Recently, Fricker et al1Fricker M. Gibson P.G. Powell H. Simpson J.L. Yang I.A. Upham J.W. et al.A sputum 6-gene signature predicts future exacerbations of poorly controlled asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 144: 51-60.e11Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar reported that an expression signature in the sputum efficiently predicted exacerbations among patients with asthma, showing the greatest performance for frequent exacerbators. This signature was based on 6 genes (ALPL, CLC, CPA3, CXCR2, DNASE1L3, and IL1B) that can differentiate airway asthmatic inflammatory phenotypes. Thus, we hypothesized that genetic variation within those genes may contribute to susceptibility to exacerbations. In the United States, minority populations of African descent show the highest rates of asthma exacerbations. In fact, African ancestry is a risk factor not only for asthma in Puerto Ricans and African Americans but also for exacerbations among African Americans.2Grossman N.L. Ortega V.E. King T.S. Bleecker E.R. Ampleford E.A. Bacharier L.B. et al.Exacerbation-prone asthma in the context of race and ancestry in Asthma Clinical Research Network trials.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 144: 1524-1533Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar,3Hernandez-Pacheco N. Flores C. Oh S.S. Burchard E.G. Pino-Yanes M. What ancestry can tell us about the genetic origins of inter-ethnic differences in asthma expression.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016; 16: 53Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar Hence, we performed a candidate gene association study of asthma exacerbations in African Americans and Latinos. Details on the study populations and methods are described in the Online Repository. Genotype dosages that have an imputation quality (R2) of 0.3 or more and a minor allele frequency of 5% or more and are located within the gene limits plus or minus 100 kilobases were examined for association with asthma exacerbations. In the discovery, 1002 African American patients with asthma from the Study of African Americans, Asthma, Genes, and Environments (SAGE), 470 of whom experienced exacerbations, were analyzed (Table I). Asthma exacerbations were defined as a dichotomous variable (presence or absence) based on oral corticosteroid use, hospitalizations, or acute care due to asthma in the 12 months before study enrollment. Association testing was performed by using logistic regression models with correction for age, sex, and 2 principal components (PCs). To account for multiple comparisons, we established a Bonferroni-corrected threshold for significance based on the number of independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within each genomic region by linkage disequilibrium pruning (r 2< 0.2). Replication was evaluated in 2181 Latinos with asthma from the Genes-Environments and Admixture in Latino Americans (GALA II) study, including 1283 exacerbators (Table I). This 2-stage design provided greater than 80% statistical power to detect the association of common variants for different scenarios (see Table E1 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org).Table ICharacteristics of the subjects included in the analysesSAGE (N = 1002)GALA II (N = 2181)CharacteristicExacerbators (n = 470)Nonexacerbators (n = 532)Exacerbators (n = 1283)Nonexacerbators (n = 898)Sex (% female)229 (48.7)286 (50.4)582 (45.4)403 (44.9)Age (y), mean ± SD14.3 ± 5.6∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.14.7 ± 4.112.2 ± 3.1∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.13.4 ± 3.5African ancestry (%)79.4 ± 10.778.4 ± 12.118.9 ± 13.2∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.12.6 ± 11.9Native American ancestry (%)NANA22.9 ± 22.6∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.37.4 ± 25.5Asthma control, n (%) Well controlled60 (15.7)182 (36.8)210 (16.4)∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.431 (48.0) Partially controlled112 (29.4)150 (30.4)533 (41.5)∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.282 (31.4) Poorly controlled209 (54.9)162 (32.8)540 (42.1)∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.185 (20.6)Treatment category, n (%) Step 1111 (23.6)249 (47.1)210 (16.4)∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.431 (48.0) Step 2183 (39.0)210 (39.7)533 (41.5)∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.282 (31.4) Step 3176 (37.4)70 (13.2)540 (42.1)∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.185 (20.6)Baseline lung function FEV1 (% predicted), mean ± SD91.2 ± 11.992.4 ± 11.697.9 ± 15.7∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.103.6 ± 14.4 FVC (% predicted), mean ± SD96.5 ± 11.897.0 ± 10.9102.0 ± 16.0∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.107.3 ± 15.3 FEV1/FVC (% predicted), mean ± SD94.3 ± 8.395.3 ± 7.696.4 ± 7.6∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.97.2 ± 7.2Total serum IgE level (IU/mL), mean ± SD168.3 ± 4.9∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.139.7 ± 4.6254.0 ± 4.5∗P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls.147.4 ± 4.7FVC, Forced vital capacity; NA, not available/applicable.The severity medication regime was categorized into 3 levels based on the use of short-acting β-agonists (step 1); 1 inhaled corticosteroid, leukotriene inhibitor, or theophylline tablet (step 2); more than 1 or a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid, leukotriene inhibitor, or theophylline tablet or a combination of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β-agonists (step 3). Asthma control and treatment category were available for 875 and 999 individuals from SAGE, respectively. Asthma control and severity were available for 2181 and 2170 individuals from GALA II, respectively. FEV1 value was available for 807 and 2068 SAGE and GALA II subjects. FVC value was available for 821 participants from SAGE and 2077 subjects from GALA II. FEV1/FVC ratio was available for 804 and 2068 SAGE and GALA II subjects. Total serum IgE levels were available for 784 and 1856 SAGE and GALA II subjects.∗ P < .01 for the comparison between asthma cases with exacerbations and controls. Open table in a new tab FVC, Forced vital capacity; NA, not available/applicable. The severity medication regime was categorized into 3 levels based on the use of short-acting β-agonists (step 1); 1 inhaled corticosteroid, leukotriene inhibitor, or theophylline tablet (step 2); more than 1 or a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid, leukotriene inhibitor, or theophylline tablet or a combination of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β-agonists (step 3). Asthma control and treatment category were available for 875 and 999 individuals from SAGE, respectively. Asthma control and severity were available for 2181 and 2170 individuals from GALA II, respectively. FEV1 value was available for 807 and 2068 SAGE and GALA II subjects. FVC value was available for 821 participants from SAGE and 2077 subjects from GALA II. FEV1/FVC ratio was available for 804 and 2068 SAGE and GALA II subjects. Total serum IgE levels were available for 784 and 1856 SAGE and GALA II subjects. A total of 4089 SNPs were evaluated (see Table E2 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). Among African Americans, an intronic variant in the deoxyribonuclease 1–like 3 gene (DNASE1L3) region (Fig 1), rs67622929, exceeded the significance threshold corrected by multiple comparisons (0.05/57 independent variants [P = 8.77 × 10–4]) (odds ratio [OR] for the C allele = 1.48 [95% CI = 1.18-1.87]; P = 7.9 × 10–4; imputation R2 = 0.99). The association of rs67622929 was replicated in Latinos (OR = 1.18 [95% CI = 1.01-1.37]; P = .03; imputation R2 = 0.97). An inverse-variance weighted fixed-effect meta-analysis of effects was performed because no heterogeneity was detected (Cochran Q P = .103), revealing that the C allele was significantly associated with increased odds of exacerbations (OR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.11-1.43]; P = 2.6 × 10–4). Population stratification adjustment by African ancestry in African Americans and African and Native ancestry in Latinos, instead of PCs, revealed similar results (see Table E3 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). Furthermore, the C allele of rs67622929 was also associated with increased risk of exacerbations when adjusted by disease severity in a subset of African Americans with data available (OR = 1.40 [95% CI = 1.10-1.78]; P = 6.6 × 10–3) and Latinos (OR = 1.18 [95% CI 1.01-1.38]; P = .034), as well as in the meta-analysis (OR = 1.24 [95% CI = 1.09-1.41]; P = 1.2 × 10–3; Cochran Q P = .250). To explore whether this association was population specific, the SNP rs67622929 was evaluated for validation in individuals of European descent through online databases, and no evidence of association was found (P > .05) (see Table E4 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). However, the definition of the control group differed from that in our study, given that individuals without asthma were analyzed instead of patients with asthma who were nonexacerbators. Therefore, the association of this SNP with severe asthma exacerbations among populations of European descent cannot be fully ruled out. Next, we assessed the association of rs67622929 with asthma-related traits, including IgE levels and normalized lung function values at baseline. The linear regression models for normalized lung function values were adjusted by the 2 PCs. For log10 IgE levels, age and sex were also included as covariates. The SNP rs67622929 was not associated (P > .05) with FEV1, forced vital capacity, ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity, or IgE levels (see Table E3). According to the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database,4Lonsdale J. Thomas J. Salvatore M. Phillips R. Lo E. Shad S. et al.The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project.Nat Genet. 2013; 45: 580-585Crossref PubMed Scopus (2772) Google Scholar the C allele of rs67622929 acts as an expression quantitative trait locus that increases the expression of DNASE1L3 in several tissues, including cultured fibroblasts (pGTEX = 7.1 × 10–16) (see Fig E1, A and Table E5 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). This SNP is also a cis-splicing quantitative trait locus for DNASE3L1 in the lung (pGTEX = 9.4 × 10–9) (see Fig E1, B) and other tissues (see Table E6 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). Furthermore, rs67622929 has been linked to FLNB in naive CD8 cells trough promoter capture Hi-C, according to OpenTargets.5Koscielny G. An P. Carvalho-Silva D. Cham J.A. Fumis L. Gasparyan R. et al.Open Targets: a platform for therapeutic target identification and validation.Nucleic Acids Res. 2017; 45: D985-D994Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar FLNB is located close to DNASE1L3 (Fig 1), and it is transcribed in the opposite direction. FLNB is involved in actin, cadherin, and RNA binding, as well as in many biologic processes, including antiviral mechanisms, cellular response to IFN-γ, epithelial cell morphogenesis, and actin cytoskeleton organization. Interestingly, Flnb-deficient mice show skeletal abnormalities and decreased cellular adhesion.5Koscielny G. An P. Carvalho-Silva D. Cham J.A. Fumis L. Gasparyan R. et al.Open Targets: a platform for therapeutic target identification and validation.Nucleic Acids Res. 2017; 45: D985-D994Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar DNASE1L3 encodes an endonuclease that participates in apoptosis, clearing DNA from circulating apoptotic bodies, and it has an important role in autoimmunity protection.6Shi G. Abbott K.N. Wu W. Salter R.D. Keyel P.A. Dnase1L3 regulates inflammasome-dependent cytokine secretion.Front Immunol. 2017; 8: 522Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar Additionally, DNASE1L3 participates in different catabolic and metabolic processes, neutrophil activation, cell development, regulation of inflammasome activation, and cytokine secretion.5Koscielny G. An P. Carvalho-Silva D. Cham J.A. Fumis L. Gasparyan R. et al.Open Targets: a platform for therapeutic target identification and validation.Nucleic Acids Res. 2017; 45: D985-D994Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar,6Shi G. Abbott K.N. Wu W. Salter R.D. Keyel P.A. Dnase1L3 regulates inflammasome-dependent cytokine secretion.Front Immunol. 2017; 8: 522Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar Genetic variants from DNASE1L3 have previously been associated with neutrophil counts and systemic rheumatic diseases5Koscielny G. An P. Carvalho-Silva D. Cham J.A. Fumis L. Gasparyan R. et al.Open Targets: a platform for therapeutic target identification and validation.Nucleic Acids Res. 2017; 45: D985-D994Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar,6Shi G. Abbott K.N. Wu W. Salter R.D. Keyel P.A. Dnase1L3 regulates inflammasome-dependent cytokine secretion.Front Immunol. 2017; 8: 522Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar; however, this is the first report of an association with asthma exacerbations. Interestingly, the allele associated with risk for asthma exacerbations in our study is associated with higher DNASE1L3 expression, an effect that is in the same direction as the one described for this gene in the expression signature associated with asthma exacerbations in the previous study.1Fricker M. Gibson P.G. Powell H. Simpson J.L. Yang I.A. Upham J.W. et al.A sputum 6-gene signature predicts future exacerbations of poorly controlled asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 144: 51-60.e11Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar Additionally, DNASE1L3 is overexpressed in induced sputum from patients with eosinophilic asthma1Fricker M. Gibson P.G. Powell H. Simpson J.L. Yang I.A. Upham J.W. et al.A sputum 6-gene signature predicts future exacerbations of poorly controlled asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 144: 51-60.e11Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar,7Baines K.J. Simpson J.L. Wood L.G. Scott R.J. Fibbens N.L. Powell H. et al.Sputum gene expression signature of 6 biomarkers discriminates asthma inflammatory phenotypes.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133: 997-1007Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar and in endobronchial samples from patients with asthma compared with samples from healthy controls.8Sánchez-Ovando S. Baines K.J. Barker D. Wark P.A. Simpson J.L. Six gene and TH2 signature expression in endobronchial biopsies of participants with asthma.Immunity, Inflamm Dis. 2020; 8: 40-49Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar Despite all this evidence, the mechanistic implication of DNASE1L3 in asthma remains unclear, and functional studies are needed to disentangle it. We acknowledge some limitations of our study. First, the association of rs67622929 would not be considered significant after application of a more restrictive correction for multiple comparisons accounting for all polymorphisms tested across the 6 genomic regions (0.05/384 independent variants = 1.30 × 10–4). Second, the sample size of this study is modest compared with those of genetic studies of asthma. To our knowledge, however, this is one of the largest candidate gene association studies of severe asthma exacerbations published to date. Third, heterogeneity in genetic admixture exists in the populations analyzed. Although African Americans are descendants of African and European ancestors, Latinos also have Native American admixture, with varying proportions of each component depending on the Latino subgroup.9Bryc K. Durand E.Y. Macpherson J.M. Reich D. Mountain J.L. The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States.Am J Hum Genet. 2015; 96: 37-53Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar In this regard, ethnicity-stratified analyses revealed that the effect in Latinos was driven mainly by Mexicans and other Latinos (see Table E7 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). In conclusion, the SNP rs67622929 was associated with severe asthma exacerbations in African Americans and Latinos and showed regulatory effects over DNASE1L3 expression. The authors thank the patients, families, recruiters, health care providers, community clinics, and the study coordinator (Sandra Salazar) participating in GALA II and SAGE. The SAGE and GALA II studies are 2 ongoing case-control studies approved by the Human Research Protection Program Institutional Review Board of the University of California, San Francisco (San Francisco, Calif).E1Nishimura K.K. Galanter J.M. Roth L.A. Oh S.S. Thakur N. Nguyen E.A. et al.Early-life air pollution and asthma risk in minority children. The GALA II and SAGE II studies.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188: 309-318Crossref PubMed Scopus (156) Google Scholar The ethics approval numbers are 210362 (SAGE) and 217802 (GALA II). Whereas GALA II recruited Hispanic and Latino individuals, SAGE II focused on African Americans. For the GALA II and SAGE studies, the participants (aged 8-21 years) declared that all 4 of their grandparents were of Hispanic/Latino or African American ancestry, respectively. All participants or parents provided written consent. The same sample collection procedures, protocols, and questionnaires were used for both studies. The SAGE participants were recruited in California's San Francisco Bay Area. The GALA II participants were recruited in different centers in the United States as well as in Puerto Rico. Asthma was diagnosed by the attending physician and on the basis of reports of symptoms or use of controller or rescue medication in the 2 years preceding enrollment. Asthma exacerbations were defined as the administration of oral corticosteroids, emergency asthma care, or hospitalizations in the 12 months preceding study enrollment. Spirometry was performed with a KoKo PFT Spirometer (nSpire Health Inc, Louisville, Colo) according to American Thoracic Society recommendations (1995). Subjects with asthma were instructed to withhold their bronchodilator medications for at least 8 hours before pulmonary function testing. Baseline lung function values were normalized to obtain predicted values with the Global Lung Initiative 2012 reference equations.E2Quanjer P.H. Stanojevic S. Cole T.J. Baur X. Hall G.L. Culver B.H. et al.Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations.Eur Respir J. 2012; 40: 1324-1343Crossref PubMed Scopus (2447) Google Scholar Measurements of IgE levels were conducted in duplicate by using the ImmunoCAP 100 system (Phadia, Kalamazooo, Mich). Asthma severity was defined following the Expert Panel Report 3 guidelines for managing asthma based on the medication treatment.E3National Asthma Education and Prevention ProgramExpert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120: S94-S138Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Classification of asthma control was based on the items included in the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT)E4Liu A.H. Zeiger R. Sorkness C. Mahr T. Ostrom N. Burgess S. et al.Development and cross-sectional validation of the Childhood Asthma Control Test.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119: 817-825Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (572) Google Scholar and the Asthma Control QuestionnaireE5Juniper E.F. O'Byrne P.M. Guyatt G.H. Ferrie P.J. King D.R. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control.Eur Respir J. 1999; 14: 902-907Crossref PubMed Scopus (1626) Google Scholar based asthma nighttime symptoms, daytime symptoms, activity limitations, rescue medication use, and lung function measurements. The following questions were used to collect the data on each category: (1) In general during the past week, how much shortness of breath did the child experience because of asthma? (2) On average during the past week, how often was the child awakened by his or her asthma during the night? (3) In general during the past week, how limited was the child in his or her activities because of asthma? (4) How many times did the patient report short-acting β-agonist use in the past 2 weeks? (5) What is the FEV1 percent predicted value and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity? and (6) When was the child last prescribed oral steroids for asthma? The first 5 questions were scored as 0 (best asthma control), 1, or 2 (worst asthma control). Additionally, prescription of oral steroids for asthma was scored as 0 (>6 months ago) or 1 (≤6 months ago). The maximum score across the 5 domains was used to define asthma control with a score of 0 (very well controlled), 1 (not well controlled), or 2 (very poorly controlled). Genotyping was performed with the Axiom LAT1 array (World Array 4, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, Calif), as previously described,E6White M.J. Risse-Adams O. Goddard P. Contreras M.G. Adams J. Hu D. et al.Novel genetic risk factors for asthma in African American children: precision medicine and the SAGE II study.Immunogenetics. 2016; 68: 391-400Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, E7Pino-Yanes M. Gignoux C.R. Galanter J.M. Levin A.M. Campbell C.D. Eng C. et al.Genome-wide association study and admixture mapping reveal new loci associated with total IgE levels in Latinos.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135: 1502-1510Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar and a subset of additional samples was also genotyped with the Axiom LAT1 Array Plus HLA.E8Genes-environments and Admixture in Latino Asthmatics (GALA II) GWAS Study.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs001274.v1.p1Date: 2015Date accessed: May 12, 2019Google Scholar Quality control was performed as described elsewhere.E6White M.J. Risse-Adams O. Goddard P. Contreras M.G. Adams J. Hu D. et al.Novel genetic risk factors for asthma in African American children: precision medicine and the SAGE II study.Immunogenetics. 2016; 68: 391-400Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, E7Pino-Yanes M. Gignoux C.R. Galanter J.M. Levin A.M. Campbell C.D. Eng C. et al.Genome-wide association study and admixture mapping reveal new loci associated with total IgE levels in Latinos.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135: 1502-1510Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar Imputation was carried out by using the Haplotype Reference ConsortiumE9McCarthy S. Das S. Kretzschmar W. Delaneau O. Wood A.R. Teumer A. et al.A reference panel of 64,976 haplotypes for genotype imputation.Nat Genet. 2016; 48: 1279-1283Crossref PubMed Scopus (957) Google Scholar as the reference population in the Michigan Imputation Server. Global ancestry proportions were estimated by using the software program ADMIXTURE,E10Alexander D.H. Novembre J. Lange K. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals.Genome Res. 2009; 19: 1655-1664Crossref PubMed Scopus (2929) Google Scholar assuming African and European parental populations for African Americans and European, African, and Native American populations for Hispanics/Latinos. Reference haplotypes from parental populations were estimated from genotyping data from the European (CEU) and African (YRI) samples from the HapMap Project Phase III, which were downloaded from the Axiom Genotype Data Set (https://www.thermofisher.com/es/es/home/life-science/microarray-analysis/microarray-data-analysis/microarray-analysis-sample-data/axiom-genotype-data-set.html). For the Native American population, 71 individuals genotyped by using the Axiom LAT1 array (Affymetrix) were used as a reference, as described elsewhere.E7Pino-Yanes M. Gignoux C.R. Galanter J.M. Levin A.M. Campbell C.D. Eng C. et al.Genome-wide association study and admixture mapping reveal new loci associated with total IgE levels in Latinos.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135: 1502-1510Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar Association of genetic variants and phenotypes was tested through the logistic Wald test for binary traits and linear Wald test for quantitative measures by using EPACTS, version 3.2.6.E11Kang H.M. EPACTS (Efficient and Parallelizable Association Container Toolbox).https://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/EPACTSDate: 2016Date accessed: August 10, 2019Google Scholar In the discovery stage, the number of independent variants was determined by using PLINK,E12Chang C.C. Chow C.C. Tellier L.C.A.M. Vattikuti S. Purcell S.M. Lee J.J. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets.Gigascience. 2015; 4Crossref Scopus (2901) Google Scholar version 1.9, through a pruning procedure to exclude variants in linkage disequilibrium, retaining those with an r2 value less than 0.2 within a 50-kb window and 5-SNP window shift for each candidate region. This r2 threshold was selected on the basis of the findings of Sobota et alE13Sobota R.S. Shriner D. Kodaman N. Goodloe R. Zheng W. Gao Y.T. et al.Addressing population-specific multiple testing burdens in genetic association studies.Ann Hum Genet. 2015; 792: 136-147Crossref Scopus (33) Google Scholar for populations of African ancestry indicating that other thresholds are overly conservative and result in a reduced statistical power to detect associations in these populations. Meta-analyses were performed with the METASOFT software tool.E14Han B. Eskin E. Random-effects model aimed at discovering associations in meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies.Am J Hum Genet. 2011; 88: 586-598Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (279) Google Scholar Genetic heterogeneity was assessed by means of the I2 and Cochran Q tests. Power calculations were performed by using the software CATs, version 0.0.2,E15Skol A.D. Scott L.J. Abecasis G.R. Boehnke M. Joint analysis is more efficient than replication-based analysis for two-stage genome-wide association studies.Nat Genet. 2006; 38: 209-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (990) Google Scholar for a 2-stage case-control study, assuming a severe asthma exacerbation prevalence of 55%, as observed in the populations analyzed and different values of minor allele frequency (range 10%-50%) and genotype relative risk (range 1.2-2.0). In silico validation of the significant genetic variants in European populations was performed using public online databases, including data from the UK Biobank based on the SAIGE analysis of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-derived traitsE16UKBiobank ICD PheWebAnalysis of 1403 ICD-based traits using SAIGE.http://pheweb.sph.umich.edu/SAIGE-UKB/pheno/495.2Date: 2020Date accessed: June 11, 2020Google Scholar and the Neale lab GWAS round 2E17GWAS round 2 results. Neale lab.http://www.nealelab.is/uk-biobankDate: 2018Date accessed: June 11, 2020Google Scholar, as well as data from the Michigan Genomics Initiative.E18MGI freeze2 PheWeb.http://pheweb.sph.umich.edu/pheno/495.2Date: 2020Date accessed: June 11, 2020Google Scholar Evidence of significant expression quantitative trait loci and cis-splicing quantitative trait loci was queried in the GTEx, version 8, database.E19Lonsdale J. Thomas J. Salvatore M. Phillips R. Lo E. Shad S. et al.The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project.Nat Genet. 2013; 45: 580-585Crossref PubMed Scopus (3195) Google Scholar Lung tissue and fibroblasts were considered biologically relevant tissues and cells for asthma exacerbations,E20Westergren-Thorsson G. Larsen K. Nihlberg K. Andersson-Sjöland A. Hallgren O. Marko-Varga G. et al.Pathological airway remodelling in inflammation.Clin Respir J. 2010; 4S1: 1-8Crossref Scopus (59) Google Scholar given its involvement in airway inflammation and remodeling,E21Descalzi D. Folli C. Scordamaglia F. Riccio A.M. Gamalero C. Canonica G.W. Importance of fibroblasts-myofibroblasts in asthma-induced airway remodeling.Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2007; 1: 237-241Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, E22Reeves S.R. Barrow K.A. Kolstad T.K. White M.P. Rich L.M. Wight T.N. et al.Fibroblast gene expression following asthmatic bronchial epithelial cell conditioning correlates with epithelial donor lung function and exacerbation history.Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 15768Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar which has an important role in this phenotype. GRR, Genotype relative risk. Statistical power was obtained by using CATs, version 0.0.2, comparing different minor allele frequency values and GRRs, for a mean prevalence of severe asthma exacerbations of 55%, as observed in the populations analyzed in this case-control study. Values of statistical power of 80% or higher than are highlighted in boldface. The Bonferroni-like threshold was calculated as the 0.05/number of independent variants located within each gene limit plus or minus 100 kb. FVC, Forced vital capacity. GWAS, Genome-wide association study; HRC, Haplotype Reference Consortium; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; KGP, 1000 Genomes project; MGI, Michigan Genomics Initiative; SE, SE of the β-estimate. NES, Normalized effect size. The NES magnitude has no direct biologic interpretation at the GTEx portal.E19Lonsdale J. Thomas J. Salvatore M. Phillips R. Lo E. Shad S. et al.The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project.Nat Genet. 2013; 45: 580-585Crossref PubMed Scopus (3195) Google Scholar ID, Identifier; NES, normalized effect size. The NES magnitude has no direct biologic interpretation in GTEx.E19Lonsdale J. Thomas J. Salvatore M. Phillips R. Lo E. Shad S. et al.The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project.Nat Genet. 2013; 45: 580-585Crossref PubMed Scopus (3195) Google Scholar MAF, Minor allele frequency.