Abstract Microbial nitrogen (N) transformations in soil, notably denitrification, result in the production of the potent greenhouse and ozone depleting gas nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Soil chemistry and microbiome composition impact N 2 O emission potential but the relative importance of these factors as determinants of N 2 O emission in denitrifying systems is rarely tested. In addition, previous linkages between microbiome composition and N 2 O emission potential rarely demonstrate causality. Here, we determined the relative impact of microbiome composition (i.e. soil extracted cells) and chemistry (i.e. water extractable chemicals) on N 2 O emission potential utilizing an anoxic cell based assay system. Cells and chemistry for assays were sourced from soils with contrasting N 2 O/N 2 O+N 2 ratios, combined in various combinations and denitrification gas production was measured in response to nitrate addition. Average directionless effects of cell and chemical extract on N 2 O/N 2 O+N 2 (Cell: Δ0.16, Chemical extract: Δ0.22) and total N 2 O hypothetically emitted (Cell: Δ2.62 μmol-N, Chemical extract: Δ4.14 μmol-N) indicated chemistry is the most important determinant of N 2 O emissions. Independent pH differences of just 0.6 points impacted N 2 O/N 2 O+N 2 on par with independent chemical extract differences, supporting the dominance of this variable in previous studies. However, impacts on overall N 2 O hypothetically emitted were smaller suggesting that soil pH manipulation may not necessarily be a successful approach to mitigate emissions over a fixed time period. In addition, we observed increased N 2 O accumulation and emission potential at the end of incubations concomitant with predicted decreases in carbon availability suggesting that carbon limitation increases N 2 O emission transiently with the magnitude of emission dependent on the both chemical and microbiome controls.