HomeCirculationVol. 118, No. 23ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Executive SummaryA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease): Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Carole A. Warnes, WRITING COMMITTEE:, MD, FRCP, FACC, FAHA, Co-Chair, Roberta G. Williams, MD, MACC, FAHA, Co-Chair, Thomas M. Bashore, MD, FACC, John S. Child, MD, FACC, FAHA, Heidi M. Connolly, MD, FACC, Joseph A. Dearani, MD, FACC, Pedro del Nido, MD, James W. Fasules, MD, FACC, Thomas P. GrahamJr, MD, FACC, Ziyad M. Hijazi, MBBS, MPH, FACC, FSCAI, Sharon A. Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA, Mary Etta King, MD, FACC, FASE, Michael J. Landzberg, MD, FACC, Pamela D. Miner, RN, MN, NP, Martha J. Radford, MD, FACC, Edward P. Walsh, MD, FACC and Gary D. Webb, MD, FACC Carole A. WarnesCarole A. Warnes , Roberta G. WilliamsRoberta G. Williams , Thomas M. BashoreThomas M. Bashore , John S. ChildJohn S. Child , Heidi M. ConnollyHeidi M. Connolly , Joseph A. DearaniJoseph A. Dearani , Pedro del NidoPedro del Nido , James W. FasulesJames W. Fasules , Thomas P. GrahamJrThomas P. GrahamJr , Ziyad M. HijaziZiyad M. Hijazi , Sharon A. HuntSharon A. Hunt , Mary Etta KingMary Etta King , Michael J. LandzbergMichael J. Landzberg , Pamela D. MinerPamela D. Miner , Martha J. RadfordMartha J. Radford , Edward P. WalshEdward P. Walsh and Gary D. WebbGary D. Webb Originally published7 Nov 2008https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190811Circulation. 2008;118:2395–2451Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: November 7, 2008: Previous Version 1 Preamble…23981. Introduction…2399 1.1. Methodology and Evidence Review…2399 1.2. Organization of Committee and Relationships With Industry…2401 1.3. Document Review and Approval…2401 1.4. Epidemiology and Scope of the Problem…2401 1.5. Recommendations for Delivery of Care and Ensuring Access…2401 1.5.1. Recommendations for Access to Care…2402 1.5.2. Recommendations for Psychosocial Issues…2404 1.5.3. Transition of Care…2404 1.6. Recommendations for Infective Endocarditis…2405 1.7. Recommendations for Noncardiac Surgery…2406 1.8. Recommendations for Pregnancy and Contraception…2407 1.8.1. Contraception…2407 1.9. Recommendations for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Management…2408 1.10. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease…2408 1.10.1. Recommendations for Hematologic Problems…2409 1.10.1.1. Hemostasis…2409 1.10.1.2. Renal Function…2409 1.10.1.3. Gallstones…2409 1.10.1.4. Orthopedic and Rheumatologic Complications…2409 1.10.1.5. Neurological Complications…2409 1.11. Recommendations for General Health Issues for Cyanotic Patients…2409 1.11.1. Hospitalization and Operation…2409 1.12. Recommendations for Heart and Heart/Lung Transplantation…24092. Atrial Septal Defect…2410 2.1. Unrepaired Atrial Septal Defect…2410 2.2. Recommendations for Evaluation of the Unoperated Patient…2410 2.3. Management Strategies…2410 2.3.1. Recommendations for Medical Therapy…2410 2.3.2. Recommendations for Interventional and Surgical Therapy…2411 2.3.3. Indications for Closure of Atrial Septal Defect…2411 2.4. Recommendations for Postintervention Follow-Up…2411 2.4.1. Recommendation for Reproduction…24113. Ventricular Septal Defect…2412 3.1. Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization…2412 3.2. Management Strategies…2412 3.2.1. Recommendation for Medical Therapy…2412 3.2.2. Recommendations for Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect Closure…2412 3.2.3. Recommendation for Interventional Catheterization…2412 3.3. Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2412 3.3.1. Recommendations for Surgical and Catheter Intervention Follow-Up…2412 3.3.2. Recommendation for Reproduction…24134. Atrioventricular Septal Defect…2413 4.1. Recommendation for Heart Catheterization…2413 4.2. Recommendations for Surgical Therapy…2413 4.3. Recommendations for Endocarditis Prophylaxis…2413 4.4. Recommendations for Pregnancy…24135. Patent Ductus Arteriosus…2414 5.1. Recommendations for Evaluation of the Unoperated Patient…2414 5.2. Management Strategies…2414 5.2.1. Recommendations for Medical Therapy…2414 5.2.2. Recommendations for Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus…2414 5.2.3. Surgical/Interventional Therapy…2414 5.3. Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…24146. Left-Sided Heart Obstructive Lesions: Aortic Valve Disease, Subvalvular and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis, Associated Disorders of the Ascending Aorta, and Coarctation…2414 6.1. Associated Lesions…2414 6.2. Recommendations for Evaluation of the Unoperated Patient…2415 6.3. Problems and Pitfalls…2415 6.4. Management Strategies for Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction and Associated Lesions…2415 6.4.1. Recommendations for Medical Therapy…2415 6.4.2. Catheter and Surgical Intervention…2416 6.4.2.1. Recommendations for Catheter Interventions for Adults With Valvular Aortic Stenosis …2416 6.4.2.2. Recommendations for Aortic Valve Repair/Replacement and Aortic Root Replacement…2416 6.5. Recommendations for Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2417 6.6. Isolated Subaortic Stenosis…2417 6.6.1. Clinical Course With/Without Previous Intervention…2417 6.7. Recommendations for Surgical Intervention…2418 6.8. Recommendations for Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2418 6.9. Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis…2418 6.9.1. Clinical Course (Unrepaired)…2418 6.10. Recommendations for Evaluation of the Unoperated Patient…2419 6.10.1. Imaging…2419 6.10.2. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging…2419 6.10.3. Cardiac Catheterization…2419 6.11. Management Strategies for Supravalvular Left Ventricular Outflow Tract…2419 6.11.1. Recommendations for Interventional and Surgical Therapy…2419 6.11.2. Recommendations for Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2419 6.11.3. Recommendations for Reproduction…2420 6.12. Aortic Coarctation…2420 6.12.1. Recommendations for Clinical Evaluation and Follow-Up…2420 6.13. Management Strategies for Coarctation of the Aorta…2420 6.13.1. Medical Therapy…2420 6.13.2. Recommendations for Interventional and Surgical Treatment of Coarctation of the Aorta in Adults…2420 6.13.3. Recommendations for Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…24217. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction…2421 7.1. Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis…2421 7.1.1. Recommendations for Evaluation of the Unoperated Patient…2421 7.1.2. Management Strategies…2421 7.1.2.1. Recommendations for Intervention in Patients With Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis…2421 7.1.3. Recommendation for Clinical Evaluation and Follow-Up After Intervention…2422 7.2. Right-Sided Heart Obstruction due to Supravalvular, Branch, and Peripheral Pulmonary Artery Stenosis…2423 7.2.1. Clinical Course…2423 7.2.2. Recommendations for Evaluation of Patients With Supravalvular, Branch, and Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis…2423 7.2.3. Recommendations for Interventional Therapy in the Management of Branch and Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis…2423 7.2.4. Recommendations for Evaluation and Follow-Up…2423 7.3. Right-Sided Heart Obstruction Due to Stenotic Right Ventricular–Pulmonary Artery Conduits or Bioprosthetic Valves…2423 7.3.1. Recommendation for Evaluation and Follow-Up After Right Ventricular–Pulmonary Artery Conduit or Prosthetic Valve…2423 7.3.2. Echocardiography…2423 7.3.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging/ Computed Tomography…2424 7.3.4. Cardiac Catheterization…2424 7.3.5. Recommendations for Reintervention in Patients With Right Ventricular–Pulmonary Artery Conduit or Bioprosthetic Pulmonary Valve Stenosis…2424 7.3.6. Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2424 7.4. Double-Chambered Right Ventricle…2424 7.4.1. Recommendations for Intervention in Patients With Double-Chambered Right Ventricle…24248. Coronary Artery Abnormalities…2424 8.1. General Recommendations for Evaluation and Surgical Intervention…2424 8.2. Recommendations for Coronary Anomalies Associated With Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis…2424 8.3. Recommendation for Coronary Anomalies Associated With Tetralogy of Fallot…2425 8.3.1. Preintervention Evaluation…2425 8.4. Recommendation for Coronary Anomalies Associated With Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries After Arterial Switch Operation…2425 8.4.1. Clinical Course…2425 8.4.2. Clinical Features and Evaluation After Arterial Switch Operation…2425 8.5. Recommendations for Congenital Coronary Anomalies of Ectopic Arterial Origin…2425 8.5.1. Definition, Associated Lesions, and Clinical Course…2426 8.6. Recommendations for Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery…2426 8.7. Management Strategies…2426 8.7.1. Surgical Intervention…2426 8.7.2. Surgical and Catheterization-Based Intervention…2426 8.8. Recommendations for Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula…2426 8.9. Recommendations for Management Strategies…2426 8.9.1. Preintervention Evaluation After Surgical or Catheterization-Based Repair…24279. Pulmonary Hypertension/Eisenmenger Physiology…2427 9.1. Clinical Course…2427 9.1.1. Dynamic Congenital Heart Disease– Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension…2427 9.2. Recommendations for Evaluation of the Patient With Congenital Heart Disease– Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension…2427 9.2.1. Dynamic Congenital Heart Disease– Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension…2427 9.2.2. Eisenmenger Physiology…2427 9.3. Management Strategies…2428 9.3.1. Recommendations for Medical Therapy of Eisenmenger Physiology…2428 9.4. Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2428 9.4.1. Recommendations for Reproduction…2428 9.4.2. Recommendations for Follow-Up…242910. Tetralogy of Fallot…2429 10.1. Clinical Course (Unrepaired)…2429 10.1.1. Presentation as an Unoperated Patient…2429 10.2. Recommendations for Evaluation and Follow-Up of the Repaired Patient…2429 10.2.1. Recommendation for Imaging…2430 10.3. Recommendations for Diagnostic and Interventional Catheterization for Adults With Tetralogy of Fallot…2430 10.3.1. Branch Pulmonary Artery Angioplasty…2430 10.4. Recommendations for Surgery for Adults With Previous Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot…2430 10.5. Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2431 10.5.1. Recommendations for Arrhythmias: Pacemaker/Electrophysiology Testing…243111. Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries…2431 11.1. Recommendation for Evaluation of the Operated Patient With Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries…2432 11.1.1. Clinical Features and Evaluation of Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries After Baffle Procedure…2432 11.1.2. Imaging for Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries After Atrial Baffle Procedure…2432 11.1.3. Cardiac Catheterization…2432 11.2. Clinical Features and Evaluation of Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries After Arterial Switch Operation…2433 11.2.1. Recommendations for Imaging for Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries After Arterial Switch Operation…2433 11.2.2. Recommendation for Cardiac Catheterization After Arterial Switch Operation…2433 11.3. Clinical Features and Evaluation of Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries After Rastelli Operation…2433 11.4. Recommendations for Diagnostic Catheterization for Adults With Repaired Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries…2433 11.5. Recommendations for Interventional Catheterization for Adults With Dextro- Transposition of the Great Arteries …2433 11.6. Recommendations for Surgical Interventions…2434 11.6.1. After Atrial Baffle Procedure (Mustard, Senning)…2434 11.6.2. After Arterial Switch Operation…2434 11.6.3. After Rastelli Procedure…2434 11.6.4. Reoperation After Atrial Baffle Procedure…2435 11.6.5. Reoperation After Arterial Switch Operation …2435 11.6.6. Other Reoperation Options…2435 11.7. Recommendations for Electrophysiology Testing/Pacing Issues in Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries…2435 11.8. Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2435 11.8.1. Recommendations for Endocarditis Prophylaxis…2435 11.8.2. Recommendation for Reproduction…243612. Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries…2436 12.1. Associated Lesions…2436 12.2. Presentation in Adulthood: Unoperated…2436 12.3. Recommendations for Evaluation and Follow-Up of Patients With Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries…2436 12.4. Interventional Therapy…2437 12.4.1. Recommendations for Catheter Interventions…2437 12.4.2. Recommendations for Surgical Intervention…2437 12.5. Recommendations for Postoperative Care…2437 12.5.1. Recommendations for Endocarditis Prophylaxis…2437 12.5.2. Recommendation for Reproduction…243813. Ebstein's Anomaly…2438 13.1. Initial Adult Presentation…2438 13.2. Clinical Features and Evaluation of the Unoperated Patient…2438 13.3. Recommendation for Evaluation of Patients With Ebstein's Anomaly…2438 13.4. Recommendations for Diagnostic Tests…2438 13.5. Management Strategies…2439 13.5.1. Recommendation for Medical Therapy…2439 13.6. Recommendation for Catheter Interventions for Adults With Ebstein's Anomaly…2439 13.6.1. Recommendation for Electrophysiology Testing/Pacing Issues in Ebstein's Anomaly…2439 13.6.2. Recommendations for Surgical Interventions…2439 13.7. Problems and Pitfalls…2440 13.8. Recommendation for Reproduction…2440 13.9. Recommendation for Endocarditis Prophylaxis…244014. Tricuspid Atresia/Single Ventricle…2440 14.1. Clinical Course (Unoperated and Palliated)…2440 14.2. Recommendation for Catheterization Before Fontan Procedure…2440 14.3. Recommendation for Surgical Options for Patients With Single Ventricle…2441 14.4. Recommendation for Evaluation and Follow-Up After Fontan Procedure…2441 14.5. Recommendation for Imaging…2441 14.6. Recommendation for Diagnostic and Interventional Catheterization for Adults After Fontan Procedure…2442 14.7. Recommendations for Management Strategies for the Patient With Prior Fontan Repair…2442 14.7.1. Recommendations for Medical Therapy…2442 14.8. Recommendations for Surgery for Adults With Prior Fontan Repair…2442 14.9. Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up…2443 14.9.1. Recommendations for Electrophysiology Testing/Pacing Issues in Single-Ventricle Physiology and After Fontan Procedure…2443 14.9.2. Recommendations for Endocarditis Prophylaxis…2443 14.9.3. Recommendations for Reproduction…2443Appendix 1.…2444Appendix 2.…2445References…2447PreambleIt is important that the medical profession play a central role in critically evaluating the use of diagnostic procedures and therapies introduced and tested for detection, management, or prevention of disease. Rigorous, expert analysis of the available data documenting absolute and relative benefits and risks of these procedures and therapies can produce guidelines that improve the effectiveness of care, optimize patient outcomes, and favorably affect the cost of care by focusing resources on the most effective strategies.The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have jointly engaged in the production of guidelines in the area of cardiovascular disease since 1980. The American College of Cardiology (ACC)/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines is charged with developing, updating, and revising practice guidelines for cardiovascular diseases and procedures and directs this effort. Writing committees are charged with assessing the evidence as an independent group of authors to develop, update, or revise recommendations for clinical practice.Experts in the subject under consideration have been selected from both organizations to examine subject-specific data and write guidelines in partnership with representatives from other medical practitioner and specialty groups. Writing committees are specifically charged to perform a formal literature review, weigh the strength of evidence for or against particular treatments or procedures, and include estimates of expected health outcomes where data exist. Patient-specific modifiers, comorbidities, and issues of patient preference that might influence the choice of tests or therapies are considered, as well as the frequency of follow-up and cost-effectiveness. When available, information from studies on cost is considered, but data on efficacy and clinical outcomes constitute the primary basis for recommendations in these guidelines.The ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines makes every effort to avoid actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that might arise as a result of industry relationships or personal interests among the writing committee. Specifically, all members of the writing committee, as well as peer reviewers of the document, are asked to disclose all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest. Writing committee members are also strongly encouraged to declare previous relationships with industry that might be perceived as relevant to guideline development. If a writing committee member develops a new relationship with industry during their tenure, they are required to notify guideline staff in writing. These statements are reviewed by the parent task force, reported orally to all members at each meeting of the writing committee, and updated and reviewed by the writing committee as changes occur. Please refer to the methodology manual for ACC/AHA guideline writing committees for further description of the relationships with industry policy.1 See Appendix 1 for author relationships with industry and Appendix 2 for peer reviewer relationships with industry pertinent to this guideline.These practice guidelines are intended to assist healthcare providers in clinical decision making by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches for diagnosis, management, and prevention of specific diseases or conditions. Clinicians should consider the quality and availability of expertise in the area where care is provided. These guidelines attempt to define practices that meet the needs of most patients in most circumstances. The recommendations reflect a consensus of expert opinion after a thorough review of the available current scientific evidence and are intended to improve patient care.Patient adherence to prescribed and agreed upon medical regimens and lifestyles is an important aspect of treatment. Prescribed courses of treatment in accordance with these recommendations are only effective if they are followed. Because lack of patient understanding and adherence may adversely affect outcomes, physicians and other healthcare providers should make every effort to engage the patient's active participation in prescribed medical regimens and lifestyles.If these guidelines are used as the basis for regulatory or payer decisions, the goal is quality of care and serving the patient's best interest. The ultimate judgment regarding care of a particular patient must be made by the healthcare provider and the patient in light of all of the circumstances presented by that patient. There are circumstances in which deviations from these guidelines are appropriate.The guidelines will be reviewed annually by the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines and considered current unless they are updated, revised, or withdrawn from distribution. The Executive Summary and Recommendations are published in the December 2, 2008, issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology and the December 2, 2008, issue of Circulation. The full-text guidelines are e-published in the same issue of these journals and posted on the ACC (www.acc.org) and AHA (http://my.americanheart. org) World Wide Web sites.Sidney C. Smith, Jr, MD, FACC, FAHAChair, ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines1. Introduction1.1. Methodology and Evidence ReviewThe recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence-based. Unlike other ACC/AHA practice guidelines, there is not a large body of peer-reviewed published evidence to support most recommendations, which will be clearly indicated in the text. An extensive literature survey was conducted that led to the incorporation of 647 references. Searches were limited to studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted in human subjects and published in English. Key search words included but were not limited to adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), atrial septal defect, arterial switch operation, bradycardia, cardiac catheterization, cardiac reoperation, coarctation, coronary artery abnormalities, cyanotic congenital heart disease, Doppler-echocardiography, d-transposition of the great arteries, Ebstein's anomaly, Eisenmenger physiology, familial, heart defect, medical therapy, patent ductus arteriosus, physical activity, pregnancy, psychosocial, pulmonary arterial hypertension, right heart obstruction, supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, surgical therapy, tachyarrhythmia, tachycardia, tetralogy of Fallot, transplantation, tricuspid atresia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White. Additionally, the writing committee reviewed documents related to the subject matter previously published by the ACC and AHA. References selected and published in this document are representative and not all-inclusive.The committee reviewed and ranked evidence supporting current recommendations with the weight of evidence ranked as Level A if the data were derived from multiple randomized clinical trials involving a large number of individuals. The committee ranked available evidence as Level B when data were derived from a limited number of trials involving a comparatively small number of patients or from well-designed data analyses of nonrandomized studies or observational data registries. Evidence was ranked as Level C when the consensus of experts was the primary source of the recommendation. In the narrative portions of these guidelines, evidence is generally presented in chronological order of development. Studies are identified as observational, randomized, prospective, or retrospective. The committee emphasizes that for certain conditions for which no other therapy is available, the indications are based on expert consensus and years of clinical experience and are thus well supported, even though the evidence was ranked as Level C. An analogous example is the use of penicillin in pneumococcal pneumonia where there are no randomized trials and only clinical experience. When indications at Level C are supported by historical clinical data, appropriate references (eg, case reports and clinical reviews) are cited if available. When Level C indications are based strictly on committee consensus, no references are cited. The final recommendations for indications for a diagnostic procedure, a particular therapy, or an intervention in ACHD patients summarize both clinical evidence and expert opinion. The schema for classification of recommendations and level of evidence is summarized in Table 1, which also illustrates how the grading system provides an estimate of the size of treatment effect and an estimate of the certainty of the treatment effect. Download figureDownload PowerPointTable 1. Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence*Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different subpopulations, such as gender, age, history of diabetes, history of prior myocardial infarction, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use. A recommendation with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not lend themselves to clinical trials. Even though randomized trials are not available, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective.†In 2003, the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed a list of suggested phrases to use when writing recommendations. All guideline recommendations have been written in full sentences that express a complete thought, such that a recommendation, even if separated and presented apart from the rest of the document (including headings above sets of recommendations), would still convey the full intent of the recommendation. It is hoped that this will increase readers' comprehension of the guidelines and will allow queries at the individual recommendation level.1.2. Organization of Committee and Relationships With IndustryThe ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines was formed to create clinical practice guidelines for select cardiovascular conditions with important implications for public health. This guideline writing committee was assembled to adjudicate the evidence and construct recommendations regarding the diagnosis and treatment of ACHD. Writing committee members were selected with attention to ACHD subspecialties, broad geographic representation, and involvement in academic medicine and clinical practice. The writing committee included representatives of the American Society of Echocardiography, Canadian Cardiovascular Society, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.All members of the writing committee were required to disclose all relationships with industry relevant to the data under consideration.11.3. Document Review and ApprovalThis document was reviewed by 3 external reviewers nominated from both the ACC and the AHA, as well as from the the American Society of Echocardiography, Canadian Cardiovascular Society, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Cardiac Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and 20 individual content reviewers, which included reviewers from the ACC Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology Committee and the AHA Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee. All reviewer relationships with industry information were collected and distributed to the writing committee and are published in this document (see Appendix 2 for details). The committee thanks all reviewers for their comments. Many of their suggestions were incorporated into the final document.This document was approved for publication by the governing bodies of the ACCF and the AHA and endorsed by the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.1.4. Epidemiology and Scope of the ProblemRemarkable improvement in survival of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has occurred over the past half century since reparative surgery has become commonplace. Since the advent of neonatal repair of complex lesions in the 1970s, an estimated 85% of patients survive into adult life. The 32nd Bethesda Conference report in 2000 estimated that there were approximately 800 000 adults with CHD in the United States.2,3 Given modern surgical mortality rates of less than 5%, one would expect that in the next decade, almost 1 in 150 young adults will have some form of CHD. In particular, there are a substantial number of young adults with single-ventricle physiology, systemic right ventricles, or complex intracardiac baffles who are now entering adult life and starting families. Young adults have many psychological, social, and financial issues that present barriers to proactive health management. The infrastructure that is provided to most pediatric cardiology centers, namely, case management by advanced practice nurses and social workers, is largely lacking within the adult healthcare system. Recognizing the compound effects of a complex and unfamiliar disease with an unprepared patient and healthcare system, the ACC/AHA ACHD Guideline Writing Committee has determined that the most immediate step it can take to support the practicing cardiologist in the care of ACHD patients is to provide a consensus document that outlines the most important diagnostic and management strategies and indicates when referral to a highly specialized center is appropriate. To provide ease of use, the writing committee constructed this document by lesion type and in each section included recommendations on topics common to all lesions (eg, infective endocarditis [IE] prophylaxis, pregnancy, physical activity, and medical therapy).1.5. Recommendations for Delivery of Care and Ensuring AccessClass I1. The focus of current healthcare access goals for ACHD patients should include the following: a. Strengthening organization of and access to transition clinics for adolescents and young adults with CHD, including funding of allied healthcare providers to provide infrastructure comparable to that provided for children with CHD. (Level of Evidence: C) b. Organization of ou