A paramutation occurs between two alleles in the same locus, when one allele induces a heritable mutation in another allele without modifying the DNA sequence; now, in Drosophila, a paramutation is shown to be transmissible over generations. Paramutations are epigenetic interactions between two alleles at a given locus, in which one allele induces a heritable modification of the other without modifying the DNA sequence. Working in Drosophila, Augustin de Vanssay et al. show that clusters of P-element-derived transgenes that induce a strong trans-silencing effect (TSE) can convert other homologous transgene clusters incapable of TSE into strong silencers, which in turn transmit the acquired silencing capacity. The paramutation is mediated by maternal inheritance of cytoplasm-carrying Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) homologous to the transgenes. They show that the paramutated cluster is converted into a stable, strong piRNA-producing locus and becomes fully paramutagenic itself. Thus the authors provide a genetic model for the emergence of piRNA loci, as well as for RNA-mediated trans-generational repression of transposable elements. A paramutation is an epigenetic interaction between two alleles of a locus, through which one allele induces a heritable modification in the other allele without modifying the DNA sequence1,2. The paramutated allele itself becomes paramutagenic, that is, capable of epigenetically converting a new paramutable allele. Here we describe a case of paramutation in animals showing long-term transmission over generations. We previously characterized a homology-dependent silencing mechanism referred to as the trans-silencing effect (TSE), involved in P-transposable-element repression in the germ line3,4,5. We now show that clusters of P-element-derived transgenes that induce strong TSE6,7 can convert other homologous transgene clusters incapable of TSE into strong silencers, which transmit the acquired silencing capacity through 50 generations. The paramutation occurs without any need for chromosome pairing between the paramutagenic and the paramutated loci, and is mediated by maternal inheritance of cytoplasm carrying Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) homologous to the transgenes. The repression capacity of the paramutated locus is abolished by a loss-of-function mutation of the aubergine gene involved in piRNA biogenesis, but not by a loss-of-function mutation of the Dicer-2 gene involved in siRNA production. The paramutated cluster, previously producing barely detectable levels of piRNAs, is converted into a stable, strong piRNA-producing locus by the paramutation and becomes fully paramutagenic itself. Our work provides a genetic model for the emergence of piRNA loci, as well as for RNA-mediated trans-generational repression of transposable elements.