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A Parental Bonding Instrument

Gordon Parker et al.Mar 1, 1979

British Journal of Medical PsychologyVolume 52, Issue 1 p. 1-10 A Parental Bonding Instrument Gordon Parker, Corresponding Author Gordon ParkerGordon Parker, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Rozelle, NSW 2039, Australia.Search for more papers by this authorHilary Tupling, Corresponding Author Hilary TuplingGordon Parker, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Rozelle, NSW 2039, Australia.Search for more papers by this authorL. B. Brown, L. B. Brown School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033.Search for more papers by this author Gordon Parker, Corresponding Author Gordon ParkerGordon Parker, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Rozelle, NSW 2039, Australia.Search for more papers by this authorHilary Tupling, Corresponding Author Hilary TuplingGordon Parker, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Rozelle, NSW 2039, Australia.Search for more papers by this authorL. B. Brown, L. B. Brown School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033.Search for more papers by this author First published: March 1979 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.xCitations: 2,346AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume52, Issue1March 1979Pages 1-10 RelatedInformation

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The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Task Force Report on Antidepressant Use in Bipolar Disorders

Isabella Pacchiarotti et al.Sep 13, 2013

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Parental Characteristics in Relation to Depressive Disorders

Gordon ParkerFeb 1, 1979

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Using a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument) patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group, and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group as well. Bipolar manic-depressive patients scored like controls whereas neurotic depressives reported less parental care and greater maternal overprotection. Depressive experience in the non-clinical group was negatively associated with low parental care and weakly associated with parental overprotection.

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The Life Skills Profile: A Measure Assessing Function and Disability in Schizophrenia

Alan Rosen et al.Jan 1, 1989

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We review limitations of representative measures of function and disability associated with schizophrenia and specify requirements of a suitable measure for service evaluation: It should reliably and validly assess constructs relevant to survival, function, and adaptation in the community. Additionally, it should be brief, comprise specific and jargon-free items assessing distinct behaviors, and therefore be capable of completion by family members and community housing managers as well as by professional staff. The initial development of such a measure, the 39-item Life Skills Profile (LSP), with its five scales, is described. We report data to suggest that it is likely to be a measure of considerable utility both in research studies and in defining and assessing clinical services.

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Reduced hippocampal volumes and memory loss in patients with early- and late-onset depression

Ian Hickie et al.Mar 1, 2005

Background Hippocampal volume reduction has been reported inconsistently in people with major depression. Aims To evaluate the interrelationships between hippocampal volumes, memory and key clinical, vascular and genetic risk factors. Method Totals of 66 people with depression and 20 control participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and clinical assessment. Measures of depression severity, psychomotor retardation, verbal and visual memory and vascular and specific genetic risk factors were collected. Results Reduced hippocampal volumes occurred in older people with depression, those with both early-onset and late-onset disorders and those with the melancholic subtype. Reduced hippocampal volumes were associated with deficits in visual and verbal memory performance. Conclusions Although reduced hippocampal volumes are most pronounced in late-onset depression, older people with early-onset disorders also display volume changes and memory loss. No clear vascular or genetic risk factors explain these findings. Hippocampal volume changes may explain how depression emerges as a risk factor to dementia.

Internal Medicine

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Parental 'Affectionless Control' as an Antecedent to Adult Depression

Gordon ParkerSep 1, 1983

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The view that depressives perceive themselves as having been exposed to an insufficiency of parental care and to parental overprotection was confirmed in a case-control study of 125 neurotic depressives, using a subjective measure of perceived parental characteristics, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). An interaction effect was noted, with the depressives scoring the same-sexed parent more deviantly. A discriminant analysis established that low parental care scale scores were the best discriminators, with raw care scores of less than 10 being highly sensitive in discriminating depressives from controls. Sixty-seven percent of the patients and 37% of the controls scored one or both parents to the "affectionless control" (low care--high protection) PBI quadrant, representing a relative risk of 3.4. It is concluded that the PBI delineates and quantifies a risk factor to certain grades of depressive experience.

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Implications of Childhood Trauma for Depressed Women: An Analysis of Pathways From Childhood Sexual Abuse to Deliberate Self-Harm and Revictimization

Gemma Gladstone et al.Jul 30, 2004

Human Factors And Ergonomics

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Personality as a Vulnerability Factor to Depression

Philip Boyce et al.Jul 1, 1991

One hundred and forty non-depressed primiparous women in a stable relationship completed two personality measures (the EPI and the IPSM) antenatally, and were then assessed for depression at several times post-natally. The risk of depression at six months was increased up to tenfold by high interpersonal sensitivity and threefold by high neurotic ism. When previously depressed women were excluded from analyses, high interpersonal sensitivity and, to a lesser extent, high neuroticism were still associated with an increased risk of being depressed. Interpersonal sensitivity, as measured, is suggested as a refined personality risk factor to both the onset and recurrence of depression.

Internal Medicine

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Parental reports of depressives

Gordon ParkerJun 1, 1981

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Associations linking parental reports of low care and/or overprotection with several grades of depressive experience have been reported in a number of studies. Three non-causal explanations of those associations are examined in the present paper: that depression levels might influence judgement of parental characteristics, that reported parental characteristics may not reflect actual parental characteristics, and that those with a potentially depressive temperament of dependency might elicit less parental care and greater parental overprotection. Varying levels of depression in a clinical group did not influence scores on a self-report measure of parental characteristics, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Subjects' scores on the PBI (i.e. perceived parental characteristics) correlated significantly with scores returned by family observers and judges in 2 separate studies, supporting the validity of the PBI as a measure of actual parental characteristics. Depression scores in subjects were strongly linked with lower maternal care and with maternal overprotection, whether the maternal characteristics were judged by the subjects or by the mothers themselves. There was no evidence to support the view that those with marked dependency traits elicit different parental responses.

Genetics

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Life events, first depression onset and the serotonin transporter gene

Kay Wilhelm et al.Feb 28, 2006

A relationship between the serotonin transporter gene, adverse events and onset of major depression has been reported.To replicate a gene x environment interaction in a cohort with longitudinal data for life events, experience of depression, parental bonding and neuroticism.At the 25-year follow-up, genomic DNA was obtained from 127 cohort members (mean age 48 years) to determine the genotype of the serotonin transporter gene-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Associations were investigated between the 5-HTTLPR genotype, positive and adverse life events and the gene x environment interaction, and also between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and risk factors for depression.No relationship was found between 5-HTTLPR genotype and either risk factors for depression or positive life events. Adverse life events had a significantly greater impact on the onset of depression for individuals with the s/s genotype.The 5-HTTLPR genotype is a significant predictor of onset of major depression following multiple adverse events. This is one of the more robust findings concerning specific biological risk factors for depression.

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Genetics

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