Article1 March 2000free access Properties of lipid microdomains in a muscle cell membrane visualized by single molecule microscopy Gerhard J. Schütz Gerhard J. Schütz Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Gerald Kada Gerald Kada Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Vassili Ph. Pastushenko Vassili Ph. Pastushenko Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Hansgeorg Schindler Corresponding Author Hansgeorg Schindler Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Gerhard J. Schütz Gerhard J. Schütz Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Gerald Kada Gerald Kada Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Vassili Ph. Pastushenko Vassili Ph. Pastushenko Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Hansgeorg Schindler Corresponding Author Hansgeorg Schindler Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria Search for more papers by this author Author Information Gerhard J. Schütz1, Gerald Kada1, Vassili Ph. Pastushenko1 and Hansgeorg Schindler 1 1Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2000)19:892-901https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.5.892 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info The lateral motion of single fluorescence labeled lipid molecules was imaged in native cell membranes on a millisecond time scale and with positional accuracy of ∼50 nm, using ‘single dye tracing’. This first application of single molecule microscopy to living cells rendered possible the direct observation of lipid-specific membrane domains. These domains were sensed by a lipid probe with saturated acyl chains as small areas in a liquid-ordered phase: the probe showed confined but fast diffusion, with high partitioning (∼100-fold) and long residence time (∼13 s). The analogous probe with mono-unsaturated chains diffused predominantly unconfined within the membrane. With ∼15 saturated probes per domain, the locations, sizes, shapes and motions of individual domains became clearly visible. Domains had a size of 0.7 μm (0.2–2 μm), covering ∼13% of total membrane area. Both the liquid-ordered phase characteristics and the sizes of domains match properties of membrane fractions described as detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), strongly suggesting that the domains seen are the in vivo correlate of DRMs and thus may be identified as lipid rafts. Introduction The lateral organization of the plasma membrane of cells has found a revisited interpretation since the postulation of lipid rafts as structural and functional units for membrane-targeted signaling (Simons and Ikonen, 1997). One support for the raft concept came from the biochemical evidence that certain lipids are not extractable from lysates of cells by non-ionic detergents (Brown and Rose, 1992). Detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) are membrane fractions rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (Sargiacomo et al., 1993; Melkonian et al., 1995; Anderson, 1998). These properties of DRMs indicate that they may originate from lipid microdomains in the plasma membrane with the need for further physical and functional definition of the in vivo correlate of DRMs. It has been suggested that caveolae, morphologically well established invaginations of the plasma membrane (Chang et al., 1994; Parton, 1996; Thyberg et al., 1997; Anderson, 1998), represent a subclass within the operationally defined detergent-resistant fractions (Schnitzer et al., 1995; Harder and Simons, 1997; Brown and London, 1998). They are functional units for folate uptake and cholesterol regulation (Anderson et al., 1992; Fielding and Fielding, 1995). The size of these caveolae (∼50 nm) is, however, smaller than the sizes of DRMs in electron micrographs (Brown and Rose, 1992; Schnitzer et al., 1995). Further support for the existence of rafts came from recent microscopy experiments (reviewed by Jacobson and Dietrich, 1999). While lipid rafts are known to exist, they have not yet been clearly physically described in terms of size, shape and dynamics, of affinities of membrane components for rafts and their dynamic regulation, and of their relationship to the actin-based cytoskeleton. This is approached here by applying novel fluorescence microscopy, which attains the sensitivity and speed for repeated imaging of single molecules in their motional path (single dye tracing, SDT; Schmidt et al., 1996). So far, research at the single fluorophore level using fluorescence labeled biomolecules has focused on mechanistic studies (for a review, see Weiss, 1999), ranging from studying motor proteins (Funatsu et al., 1995; Sase et al., 1995; Ishijima et al., 1998) to enzymatic reactions (Lu et al., 1998), or on protein mapping on erythrocytes (Enderle et al., 1997). The present report is the pilot application of single fluorescent molecule microscopy to a living cell. In previous studies using lipid membranes, the potentials of SDT have been demonstrated for analyzing diffusion, co-localization and stoichiometries of single fluorescence labeled molecules (for a review, see Schmidt et al., 1999). We now show that SDT enables us to image single lipid probe molecules in vivo and to follow their motion on a millisecond time scale with sub-wavelength lateral positioning within ∼50 nm. This is used to search for lipid microdomains or rafts in the plasma membrane of human coronary artery smooth muscle (HASM) cells, as areas of confinement and enrichment of a particular probe molecule. Obvious choices for a suitable probe are constituent molecules of DRMs or rafts. Based on findings that lipids and lipidated components in DRMs or rafts have consistently saturated acyl chains (Schroeder et al., 1994; Brown and London, 1998), we chose a saturated lipid probe molecule [DMPE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine)-Cy5] for this investigation, and a mono-unsaturated lipid probe [DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine)-Cy5] for comparison. Images of DMPE-Cy5 in HASM cell membranes provided clear evidence for the existence of lipid microdomains with direct visualization of domain properties. This, and the complementary evidence of no significant preference of DOPE-Cy5 for the domains, strongly suggests that the domains seen are the in vivo correlate of DRMs. Results Imaging of single lipid probes Figure 1A shows a light microscope image of a HASM cell chosen for studying single lipid diffusion in a plasma membrane. Fluorescence labeled lipids (DOPE-Cy5 and/or DMPE-Cy5) were inserted via lipid exchange between lipid vesicles and the plasma membrane of the HASM cell. For fluorescence imaging of the lipids, the focal plane of the excitation light with ∼1.6 μm focal depth was adjusted to a sufficiently flat area of the top membrane, of normally 10 × 10 μm size (5 × 5 μm in Figure 1A). The fluorescence image (Figure 1B) shows a clearly resolved peak with a signal-to-background noise ratio of 15 at an illumination time of 5 ms. Figure 1.Single lipid imaging in a cell membrane. (A) White light image of an HASM cell pre-treated with DOPE-Cy5 as probe lipid at a magnification of 40×. The square at the center of the cell indicates the area selected for fluorescence imaging. (B) The fluorescence image of this area was taken at 100× magnification, yielding a clearly resolved fluorescent peak of a single DOPE-Cy5 molecule. (C) Probability density of the single molecule fluorescence intensity taken from 933 observations of 291 molecules of DOPE-Cy5. The mean value of = 161 ± 3 counts agrees perfectly with the value for the single molecule intensity measured in artificial lipid membranes. The low background signal (dotted line, ×10) allows for single molecule detection with a high signal-to-noise ratio of = 23. Download figure Download PowerPoint In order to confirm that this peak originates from a single lipid probe molecule, we compared the average intensity of many observed peaks for both lipid probes with the predicted intensity known from studying Cy5-labeled lipids in model membranes. The fluorescence intensity for 5 ms illumination of 933 peaks observed in HASM cell membranes gave the distribution shown in Figure 1C. The mean fluorescence intensity is =161 ± 3 counts, which is in perfect agreement with the single molecule signal of DMPE-Cy5 found for a lipid bilayer environment permitting safe determination of the unitary intensity for reference (Trabesinger, 1997). The background signal, included in Figure 1C, has a standard deviation of seven counts, which is only 2–3 counts larger than the noise generated during the read-out process of the camera. This shows that the contribution from the background fluorescence of the cell is sufficiently low for clear single dye tracing. The resulting average signal-to-noise ratio for detecting single lipid probes in HASM cell membranes is = 161/7 = 23. This value allows for the determination of the lateral position of the molecules to within 54 nm (Bobroff, 1986; Schütz et al., 1997), which represents the resolution of lipid probe motion in trajectories of peak positions for repeated illumination (for 5 ms each throughout this study). Tracing the insertion of a single lipid probe and its lateral motion The transfer process of a single lipid probe from a lipid vesicle into the plasma membrane was observed directly (Figure 2). Figure 2A shows the three main stages of this process. On the top, a vesicle prepared to contain 4 ± 2 DMPE-Cy5 lipid probe molecules (see Materials and methods) just touches the focal plane, as judged from the low intensity peak seen. After 70 ms, the vesicle has attached to the membrane and becomes visible as a high intensity signal of 745 counts, which indicates the presence of five lipid probes in the vesicle. The next observation, at 105 ms, shows the vesicle peak with reduced intensity (621 counts), where adjacent to it a second peak of 120 counts appeared, indicating that one of the five lipid probes has been inserted into the plasma membrane during the vesicle–membrane encounter time of <105 ms. Clear evidence for this was obtained from following the motions of both the vesicle and the single probe, by repeated imaging every 35 ms. Figure 2B shows the trajectories of the vesicle and of the probe molecule (limited to 14 images for technical reasons, cf. Materials and methods). The size of the data points represents the accuracy of positioning of the probe molecule and the vesicle within each image. Both trajectories start from the same position and then separate (positions 3 and 4 correspond to the second and third image in Figure 2A). It can clearly be seen that the vesicle resides at the membrane, indicating attractive vesicle–membrane interactions. Analysis of its trajectory by a routine algorithm (Schmidt et al., 1995) yields a two-dimensional Brownian motion of the vesicle with a diffusion constant of D = 3.0 ± 0.1 μm2/s. Apparently, the attractive interactions also lead to a reduction of the surface mobility of the vesicle since for its free diffusion in the aqueous space a value of ∼25 μm2/s is predicted (Huang and Mason, 1978). Figure 2.Insertion of a single lipid probe molecule into the plasma membrane of an HASM cell. (A) The fluorescence image shows an area of 10 × 10 μm on the top surface of the cell. A very small number of vesicles containing DMPE-Cy5 as probe lipid were applied. In the first image, only a small fluorescence signal can be observed, corresponding to a vesicle entering the focal plane of the objective. After 70 ms, the vesicle, which can be observed as a bright spot, has attached to the membrane. After another 35 ms, a second, much smaller fluorescence signal appears, which represents the unitary intensity of a single DMPE-Cy5 molecule. (B) The trajectories of the lipid molecule (●) and the vesicle (○) have been constructed from a sequence of 14 consecutive images with a delay of 35 ms. Before lipid insertion, positions (2) and (3), vesicle and lipid probe are still co-localized. After insertion, positions (4)–(14), the two trajectories reveal a much higher mobility of the vesicle compared with the lipid molecule. The images corresponding to positions (3) and (4) are shown in (A). Download figure Download PowerPoint The trajectory of the lipid probe (DMPE-Cy5) reveals two features of interest. The overall motion is far from being random, but appears to be restricted to an area of ∼500 nm size. This confinement of the probe to an area, however, does not impede fast mobility within this area since the displacements between consecutive positions in the trajectory of Figure 2B were characterized by a relatively high diffusion constant of D = 0.9 ± 0.2 μm2/s. A saturated lipid probe (DMPE-Cy5) senses fluid microdomains Inspection of a large number of trajectories of single DMPE-Cy5 molecules showed that fast but restricted diffusion is a general characteristic of this lipid probe in HASM cell membranes. For this, the cell membranes were loaded with the lipid probe to a concentration of ∼1 probe/50 μm2 (cf. Materials and methods), and areas 10 μm in size were imaged repeatedly. In Figure 3, the data from 145 trajectories are summarized by plotting the mean square displacements, , for each time lag in the trajectories. values do not increase linearly with the time lag as would be predicted for free Brownian diffusion. Instead, displacements show a maximum value, as expected for restricted diffusion. The data are well fitted by assuming free diffusion within a square area of size L surrounded by an impermeable barrier (Kusumi et al., 1993). Best fit (solid line) yielded a mean domain size of L = 700 ± 20 nm and a diffusion constant of D =0.60 ± 0.04 μm2/s for lipid probe motion within the domain. In this model, D represents the initial slope of the curve (dotted line) and L the maximum value of (dashed line). For comparison, we determined L and D from maximum likelihood analysis of the mean displacements, resulting in L = 620 ± 30 nm and D =0.94 ± 0.13 μm2/s. Finally, in a particular set of experiments (square data points in Figure 3), single lipid trajectories were recorded for alternating short (12 ms) and long (212 ms) delay times, thus focusing on fast short-range diffusion and on restricted long-range motion, for the same molecules. The match of these data with the curve of best fit further strengthens the conclusion that this lipid probe occurs (with at least high preference) in confinement areas of ∼620–700 nm in size within which it moves with a relatively high diffusion constant of 0.6–0.9 μm2/s. Figure 3.Mobility of single DMPE-Cy5 lipid molecules. The mean square displacement, , as a function of the time lag shows saturation for tlag >100 ms. A total of 145 trajectories of different single molecules have been analyzed (●), yielding a diffusion constant D = 0.6 ± 0.04 μm2/s for lipid probe motion within the domain (dotted line) and a domain size of 700 ± 20 nm (dashed line), when the data are fitted to the model of restricted diffusion (solid line). Mean square displacements of 43 molecules for alternating short (12 ms) and long (212 ms) time lags are included (▪). Download figure Download PowerPoint An unsaturated lipid probe (DOPE-Cy5) predominantly diffuses within the membrane When applying the same experimental protocol to a lipid with mono-unsaturated acyl chains (DOPE-Cy5), the single lipid trajectories revealed a qualitatively different mode of motion compared with DMPE-Cy5, which has saturated acyl chains. Figure 4 shows the data from 291 trajectories of single DOPE-Cy5 lipids. Displacements increase monotonously with increasing delay time. The increase is not strictly linear as would be expected for Brownian diffusion. In a logarithmic plot (see the insert of Figure 4), the relationship is linear, according to ∝ t alag with α = 0.87 ± 0.02. This increase without any saturation within the accessible range of lag times clearly shows that at least most of the DOPE-Cy5 probes are freely diffusing within the cell membrane. Figure 4.Mobility of single DOPE-Cy5 lipid molecules. The mean square displacement, , as a function of the time lag is shown for the data from 291 single molecule trajectories. In the insert, a double-logarithmic plot of the apparent diffusion constant Dapp = /4tlag is shown as a function of the time lag. It is fitted to the model of anomalous subdiffusion ∝ t alag (full line in both graphs) yielding an exponent α = 0.87 ± 0.02. Download figure Download PowerPoint Properties of microdomains: size, shape, mobility and occurrence The evidence so far for the existence of lipid microdomains was obtained from the behavior of single molecules in time. This analysis, based on sequential observation in time, was complemented by the alternative approach of studying the behavior of small ensembles of lipid probes at the same time. For this, the concentration of inserted lipid probe DMPE-Cy5 was increased ∼100 times compared with the single probe studies, resulting in average densities of a few probes per square micrometer. Images for 5 ms illumination time now showed not single molecules but single domains, as seen in Figure 5A. This directly confirms that the probe molecules are highly localized in domains that contain, on average, 15 lipid probes. The density of the probe had been set to this value since it allowed both for best contrast and for sufficient smooth images of the domains (sufficient overlap of the images of the individual probes distributed over the domain area). The apparent variability of domain shape made an estimate of the mean domain size difficult. Therefore, each domain was characterized by a value for the area, A, enclosed by a contour line taken at half of the peak intensity of the respective domain. The domain size, d, was estimated according to d = 2 √A/π − d0, where d0 = 270 nm corrects for the widening of the domain size by diffraction (see the black lines in Figure 5). The resulting sizes of 22 domains found on one cell are plotted in Figure 5B. The mean domain size is 710 nm, in perfect agreement with the value obtained from single probe trajectories. However, the histogram shows that the majority of values distribute about a smaller ‘typical size’ of 500 nm, with two sizes at much larger values. Such large deviations from the ‘typical size’ were often seen in images of domains and may well represent associations of smaller units (see the substructure of the domains in Figures 5A and 6). Moreover, domains appeared non-uniform not only with respect to size and shape, but also with respect to mobility. Evidence for this was obtained from trajectories of single domain motions, again by repeated imaging with 5 ms illuminations. Figure 5.Single domain imaging. (A) The image was taken at the top surface of an HASM cell after insertion of a high concentration of DMPE-Cy5 as probe lipid. Single domains can clearly be observed as bright fluorescent areas, containing on average ∼15 lipid probe molecules. For illustration, each domain was highlighted by a black contour line drawn at the half-maximum value of the respective fluorescence intensity. The mobility of individual domains was analyzed by determining the position of the domain center on consecutive images, as shown for three domains (left). The delay between two observations was set to 13 s. Uni-directional rotation has been observed for the domain at the bottom of the image, as exemplified for images 4, 7 and 10 by domain contours. (B) Histogram of the estimated domain diameters (see the text). Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 6.Single domain FRAP. (A) FRAP was studied for the domains seen. (B) An area of 8 μm was bleached, which contained the image area. Recovery of the fluorescence due to lipid probe diffusion into the bleached area was monitored every 13 s. The image (C) shows fluorescence recovery after 104 s. (D) The fluorescence recovery of domain 1 (●) and 2 (○) was analyzed by determining the intensity every 13 s by integrating over the domain area (black contour). For comparison, the fluorescence recovery within the whole image area is included (▴). All values (F) were normalized to the respective initial value (F0) obtained from (A). In (C), the trajectory of the center of domain 3 is included, showing uni-directional motion. Download figure Download PowerPoint The results from repeated imaging were quite surprising to us. The majority of domains stayed in place even on a minute time scale. For some domains, slow fluctuations within ∼200 nm about the holding position could be resolved. This is shown for three domains in Figure 5A. Such fluctuations of domains from the same image occurred in uncorrelated directions, which excludes membrane drift as their origin. For some domains, trajectories revealed uni-directional movements. A particular example is shown in Figure 5A. A large elongated domain, which gives the appearance of a linear association of smaller domains, slowly rotates in one direction while held fixed at one end. Another example is a linear uni-directional movement of domain 3 in Figure 6 (cf. legend). None of the various domains analyzed by trajectories showed free diffusion; they either remained in place or moved uni-directionally. It should be noted that these results apply to the middle (sufficiently flat) part of the top membrane of the HASM cells. Here, the domains were not distributed randomly; their density and organization varied considerably from area to area. The only consistent feature found was the fraction of area covered by domains, which was ∼13%. Partition coefficient and exchange rate of DMPE-Cy5 between domains and bulk membrane The analysis of single DMPE-Cy5 trajectories indicated a high partition coefficient of this probe into domains, which, however, provided no basis for quantification. The same applied to single domain images, where the number of lipids within domains could be counted, but the number of probes outside domains could not be counted to sufficient accuracy due to higher background noise (cf. Materials and methods). Quantification was possible, however, by determining the initial rate of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) the domains. One example is shown in Figure 6. The fluorescence of the five domains seen (Figure 6A) was bleached (Figure 6B) and the onset of fluorescence recovery was sampled every 13 s (Figure 6D). We limited the experiment to eight repeats in order to keep the cumulative bleaching during recovery low. Two data sets (open and filled circles) refer to domains 1 and 2 (cf. Figure 6B), which stayed in place within 200 nm (see image after 104 s in Figure 6C). The trajectory of domain 3 showed uni-directional movement, as indicated, and considerable shape change during this movement, while domain 4, which initially appeared to have sub-domains (Figure 6A), stretched during this time into a linear set of smaller domains. Domain 5 showed little recovery, while a new domain appeared at the bottom of Figure 6C. The recovery of fluorescence within the total area (see triangles in Figure 6D) had virtually the same characteristics as the recovery of domains 1 and 2, indicating that the initial recovery flux of lipid probes from outside into domains within this area is fairly unaffected by changes of domain organization and number within the time of analysis. The normalized rate of recovery, r = d[F(t)/F0]/dt in Figure 6 initially is constant at ∼0.1/50 s. This rate r depends on the diffusion constant, D, and on the concentration of the probe outside domains, Cout, according to r = (Szabo et al., 1980). N0 and N(t) are the number of probes in the image area before bleaching and during recovery, respectively. Geometry enters by ln(b/L), with b the size of the area effectively bleached (b ∼8 μm) and L the domain size. This formula is the two-dimensional equivalent of the formula for diffusion-controlled reaction in three dimensions (see, for example, Atkins, 1978). It has previously been shown to apply to association processes in membranes (Hinterdorfer et al., 1997). Setting N0 = CdomA, where Cdom is the probe concentration in domains and A the area covered by domains, yields r = 2πDCout/[ln(b/L)CdomA]. The partition coefficient p = Cdom/Cout is then obtained from p = 2πD/[rAln(b/L)]. This yields an estimate for the partition coefficient of DMPE-Cy5 between domains and bulk membrane of p ∼100. This value, together with the area fraction of 13% covered by domains, indicates that only 7% of the lipid probes are freely diffusing in the bulk membrane outside domains. Using the above formula but inserting for A the mean domain area (0.4 μm2) and for b the mean distance between domains (1.7 μm), the rate r now gives an estimate for the exchange rate k of the probe between domains and bulk membrane, yielding k ∼1/13 s. This rate indicates that the probe diffuses, on average, ∼80 times across the domain before it desorbs into the bulk membrane. This justifies the assumption of an impermeable barrier for the estimation of the domain size from the data of single probe trajectories in Figure 3. It has to be noted that we used here a saturated lipid probe with a relatively short chain length compared with naturally occurring lipids and with the unsaturated probe, since for this short chain the exchange rate was just measurable within the time limit set by domain mobility and life time. Simultaneous imaging of the saturated and the unsaturated lipid probes In analogy to the studies of DMPE-Cy5, we complemented the DOPE-Cy5 data in Figure 4 by imaging this probe also at high concentration, under the same conditions as used for the saturated lipid probe for imaging domains. At this ensemble level of the unsaturated probe, we addressed two questions: (i) is the probe distributed randomly over the membrane plane, as predicted from the single probe diffusion data (Figure 4); and (ii) to what extent does the unsaturated probe partition into the domains where the saturated probe highly enriches? This required independent knowledge of the areas covered by domains. For this, we simultaneously imaged in the same area the unsaturated probe DOPE-Cy5 and the saturated lipid probe with, however, a different fluorescence label [DMPE-tetramethylrhodamine (TMR)], which fluoresces in the green. Figure 7A shows an image of DMPE-TMR with one large and clearly visible domain. In contrast, DOPE-Cy5 is spread over the entire area (Figure 7B). The variations in intensity reflect changes of the probe area density about a mean of ∼10 probes/μm2. When sampling equal sub-areas of the image (cf. legend), the fluorescence signals were well represented by a Poisson distribution, with a variance equal to the mean, confirming that the unsaturated probe was distributed randomly in the membrane plane. It is noteworthy that complementary fluctuations of probe density in time were seen in repeated images with characteristic times consistent with single probe diffusion (Figure 4). During unconstrained diffusion, the unsaturated probe is certainly not excluded from the region where the domain is located (see the fluorescence within the dashed contour line); it appears slightly enriched in this region compared with the mean intensity. The enrichment varied considerably in consecutive images, allowing only a rough estimation of the partition coefficient as being between 1.6 and 3.0, which is ∼50 times weaker partitioning than found for the saturated lipid probe. Figure 7.Two-color imaging of DMPE-TMR (A) and DOPE-Cy5 (B). Each image represents the average of five consecutive images in a sequence of 10 images (till = 5 ms) for alternating excitation wavelengths of 528 nm (selective excitation of DMPE-TMR) and 633 nm (selective excitation of DOPE-Cy5). This allows simultaneous imaging of DMPE-TMR in lipid domains (A), and of the distribution of DOPE-Cy5 (B). Only a slight increase in fluorescence intensity at the respective location of the domain (indicated by the dashed line) can be found [note the different scales in (A) and (B)]. Intensity variations observable in (B) are expected for this low concentration regime due to statistical fluctuations of the local number of DOPE-Cy5 molecules. Analysis of the number of lipid probes per diffraction-limited area yields a Poisson distribution with a variance of 2.1 probes/4 pixels, which is in good agreement with the mean density of 9 probes/μm2, providing further evidence for a random distribution of the probe. Download figure Download PowerPoint Discussion The current concept of lipid microdomains (Jacobson and Dietrich, 1999) is associated with the co-localization or co-purification of particular components, including GPI-anchored proteins (Sheets et al., 1997; Friedrichson and Kurzchalia, 1998; Simson et al., 1998; Varma and Major, 1998), lipids (Schroeder et al., 1994; Sheets et al., 1997) and transmembrane proteins (Edidin and Stroynowski, 1991; Štefanová et al., 1991;