We have identified a new human cDNA, L-amino acid transporter-2 (LAT-2), that induces a system L transport activity with 4F2hc (the heavy chain of the surface antigen 4F2, also named CD98) in oocytes. Human LAT-2 is the fourth member of the family of amino acid transporters that are subunits of 4F2hc. The amino acid transport activity induced by the co-expression of 4F2hc and LAT-2 was sodium-independent and showed broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids, as well as bulky analogs (e.g. BCH (2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid)). This transport activity was highlytrans-stimulated, suggesting an exchanger mechanism of transport. Expression of tagged N-myc-LAT-2 alone in oocytes did not induce amino acid transport, and the protein had an intracellular location. Co-expression of N-myc-LAT-2 and 4F2hc gave amino acid transport induction and expression of N-myc-LAT-2 at the plasma membrane of the oocytes. These data suggest that LAT-2 is an additional member of the family of 4F2 light chain subunits, which associates with 4F2hc to express a system L transport activity with broad specificity for zwitterionic amino acids. Human LAT-2 mRNA is expressed in kidney >>> placenta ≫ brain, liver > spleen, skeletal muscle, heart, small intestine, and lung. Human LAT-2 gene localizes at chromosome 14q11.2–13 (13 cR or ∼286 kb from marker D14S1349). The high expression of LAT-2 mRNA in epithelial cells of proximal tubules, the basolateral location of 4F2hc in these cells, and the amino acid transport activity of LAT-2 suggest that this transporter contributes to the renal reabsorption of neutral amino acids in the basolateral domain of epithelial proximal tubule cells. We have identified a new human cDNA, L-amino acid transporter-2 (LAT-2), that induces a system L transport activity with 4F2hc (the heavy chain of the surface antigen 4F2, also named CD98) in oocytes. Human LAT-2 is the fourth member of the family of amino acid transporters that are subunits of 4F2hc. The amino acid transport activity induced by the co-expression of 4F2hc and LAT-2 was sodium-independent and showed broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids, as well as bulky analogs (e.g. BCH (2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid)). This transport activity was highlytrans-stimulated, suggesting an exchanger mechanism of transport. Expression of tagged N-myc-LAT-2 alone in oocytes did not induce amino acid transport, and the protein had an intracellular location. Co-expression of N-myc-LAT-2 and 4F2hc gave amino acid transport induction and expression of N-myc-LAT-2 at the plasma membrane of the oocytes. These data suggest that LAT-2 is an additional member of the family of 4F2 light chain subunits, which associates with 4F2hc to express a system L transport activity with broad specificity for zwitterionic amino acids. Human LAT-2 mRNA is expressed in kidney >>> placenta ≫ brain, liver > spleen, skeletal muscle, heart, small intestine, and lung. Human LAT-2 gene localizes at chromosome 14q11.2–13 (13 cR or ∼286 kb from marker D14S1349). The high expression of LAT-2 mRNA in epithelial cells of proximal tubules, the basolateral location of 4F2hc in these cells, and the amino acid transport activity of LAT-2 suggest that this transporter contributes to the renal reabsorption of neutral amino acids in the basolateral domain of epithelial proximal tubule cells. L-amino acid transporter y+ L-amino acid transporter heavy chain of the cell surface antigen 4F2 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid related to bo,+ amino acid transporter polymerase chain reaction open reading frame nucleotide base pair(s) kilobase or kilobase pair(s) Tris-buffered saline Stanford Human Genome Center expressed sequence tag Last year, three amino acid transporter cDNAs (LAT-1, y+LAT-1, and y+LAT-2)1 were identified as subunits of the heavy chain of the cell surface antigen 4F2 (4F2hc, also named CD98) (1Kanai Y. Segawa H. Miyamoto K. Uchino H. Takeda E. Endou H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629-23632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar, 2Mastroberardino L. Spindler B. Pfeiffer R. Skelly PJ. Loffing J. Shoemaker CB Verrey F. Nature. 1998; 395: 288-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar, 3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). These subunits co-express amino acid transport activity with 4F2hc in oocytes (i.e. system L for LAT-1, and system y+L for y+LAT-1 and y+LAT-2) (1Kanai Y. Segawa H. Miyamoto K. Uchino H. Takeda E. Endou H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629-23632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar, 2Mastroberardino L. Spindler B. Pfeiffer R. Skelly PJ. Loffing J. Shoemaker CB Verrey F. Nature. 1998; 395: 288-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar, 3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar, 4Pfeiffer R. Rossier G. Spindler B. Meier C. Kühn L. Verrey F. EMBO J. 1999; 18: 49-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar). The role of this family of proteins in amino acid transport has recently been demonstrated by the fact that mutations in the y + LAT-1 gene cause lysinuric protein intolerance, an inherited amino aciduria due to a defective renal reabsorption mechanism of dibasic amino acids (5Torrents D. Mykkänen J. Pineda M. Feliubadaló L. Estévez R. De Cid R. Sanjurjo P. Zorzano A. Nunes V. Huoponen K. Reinikainen A. Simell O. Savontaus M.L. Aula P. Palacı́n M. Nat. Genet. 1999; 21: 293-296Crossref PubMed Scopus (232) Google Scholar, 6Borsani G. Bassi M.T. Sperandeo M.P. De Grandi A. Buoninconti A. Riboni M. Incerti B. Pepe A. Andria G. Ballabio A. Sebastio G. Nat. Genet. 1999; 21: 297-301Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar). The structural and functional similarities between 4F2hc and its homologous protein rBAT suggest that a member of this family of subunits might be the subunit of rBAT needed to fully express the amino acid transport system bo,+ activity (reviewed in Refs. 7Palacı́n M. Estévez R. Zorzano A. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1998; 10: 455-461Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholarand 8Palacı́n M. Estévez R. Bertran J. Zorzano A. Physiol. Rev. 1998; 78: 969-1054Crossref PubMed Scopus (708) Google Scholar). After the identification of rBAT as the Type I cystinuria gene (9Calonge M.J. Gasparini P. Chillarón J. Chillón M. Gallucci M. Rousaud F. Zelante L. Testar X. Dallapiccola B. Di Silverio F. Barceló P. Estivill X. Zorzano A. Nunes V. Palacı́n M. Nat. Genet. 1994; 6: 420-425Crossref PubMed Scopus (344) Google Scholar), this subunit is a good candidate for non-Type I cystinuria (7Palacı́n M. Estévez R. Zorzano A. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1998; 10: 455-461Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar). A search throughout gene data bases suggests that there may be as many as four new human members of the family of subunits of 4F2hc and rBAT. Kanai and co-workers (1Kanai Y. Segawa H. Miyamoto K. Uchino H. Takeda E. Endou H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629-23632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar) identified rat LAT-1 (also known as TA1) by co-expression cloning with 4F2hc in oocytes. The co-expressed transport activity shows clear characteristics of the amino acid transport system L: high affinity (K m in the low μmrange), sodium-independent, and trans-stimulated transport for large zwitterionic amino acids. Some of these characteristics have also been demonstrated for the human (E16, Ref. 2Mastroberardino L. Spindler B. Pfeiffer R. Skelly PJ. Loffing J. Shoemaker CB Verrey F. Nature. 1998; 395: 288-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar) and Xenopus laevis orthologs of LAT-1 (ASUR4, Ref. 2Mastroberardino L. Spindler B. Pfeiffer R. Skelly PJ. Loffing J. Shoemaker CB Verrey F. Nature. 1998; 395: 288-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar; IU12, Ref. 3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). System L is almost ubiquitous (10Christensen H.N. Physiol. Rev. 1990; 70: 43-77Crossref PubMed Scopus (953) Google Scholar), and variants of system L have been described (11Weissbach L. Handlogten M.E. Christensen H.N. Kilberg M.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 12006-12011Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 12Gandolfi S.A. Maier J.A.M. Petronini P.G. Wheeler K.P. Borghetti A.F. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1987; 904: 29-35Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar). The expression of rat LAT-1 is not ubiquitous, and it is not present in tissues such as kidney and liver (1Kanai Y. Segawa H. Miyamoto K. Uchino H. Takeda E. Endou H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629-23632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar), which suggests that homologs of LAT-1 might encode system L amino acid transporter variants. In this study we have identified the fourth human member (LAT-2) of this family of amino acid transporters. LAT-2 does not induce transport of amino acids in oocytes when it is injected alone, but a variant of system L transport activity (i.e. with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids) is co-expressed when LAT-2 is injected with 4F2hc. We demonstrate here that co-expression of LAT-2 with 4F2hc brings the former to the oocyte plasma membrane. Its expression in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule suggests a role of LAT-2/4F2hc in the renal reabsorption of neutral amino acids. For PCR amplification, first-strand cDNA was synthesized from 5 μg of total RNA purified from opossum kidney (13Koyama H. Goodpasture C. Miller M.M. Teplitz R.L. Riggs A.D. In Vitro. 1978; 14: 239-246Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar) cells using SuperScript II kit (Life Technologies, Inc.). Two degenerate forward and reverse primers were designed based on two highly conserved regions among the first known members of this family of amino acid transporters. PCR amplification, subcloning into pGEM-T easy vector (Promega), and sequencing were carried out as described elsewhere (3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). The open reading frame (ORF) of LAT-2 was obtained from two partial human LAT-2 cDNA clones (IMAGE No. 322502 and No. 267204). Clone 322502 was cut with NotI and AvrII to create the 5′-end fragment of LAT-2 (from nt 1 to 1152 of the LAT-2 cDNA). Clone 267204 was digested with EcoRI and AvrII to create the 3′-end fragment of the LAT-2 coding sequence (nt 1152 to 3′-end of the LAT-2 cDNA) ligated to the pT7T3D vector. Both fragments were ligated to create a LAT-2 cDNA fragment covering the ORF (5′-end to nt 2050; see Fig. 1) in pT7T3D vector. To improve expression in oocytes, an SspI-NotI fragment of LAT-2 was cloned into pNKS2-myc NotI vector (a gift from G. Schmalzing; Ref. 14Gloor S. Pongs O. Schmalzing G. Gene (Amst.). 1995; 160: 213-217Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). To create an N-myc-tagged LAT-2 cDNA, pT7T3D-LAT-2 was PCR-amplified with primers M13 forward (16-mer) and 5′-ACGTCTAGTCGACATGGAAGAAGGAGCCAGGCAC-3′ (containing aSalI site and the first 21 nt of the ORF of LAT-2). The PCR product was digested with SalI and NotI. The resulting fragment of LAT-2 was cloned into pNKS2-myc NotI. The N-myc-tagged LAT-2 cDNA was tested by sequencing. All sequences carried out in this work were performed in both directions with d-rhodamine dye terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (Perkin-Elmer). The sequence reactions were analyzed with an Abi Prism 377 DNA sequencer. Oocyte origin, management, and injections were as described elsewhere (15Bertran J. Werner A. Moore M.L. Stange G. Markovich D. Biber J. Testar X. Zorzano A. Palacı́n M. Murer H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 5601-5605Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar, 16Bertran J. Magagnin S. Werner A. Markovich D. Biber J. Testar X. Zorzano A. Kühn L.C. Palacı́n M. Murer H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 5606-5610Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar). Defolliculated stage VI X. laevis oocytes were injected with 10 ng/oocyte human 4F2hc, human LAT-2, N-myc-LAT-2, orX. laevis IU12 cRNA. Synthesis of human 4F2hc cRNA (17Teixeira S. Di Grandi S. Kühn L.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 9574-9580Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) was as described (18Estévez R. Camps M. Rojas A.M. Testar X. Devés R. Hediger M. Zorzano A. Palacı́n M. FASEB J. 1998; 12: 1319-1329Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar). X. laevis LAT-1 (i.e. IU12) was a gift from Y. B. Shi (19Liang V. Sedgwick T. Shi Y.B. Cell Res. 1997; 7: 179-193Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar), and the cRNA was synthesized as described elsewhere (3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). Human LAT-2 cRNA was obtained by cutting the cDNA with NotI and using T7 polymerase. Influx rates of l-[3H]arginine,l-[3H]leucine,l-[3H]alanine, andl-[3H]glutamine (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) were measured in 100 mm NaCl or 100 mmCholineCl medium at the indicated number of days after injection and under linear conditions as described (15Bertran J. Werner A. Moore M.L. Stange G. Markovich D. Biber J. Testar X. Zorzano A. Palacı́n M. Murer H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 5601-5605Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar). Amino acid transport rates obtained with oocytes injected with water (50 nl) were similar to those of noninjected oocytes (data not shown). Forl-[3H]isoleucine efflux measurements, groups of five cRNA-injected or noninjected oocytes were incubated with 50 μm l-[3H]isoleucine (3 μCi/μl) for the indicated period of time (see legend to Fig. 7). Efflux was measured as described elsewhere (20Chillarón J. Estévez R. Mora C. Wagner C.A. Suessbrich H. Lang F. Gelpı́ J.L. Testar X. Busch A.E. Zorzano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17761-17770Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar). Amino acid or nucleotide sequence homology search and the prediction of transmembrane segments of LAT-2 were performed as indicated elsewhere (3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). A human adult poly(A+) membrane from CLONTECH (Palo Alto, CA) was used. The insert of clone 267204 was separated from the pT7T3D vector byNotI-EcoRI digestion. This ∼1-kb DNA fragment was purified, labeled with [α-32P]dCTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) using a random oligonucleotide-priming labeling kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and used as a probe. Hybridization and washing conditions were as recommended by CLONTECH. In these conditions, y+LAT-1 and y+LAT-2 cRNAs were not detected (data not shown). Sense and antisense cRNA probes were labeled with digoxigenin-11-UTP (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) by transcription of a LAT2 fragment (1–310 nt of the contig shown in Fig.1) contained in the pT7T3D vector. The transcription reactions were set up at room temperature by mixing 7.5 μl of double-distilled water treated with diethyl pyrocarbonate, 1 μl of linearized template cDNA (1 μg), 4 μl of 5× transcription buffer (Promega), 2 μl of NTPmix (10 mm ATP, CTP, GTP, 6.5 mm UTP, 3.5 mm digoxigenin-11-UTP, Roche Molecular Biochemicals), 1 μl of RNAsin (30.6 units/μl, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and 2 μl of RNA polymerase (T7 or T3, 15 units/μl, Promega). Labeling reactions were performed at 37 °C for 2 h and stopped by incubation with 2 μl of RNase-free DNase (10 units/μl, Stratagene) for 15 min at 37 °C. cRNA fragments were precipitated overnight with 1/10 vol of 4 m LiCl and 2.5 volumes of ethanol at −80 °C. The precipitated cRNA was recovered in 10 μl of double-distilled water treated with diethyl pyrocarbonate. Fresh human kidney was fixed in 4% paraformaldheyde, 0.1 mphosphate buffer and kept at 4 °C before use. Thereafter, the sections were washed in 0.1 m phosphate buffer (2 h, room temperature) and dehydrated with 70, 90, and 100% alcohol, alcohol/xylene (v/v), and xylene (2 h for each). Pieces were embedded in paraffin. 5-μm sections were cut on a Leica RM 2135 microtome and mounted on silenized slides (Perkin-Elmer). Sections were deparaffined with xylene and hydrated with 100, 90, and 70% ethanol and double-distilled water treated with diethyl pyrocarbonate, permeabilized with proteinase K (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) (1 μg/ml) in Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 8 (3 min, 37 °C), 0.2 N HCl (20 min, room temperature), and washed twice in 2× SSC solution (30 min, room temperature). The hybridization step was carried out with a solution containing 50% formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 2× SSC solution, 1× Denhardt's solution, 400 ng/μl denatured salmon sperm DNA, and denatured (4 min, 70 °C) sense or antisense probes (5 ng/μl) for 16 h at 42 °C in a moist chamber. The sections were then washed in 4× SSC solution containing 45% formamide (2 min, room temperature), 0.1× SSC (1 h, 37 °C), digested with 20 μg/ml RNase A (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) (30 min, room temperature), and washed in 0.1× SSC solution (5 min, room temperature). Sections were rinsed twice in Tris-buffered saline (TBS), pH 7.5 (10 min, room temperature), blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in TBS (30 min, room temperature), and incubated overnight with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody (1:500) (Biocell, Cardiff, UK). They were then washed in TBS, pH 7.5 (10 min, room temperature), and TBS, pH 9.5, containing 50 mmMgCl2 (10 min, room temperature) and developed with nitroblue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). Slides were examined on an Olympus microscope. Chromosome mapping was done using the Stanford Human Genome Center G3 radiation hybrid panel (medium resolution). DNA samples of this panel, along with total genomic DNA and pT7T3-249835 (used as a positive control), were PCR screened for the presence of the genomic sequences flanked by the primers 12D (5′-GGCATCTCTCTTCCTAATG-3′) and 7R (5′-GCCAATGCTCTCCTCAGT-3′), which are located in the 3′-untranslated region of the cDNA. PCR amplifications were carried out in a Perkin-Elmer 9600 thermocycler as described elsewhere (3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). Amplification conditions were as follows: 35 cycles of denaturing (94 °C, 30 s), annealing (58 °C, 40 s), and extension (74 °C, 30 s). PCR results were transformed into zeros (for no amplification) and ones (for positive amplification) and submitted to the radiation hybrid mapping e-mail server at the Stanford Human Genome Center (SHGC). The resulting chromosomal location, referred to a SHGC marker, was obtained automatically via e-mail from this server. Groups of five oocytes were prepared for immunofluorescence 2 days after injection with 10 ng/oocyte human 4F2hc or N-myc-LAT-2 cRNA, alone or in combination. Oocytes were placed in 500 mm3 cryomolds (Tissue-Tek, Miles Inc., Elkhart, IN), sliced, fixed, and permeabilized as described elsewhere (18Estévez R. Camps M. Rojas A.M. Testar X. Devés R. Hediger M. Zorzano A. Palacı́n M. FASEB J. 1998; 12: 1319-1329Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar). Slices were incubated with monoclonal antibody 9E10 anti-myc (ATCC, Manassas, VA), diluted 1/500 in 10% phosphate-buffered saline, at room temperature for 1 h. Slices were washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline, incubated with 7.5 μg/ml Texas red-conjugated goat anti-mouse (Molecular Probes, Leiden, The Netherlands) at room temperature for 1 h, washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline, and mounted in Immunofluore (ICN, Madrid, Spain). Our goal was to identify any new member of the amino acid transporter-related family expressed in the kidney and potentially involved in reabsorption of amino acids. For this purpose, reverse transcription-PCR amplification of total RNA from opossum kidney cells was performed with degenerated primers as described for the identification of y+LAT-1 (3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). Electrophoretic analysis of the PCR reaction showed one band of 286 bp, which was subcloned into pGEMT-easy vector and amplified in Escherichia coli. The deduced amino acid sequence of one clone (b2c2) showed a significant degree of identity to the amino acid transporter-related proteins: 46, 45, 43, 41, and 43% with human y+LAT-1 and y+LAT-2 and Xenopus, rat, and human LAT-1, respectively. This homology is compatible with the assumption that b2c2 is part of a cDNA corresponding to a new member of this family. By using the same computer approach (BLAST and EST Cluster Assembly Machine) as we recently used for the identification of y+LAT-1 (3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar), a human EST (W39098, IMAGE clone 322502) that shows homology with the b2c2 fragment (92% identity in the amino acid sequence) was identified. Subsequently, EST W39098 was used to identify two other ESTs from the same cluster (N23973 and H84042, from IMAGE clones 267204 and 249835, respectively). Sequences of these overlapping EST clones revealed a 3′-polyadenylated cDNA contig (LAT-2) of 3733 bp (Fig. 1). The first ATG codon lies within a good consensus initiation sequence (5′-GAAGG) (21Kozak M. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 19867-19870Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The ORF continues to the first stop codon (TGA) at base 1827 and codes for a protein of 535 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 58,577 Da. The nucleotide sequences of EST clones 322502, 267204, and 249835 and LAT-2 cDNA have been deposited in the GenBank™/EBI data base (accession numbers AF135828, AF135829, AF135830, andAF135831, respectively). A multiple sequence alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of human LAT-2, LAT-1, y+LAT-1, and y+LAT-2 is shown in Fig. 2. Human LAT-2 shows an amino acid sequence identity of 50, 44, and 45% to human LAT-1, y+LAT-1 and y+LAT-2, respectively. Hydrophobicity studies show 12 transmembrane domains with both C- and N-terminal segments intracytoplasmatic, which is the same protein structure suggested for the other members of this family (1Kanai Y. Segawa H. Miyamoto K. Uchino H. Takeda E. Endou H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629-23632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar, 2Mastroberardino L. Spindler B. Pfeiffer R. Skelly PJ. Loffing J. Shoemaker CB Verrey F. Nature. 1998; 395: 288-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar, 3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar, 19Liang V. Sedgwick T. Shi Y.B. Cell Res. 1997; 7: 179-193Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar). Only the consensus for the position of the transmembrane segment III can vary for the proteins presented in Fig. 2. There is only one putative N-glycosylation site (Fig. 2, boxed) between the putative transmembrane segments VIII and IX. In our predicted model this segment is cytoplasmic and cannot be glycosylated. This finding is in full agreement with previous expression studies with rat and human LAT-1 (1Kanai Y. Segawa H. Miyamoto K. Uchino H. Takeda E. Endou H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629-23632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar, 2Mastroberardino L. Spindler B. Pfeiffer R. Skelly PJ. Loffing J. Shoemaker CB Verrey F. Nature. 1998; 395: 288-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar). 4F2hc is associated with its subunits in a disulfide bond-dependent manner (2Mastroberardino L. Spindler B. Pfeiffer R. Skelly PJ. Loffing J. Shoemaker CB Verrey F. Nature. 1998; 395: 288-291Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar, 3Torrents D. Estévez R. Pineda M. Fernández E. Lloberas J. Shi Y.-B. Zozano A. Palacı́n M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32437-32445Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar, 4Pfeiffer R. Rossier G. Spindler B. Meier C. Kühn L. Verrey F. EMBO J. 1999; 18: 49-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar, 22Mannion B.A. Kolesnikova T.V. Lin S.H. Wang S. Thompson N.L. Hemler M.E. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33127-33129Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar) through cysteine residue 109 of human 4F2hc (18Estévez R. Camps M. Rojas A.M. Testar X. Devés R. Hediger M. Zorzano A. Palacı́n M. FASEB J. 1998; 12: 1319-1329Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar) and cysteine residue 164 of XenopusLAT-1 (23Pfeiffer R. Spindler B. Loffing J. Skelly P.J. Shoemaker C.B. Verrey F. FEBS Lett. 1998; 439: 157-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar). This cysteine residue is conserved in all human 4F2 light chains including LAT-2 (cysteine residue 154) (Fig. 2). The human LAT-2 gene was chromosome-mapped by using a radiation hybrid panel (see “Experimental Procedures”) with primers corresponding to the 3′-untranslated region of the LAT-2 cDNA. From this screening we obtained 16 positive and 66 negative results. Chromosome mapping results, obtained from the SGHC server, linked Lat-2, with a logarithem odds score of 12.6, to a distance of 13 cR (286 kb) from the marker SHGC-13507 (D14S1349). The nearest centromeric marker to this one, marker SHGC-6999 (X52889), is located at chromosome 14q11.2–13. cRNA from LAT-2 was injected into oocytes alone or in combination with an equimolar quantity of human 4F2hc cRNA and tested for amino acid transport (Fig. 3). 4F2hc alone induced, as previously reported (16Bertran J. Magagnin S. Werner A. Markovich D. Biber J. Testar X. Zorzano A. Kühn L.C. Palacı́n M. Murer H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 5606-5610Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 18Estévez R. Camps M. Rojas A.M. Testar X. Devés R. Hediger M. Zorzano A. Palacı́n M. FASEB J. 1998; 12: 1319-1329Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar, 24Wells R.G. Lee W. Kanay Y. Leiden J.M. Hediger M.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 15285-15288Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 25Magagnin S. Bertran J. Werner A. Markovich D. Biber J. Palacı́n M. Murer H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 15384-15390Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 26Fey Y.-J. Prasad P.D. Leibach F.H. Ganapathy V. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 8744-8751Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 27Yao S.Y. Muzyka W.R. Elliot J.F. Cheeseman C.I. Young J.D. Biochem. J. 1998; 330: 745-752Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar), y+L amino acid transport activity (i.e. sodium-independentl-arginine transport and sodium-dependentl-leucine transport). LAT-2 alone induced weakly sodium-independent l-leucine transport. Interestingly, when 4F2hc and LAT-2 were co-injected, the induction ofl-arginine transport was lower than that induced by 4F2hc alone, whereas the induction of sodium-independentl-leucine transport increased dramatically (Fig. 3). From four independent experiments the average co-expression ofl-leucine transport relative to the induction of 4F2hc alone was 30-fold (ranging from 6- to 100-fold). The co-expression of leucine transport by 4F2hc and LAT-2 is sodium-independent, suggesting induction of a system L-type amino acid transport activity (Fig. 3). Kinetic analysis revealed an apparentK m of 221 ± 54 μm for the transport of l-leucine induced by 4F2hc/LAT-2 (data not shown). To further characterize the uptake activity co-expressed by LAT-2 and 4F2hc, we measured the inhibition of sodium-independent leucine uptake by different amino acids at a 100-fold excess concentration (5 mm). Fig. 4 shows the inhibition pattern for the transport activity induced by LAT-2 and 4F2hc compared with that induced by X. laevis LAT-1 and 4F2hc. These results showed clearly that the transport activity induced by 4F2hc/LAT-2 and 4F2hc/LAT-1 is restricted to zwitterionic amino acids. The pattern of inhibition in the case of X. laevisLAT-1, restricted to large zwitterionic amino acids and analogs (i.e. BCH), is in full agreement with the pattern described for rat LAT-1 (1Kanai Y. Segawa H. Miyamoto K. Uchino H. Takeda E. Endou H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629-23632Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (876) Google Scholar). In contrast, 4F2hc/LAT-2-induced transport activity was also practically abolished by small zwitterionic amino acids (i.e. glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, and cysteine), and it is clearly inhibited by glutamine and asparagine. To demonstrate transport of small zwitterionic amino acids via this variant of system L, the uptake of 50 μm l-[3H]alanine was determined in oocytes expressing 4F2hc/LAT-2 or 4F2hc/LAT-1. Interestingly, co-expression of 4F2hc/LAT-2 in oocytes, but not of 4F2hc/LAT-1, resulted in the induction of l-alanine transport above background (i.e. noninjected or 4F2hc-injected oocytes) (Fig.5 a). Kinetic analysis of this transport revealed an apparent K m of 978 ± 142 μm (Fig. 5 b). Similarly to alanine, 4F2hc/LAT-2 induced sodium-indepen