A subpopulation of canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles has been found to contain a "Ca2+ release channel'' which mediates the release of intravesicular Ca2+ stores with rates sufficiently rapid to contribute to excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle.45Ca2+ release behavior of passively and actively loaded vesicles was determined by Millipore filtration and with the use of a rapid quench apparatus using the two Ca2+ channel inhibitors, Mg2+ and ruthenium red.At pH 7.0 and 5-20 PM external Ca2+, cardiac vesicles released half of their 45Ca2+ stores within 20 ms.Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release was inhibited by raising and lowering external Ca2+ concentration, by the addition of Mg2+, and by decreasing the pH.Calmodulin reduced the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release rate 3-6-fold in a reaction that did not appear to involve a calmodulindependent protein kinase.Under various experimental conditions, ATP or the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine 5'-(B,y-methylene)triphosphate (AMP-PCP), and caffeine stimulated 4SCa2+ release 2-500fold.Maximal release rates (tU = 10 ms) were observed in media containing 10 PM Ca2+ and 5 m M AMP-PCP or 10 mM caffeine.An increased external Caz+ concentration (21 mM) was required to optimize the 45Ca2+ efflux rate in the presence of 8 m M Mg2+ and 5 m M AMP-PCP.These results suggest that cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum contains a ligand-gated Ca2+ channel which is activated by Ca2+, adenine nucleotide, and caffeine, and inhibited by Mg2+, H', and calmodulin.Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)' plays an important role in the regulation of muscle contraction and relaxation by rapidly releasing and sequestering Ca2+ (for reviews, see Refs.1-5).Physiological release of Ca2+ from SR is triggered by an action potential that is thought to be communicated to SR where the junctional areas of SR become closely apposed to the surface membrane.How a surface membrane action potential induces release of Ca2+ from SR is not well understood.One hypothesis, which is supported by studies with skinned cardiac muscle fibers ( 5 ) , is the Ca" triggering hypothesis, where Ca" acts as a second messenger.According to this hypothesis,