By using a GFP reporter protein expressed selectively in neural stem cells in a mouse model of glioblastoma, a small subset of GFP-positive glioma cells is shown to be responsible for re-growth of tumours after chemotherapy. In a mouse model of glioblastoma, Luis Parada and colleagues use a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter protein expressed selectively in neural stem cells — in which the tumours arise — to trace cancer cells in an endogenous setting. The reporter labelled a small subset of glioma cells that were less proliferative than the bulk of the tumour cells. However, the GFP+ cells were responsible for re-growth of the tumours after treatment with the cytotoxic drug temozolomide. Selective ablation of the GFP+ cells combined with temozolomide was more effective at arresting tumour growth. The GFP+ cells appear to be at the apex of a functional hierarchy of cancer cells so may represent cancer stem cells — a subset of tumour cells able to maintain tumour growth. Targeting both this population and the more proliferative bulk of cancer cells may lead to improved therapeutic outcome. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary malignant brain tumour, with a median survival of about one year1. This poor prognosis is due to therapeutic resistance and tumour recurrence after surgical removal. Precisely how recurrence occurs is unknown. Using a genetically engineered mouse model of glioma, here we identify a subset of endogenous tumour cells that are the source of new tumour cells after the drug temozolomide (TMZ) is administered to transiently arrest tumour growth. A nestin-ΔTK-IRES-GFP (Nes-ΔTK-GFP) transgene that labels quiescent subventricular zone adult neural stem cells also labels a subset of endogenous glioma tumour cells. On arrest of tumour cell proliferation with TMZ, pulse-chase experiments demonstrate a tumour re-growth cell hierarchy originating with the Nes-ΔTK-GFP transgene subpopulation. Ablation of the GFP+ cells with chronic ganciclovir administration significantly arrested tumour growth, and combined TMZ and ganciclovir treatment impeded tumour development. Thus, a relatively quiescent subset of endogenous glioma cells, with properties similar to those proposed for cancer stem cells, is responsible for sustaining long-term tumour growth through the production of transient populations of highly proliferative cells.