (Figure 1B, lanes 2 and 6). Taken together, these results indicate that FWD1, β-catenin and Axin form a ternary complex and that the lack of any component, at least in vivo, significantly reduces the stability of this complex. We used FWD2, another F-box/seven WD40-repeat protein from the mouse EST database which was previously identified as an F-box protein of unknown function, called MD6 (Bai et al., 1996) (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession No. X54352), as a negative control. FWD2 did not interact with β-catenin even when Axin was introduced (Figure 1B, lanes 2 and 6). Another F-box protein, Skp2, was also subjected to this assay, but it failed to interact with β-catenin or Axin (data not shown). These data suggest that the association between FWD1 and β-catenin is specific, but is not mediated by the F-box motif. Figure 1.Association of FWD1 with β-catenin and Axin in vivo. (A) The FWD1 immunoprecipitate contained β-catenin and Axin. Transfection of 293T cells was carried out with expression plasmids encoding Flag-p57 or Flag-FWD1 in combination with vector alone or Myc-Axin (indicated by the plus and minus signs at the top of each lane), the cell lysates were immunoprecipitated via the Flag-tag on p57 or FWD1, immunoblotted and probed with anti-β-catenin or anti-Myc antibodies to detect Axin. The bands represent β-catenin or Axin associated with p57 or FWD1. Ten percent of each input lysate was immunoblotted and probed with anti-β-catenin, anti-Myc or anti-Flag antibodies to show the expression levels of endogenous β-catenin, Myc-Axin and Flag-p57 or Flag-FWD1, respectively. The positions of β-catenin, Myc-Axin, Flag-p57 and Flag-FWD1 are indicated. The reasons why the amount of β-catenin as shown by the 10% input is not reduced when Axin and FWD1 are co-transfected are that transfected cells may be a small part of the total cells, and that only cytosolic β-catenin is degraded by FWD1/Axin while a substantial amount of membrane-associated β-catenin remains unaffected. (B) The β-catenin and Myc-Axin immunoprecipitates contained FWD1. Transfection of 293T cells were performed with expression plasmids encoding Flag-FWD1 or Flag-FWD2 in combination with vector alone or Myc-Axin (indicated by the plus and minus signs at the top of each lane), the cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with the β-catenin antibody (lanes 1–4) or via the Myc tag on Axin (lanes 5–8), immunoblotted and probed with anti-β-catenin antibody (top panels), anti-Myc antibody to detect Axin (middle panels) or anti-Flag antibody to detect FWD2 and FWD1 (bottom panels). Ten percent of each input lysate was immunoblotted and probed with anti-β-catenin, anti-Myc or anti-Flag antibodies to show the expression levels of endogenous β-catenin, Myc-Axin and Flag-FWD1 or Flag-FWD2, respectively (lanes 9–12). The positions of β-catenin, Myc-Axin, Flag-FWD1, and Flag-FWD2 are indicated. (C) In vitro binding assays. Recombinant β-catenin, Myc-Axin, and FWD1 produced in the baculoviral expression system were mixed in the combination as indicated. The reaction mixture was immunoprecipitated with anti-β-catenin antibody, immunoblotted and probed with anti-β-catenin (top), anti-Myc to detect Axin (middle) or anti-Flag antibody to detect FWD1 (bottom). TF, transfection; IP, immunoprecipitation; IB, immunoblotting. Download figure Download PowerPoint These in vivo results were confirmed by in vitro binding experiments. Consistent with the in vivo studies, β-catenin and FWD1 did not interact each other in the absence of Axin in vitro (Figure 1C, lane 2). The amount of FWD1 associated with β-catenin increased in proportion to the Axin level (lanes 3–5), suggesting that FWD1 requires Axin to interact with β-catenin. In contrast to the in vivo data, however, β-catenin associated with Axin in vitro in the absence of FWD1 (lane 6). This discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro experiments may possibly be explained by the extra physiological amount of proteins in the in vitro setting which may have resulted in non-specific binding, or that β-catenin and Axin might be spatially separated in vivo, and FWD1 may link β-catenin to Axin as a docking molecule. Moreover, a phosphorylated synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal region of β-catenin competitively inhibited the association of FWD1 with β-catenin in vitro without affecting the binding between Axin and β-catenin (see Figure 4C). This result indicates that FWD1 binds directly to β-catenin with the aid of Axin. Axin probably serves as a scaffold protein linking β-catenin and GSK-3β to phosphorylate β-catenin. FWD1 barely interacted with Axin in the absence of β-catenin in vitro (data not shown). Mutations on the phosphorylation sites in β-catenin abrogated the binding between FWD1 and β-catenin (see below). We conclude from this data that FWD1 seems to be in immediate contact with phosphorylated β-catenin. In order to determine the region required for β-catenin/Axin complexation, the abilities of FWD1 mutants to form complexes with β-catenin/Axin were tested (Figure 2A). A mutant FWD1 lacking the WD40-repeats (ΔWD) did not associate with β-catenin or Axin, whereas the mutant FWD1(ΔF) from which the F-box domain had been removed complexed with β-catenin and Axin (Figure 2B). In contrast, the FWD1(ΔWD) mutant interacted with Skp1, whereas the FWD(ΔF) mutant did not (Hatakeyama et al., 1999). These results confirm that the F-box domain is essential for binding to Skp1, but not to β-catenin/Axin. A deletion mutant lacking the N-terminal region and F-box domain (ΔN/F) failed to associate with β-catenin/Axin (data not shown; the results are summarized in Figure 2A), suggesting that both the N-terminal region and WD40-repeat domain of FWD1 are necessary for complex formation with β-catenin/Axin. Figure 2.Determination of the interacting regions of FWD1 and β-catenin. (A) Schematic representation of FWD1 deletion mutants. The hatched and white boxes indicate the F-box domain and WD40-repeats, respectively, and the interactions with β-catenin/Axin and Skp1 are summarized (indicated by plus and minus signs). (B) FWD1 deletion mutant expression and interactions with β-catenin and Axin. Wild-type FWD1/2 and all the deletion mutants were tagged with the Flag epitope at their N-termini and lysates of 293T cells expressing FWD2 (lane 1), wild-type FWD1 (lane 2), FWD1(ΔF/WD) (lane 3), FWD1(ΔWD) (lane 4), FWD1(ΔN/F) (lane 5), FWD1(ΔF) (lane 6), and Myc-Axin (all lanes) were immunoprecipitated with the anti-Flag antibody, immunoblotted and probed with anti-β-catenin, anti-Myc, or anti-Flag antibodies. Ten percent of each input lysate was immunoblotted and probed with the anti-β-catenin or anti-Myc antibody to show the expression levels of endogenous β-catenin and Myc-Axin, respectively. The positions of β-catenin, Myc-Axin and the Flag-FWD1 mutants are indicated. (C) FWD1 did not associate with SA mutant β-catenin. Transfection of 293T cells were carried out with expression plasmids encoding Myc-Axin, Flag-FWD2 and Flag-FWD1 (indicated by the plus and minus signs at the top of each lane) in combination with wild-type β-catenin-Myc (indicated as WT) or SA mutant β-catenin-Myc (indicated as SA). Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated via the Flag-tag on FWD2 or FWD1 (lanes 1–8), immunoblotted and probed with the anti-Myc antibody to detect β-catenin and Axin (upper) or with the anti-Flag antibody to detect FWD2 and FWD1 (lower). Ten percent of each input lysate was immunoblotted and probed with anti-Myc and anti-Flag antibodies to show the expression levels of β-catenin-Myc/Myc-Axin and Flag-FWD1/Flag-FWD2, respectively (lanes 9–16). The positions of β-catenin-Myc, Myc-Axin, Flag-FWD1 and Flag-FWD2 are indicated. TF, transfection; IP, immunoprecipitation; IB, immunoblotting. Download figure Download PowerPoint Previous studies and our unpublished data suggest that ubiquitin-mediated degradation of β-catenin is largely dependent on the phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues at positions 29, 33, 37, 41 and 45 (Aberle et al., 1997; Orford et al., 1997). In order to establish whether phosphorylation is important for complex formation, the association between FWD1 and SA mutant β-catenin, in which the all five serine/threonine residues were replaced with alanine, was examined. The SA mutant β-catenin associated with neither FWD1 nor Axin (Figure 2C). Thus, formation of the trimolecular complex is dependent on phosphorylation of the serine/threonine residues at positions 29, 33, 37, 41 and 45 of β-catenin by the GSK-3β/Axin complex. Furthermore, the association of FWD1 with β-catenin was blocked by a phosphorylated synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal region of β-catenin, whereas an unphosphorylated peptide was unable to inhibit it (see Figure 4C). These results indicate that FWD1 binds exclusively to the phosphorylated β-catenin. Interaction of FWD1 with GSK-3β and APC In previous studies, we demonstrated that Axin interacted directly with GSK-3β and APC (Ikeda et al., 1998; Kishida et al., 1998). Therefore, we examined whether FWD1 formed a complex with GSK-3β and APC through Axin. Hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GSK-3β expressed in 293T cells with Myc-tagged Axin and Flag-tagged FWD1 or FWD2 was immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody (Figure 3A). Axin and GSK-3β were co-immunoprecipitated together regardless of the presence of FWD1. The interaction between FWD1 and GSK-3β was probably mediated through Axin. It is noteworthy that GSK-3β bound to β-catenin only when FWD1 was co-transfected (Figure 3A, lane 2). Similarly, the FWD1 immunoprecipitate contained APC and Axin (Figure 3B, lane 3) and the Axin immunoprecipitate contained APC and FWD1 (Figure 3B, lane 6). The association between FWD1 and APC required Axin, because APC was not detected in the FWD1 immunoprecipitate when Axin was not co-transfected (Figure 3B, lane 1). In contrast, Axin and APC formed a complex in the absence of FWD1 (Figure 3B, lane 5). Again, FWD2 interacted with neither GSK-3β nor APC, indicating that FWD1 associated specifically with GSK-3β and APC. Collectively, these data suggest that the Axin/GSK-3β/APC is complexed constitutively, whereas the interaction of β-catenin with Axin/GSK-3β/APC is dependent on FWD1. Figure 3.Association of FWD1 with GSK-3β and APC in vivo. (A) The GSK-3β immunoprecipitate contained FWD1, β-catenin and Axin. Transfection of 293T cells were carried out with expression plasmids encoding Flag-FWD1 (lanes 2 and 4) or Flag-FWD2 (lanes 1 and 3) in combination with Myc-Axin and HA-GSK-3β (every lane), the cell lysates were immunoprecipitated via the HA-tag on GSK-3β (lanes 1 and 2), immunoblotted and probed with the anti-Flag antibody to detect FWD1 and FWD2, anti-Myc antidody to detect Axin or the anti-β-catenin or anti-HA antibody to detect GSK-3β. The bands represent FWD1, β-catenin or Axin associated with GSK-3β. Ten percent of each input lysate was immunoblotted and probed to show the expression levels of Flag-FWD1, Flag-FWD2, Myc-Axin, endogenous β-catenin and HA-GSK-3β (lanes 3 and 4). The positions of Flag-FWD1 and Flag-FWD2, Myc-Axin, β-catenin and HA- GSK-3β are indicated. (B) The FWD1 and Axin immunoprecipitates contained APC. Transfection of 293T cells were performed with expression plasmids encoding Flag-FWD1 or Flag-FWD2 in combination with vector alone or Myc-Axin (indicated by the plus and minus signs at the top of each lane), the cell lysates were immuno- precipitated with the anti-Flag antibody on FWD1 or FWD2 (lanes 1–3) or the anti-Myc tag on Axin (lanes 4–6), immunoblotted and probed with anti-APC antibody (top panels), anti-Myc antibody to detect Axin (middle panels) or anti-Flag antibody to detect FWD1 and FWD2 (bottom panels). Ten percent of each input lysate was immunoblotted to show the expression levels of endogenous β-catenin, Myc-Axin, Flag-FWD1 and Flag-FWD2 (lanes 7–9). The positions of β-catenin, Myc-Axin, Flag-FWD1 and Flag-FWD2 are indicated. TF, transfection; IP, immunoprecipitation; IB, immunoblotting. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 4.Facilitation of β-catenin ubiquitination in vivo. (A) Promotion of β-catenin ubiquitination by FWD1. Transfection of 293T cells were performed with expression plasmids encoding Flag-FWD1 (lanes 2, 4 and 6) or Flag-FWD2 (lanes 1, 3 and 5), treated with control vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO; lanes 1 and 2), LLnL (lanes 3 and 4) or lactacystin (lanes 5 and 6), the cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with the anti- β-catenin antibody, immunoblotted and probed with the anti-ubiquitin antibody (top panel). Ten percent of each input lysate was immunoblotted and probed with the anti-β-catenin or anti-Flag antibody to show the expression levels of endogenous β-catenin, Flag-FWD1 and Flag-FWD2 (middle and bottom panels). (B) The F-box domain of FWD1 was required for β-catenin ubiquitination. Transfection of 293T cells were carried out with an expression plasmid encoding Flag-FWD2 (lane 1), Flag-FWD1 (lane 2) or Flag-FWD1(ΔF) (lane 3), the cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with the anti-β-catenin antibody, immunoblotted and probed with anti-ubiquitin antibody (top panel). Ten percent of each in