Cbfa1 is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. We investigated functional differences among three isoforms of Cbfa1: Type I (originally reported as Pebp2αA by Ogawa et al. (Ogawa, E., Maruyama, M., Kagoshima, H., Inuzuka, M., Lu, J., Satake, M., Shigesada, K., and Ito, Y. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 6859–6863), Type II (originally reported astil-1 by Stewart et al. (Stewart, M., Terry, A., Hu, M., O'Hara, M., Blyth, K., Baxter, E., Cameron, E., Onions, D. E., and Neil, J. C. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 8646–8651), and Type III (originally reported asOsf2/Cbfa1 by Ducy et al. (Ducy, P., Zhang, R., Geoffroy, V., Ridall, A. L., and Karsenty, G. (1997)Cell 89, 747–754). A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that these isoforms were expressed in adult mouse bones. The transient transfection of Type I or Type IICbfa1 in a mouse fibroblastic cell line, C3H10T1/2, induced the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. This induction was synergistically enhanced by the co-introduction ofXenopus BMP-4 cDNA. In contrast, the transient transfection of Type III cDNA induced no ALP activity. In C3H10T1/2 cells stably transfected with each isoform ofCbfa1, the gene expression of ALP was also strongly induced in cells transfected with Type I and Type IICbfa1 but not in cells with Type III Cbfa1. Osteocalcin, osteopontin,and type I collagen gene expressions were induced or up-regulated in all of the cells stably transfected with each isoform of Cbfa1, and Type II transfected cells exhibited the highest expression level ofosteocalcin gene. A luciferase reporter gene assay using a 6XOSE2-SV40 promoter (6 tandem binding elements for Cbfa1 ligated in front of the SV40 promoter sequence), a mouse osteocalcinpromoter, and a mouse osteopontin promoter revealed the differences in the transcriptional induction of target genes by eachCbfa1 isoform with or without its β-subunit. These results suggest that all three of the Cbfa1 isoforms used in the present study are involved in the stimulatory action of osteoblast differentiation, but they exert different functions in the process of osteoblast differentiation. Cbfa1 is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. We investigated functional differences among three isoforms of Cbfa1: Type I (originally reported as Pebp2αA by Ogawa et al. (Ogawa, E., Maruyama, M., Kagoshima, H., Inuzuka, M., Lu, J., Satake, M., Shigesada, K., and Ito, Y. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 6859–6863), Type II (originally reported astil-1 by Stewart et al. (Stewart, M., Terry, A., Hu, M., O'Hara, M., Blyth, K., Baxter, E., Cameron, E., Onions, D. E., and Neil, J. C. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 8646–8651), and Type III (originally reported asOsf2/Cbfa1 by Ducy et al. (Ducy, P., Zhang, R., Geoffroy, V., Ridall, A. L., and Karsenty, G. (1997)Cell 89, 747–754). A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that these isoforms were expressed in adult mouse bones. The transient transfection of Type I or Type IICbfa1 in a mouse fibroblastic cell line, C3H10T1/2, induced the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. This induction was synergistically enhanced by the co-introduction ofXenopus BMP-4 cDNA. In contrast, the transient transfection of Type III cDNA induced no ALP activity. In C3H10T1/2 cells stably transfected with each isoform ofCbfa1, the gene expression of ALP was also strongly induced in cells transfected with Type I and Type IICbfa1 but not in cells with Type III Cbfa1. Osteocalcin, osteopontin,and type I collagen gene expressions were induced or up-regulated in all of the cells stably transfected with each isoform of Cbfa1, and Type II transfected cells exhibited the highest expression level ofosteocalcin gene. A luciferase reporter gene assay using a 6XOSE2-SV40 promoter (6 tandem binding elements for Cbfa1 ligated in front of the SV40 promoter sequence), a mouse osteocalcinpromoter, and a mouse osteopontin promoter revealed the differences in the transcriptional induction of target genes by eachCbfa1 isoform with or without its β-subunit. These results suggest that all three of the Cbfa1 isoforms used in the present study are involved in the stimulatory action of osteoblast differentiation, but they exert different functions in the process of osteoblast differentiation. The gene targeting in mice of Cbfa1(core-binding factor), originally identified as a T-cell differentiation regulator (1Ogawa E. Maruyama M. Kagoshima H. Inuzuka M. Lu J. Satake M. Shigesada K. Ito Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 6859-6863Crossref PubMed Scopus (564) Google Scholar, 2Satake M. Nomura S. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y. Takahama Y. Hashimoto Y. Niki M. Kitamura Y. Ito Y. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 1662-1670Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), resulted in a complete lack of bone formation due to a maturational arrest of osteoblasts (3Komori T. Yagi H. Nomura S. Yamaguchi A. Sasaki K. Deguchi K. Shimizu Y. Bronson R.T. Gao Y.H. Inada M. Sato M. Okamoto R. Kitamura Y. Yoshiki S. Kishimoto T. 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The promoter region of the genes related to osteoblast differentiation such as osteopontin (OPN), 1The abbreviations used are: OPN, osteopontin; Cbf, core binding factor; OSC, osteocalcin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; Pebp, polyoma enhancer binding protein; Osf, osteoblast-specific factor; OSE, osteocalcin-specific element; RT, reverse transcriptase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; CRE, cAMP-responsive element; CREB, CRE-binding protein; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; GRE, glucocorticoid-responsive element; AML, acute myeloid leukemia factor; SREBP, sterol regulatory element binding protein; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; ALY, ally of AML-1 and LEF-1; bp, base pair(s); kb, kilobase(s) osteocalcin (OSC), and bone sialoprotein contains binding sequences of Cbfa1 (7Craig A.M. Denhardt D.T. Gene. 1991; 100: 163-171Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar, 8Geoffroy V. Ducy P. Karsenty G. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 30973-30979Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar, 9Sodek J. Li J.J. Kim R.H. Ogata Y. Yamauchi M. Connect. Tissue Res. 1996; 35: 23-31Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar). The transfection of Cbfa1gene into non-osteogenic cells such as C3H10T1/2 cells and primary skin fibroblasts directed the differentiation pathway of these cells toward the osteoblast lineage (10Ducy P. Zhang R. Geoffroy V. Ridall A.L. Karsenty G. Cell. 1997; 89: 747-754Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar). These results indicated that Cbfa1 is one of the essential transcription factors that regulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation (11Komori T. Kishimoto T. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1998; 8: 494-499Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar). In addition, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), one of the most potent stimulatory factors for osteoblast differentiation, induced or stimulated the expression of Cbfa1 mRNA (10Ducy P. Zhang R. Geoffroy V. Ridall A.L. Karsenty G. Cell. 1997; 89: 747-754Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar, 12Tsuji K. Ito Y. Noda M. Bone. 1998; 22: 87-92Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar). This suggests that Cbfa1 is involved in the signaling pathway of BMP action. Three subtypes of the α-subunit of Cbf (Cbfa1, Cbfa2, and Cbfa3) and one subtype of the β-subunit (Cbfβ) have been reported (13Bae S.C. Takahashi E. Zhang Y.W. Ogawa E. Shigesada K. Namba Y. Satake M. Ito Y. Gene (Amst.). 1995; 159: 245-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar, 14Ogawa E. Inuzuka M. Maruyama M. Satake M. Naito-Fujimoto M. Ito Y. Shigesada K. Virology. 1993; 194: 314-331Crossref PubMed Scopus (455) Google Scholar). The α-subunits of Cbf family transcription factors acquire enhanced DNA binding activity when they heterodimerize with the β-subunit (1Ogawa E. Maruyama M. Kagoshima H. Inuzuka M. Lu J. Satake M. Shigesada K. Ito Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 6859-6863Crossref PubMed Scopus (564) Google Scholar,15Kanno T. Kanno Y. Chen L.F. Ogawa E. Kim W.Y. Ito Y. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1998; 18: 2444-2454Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). In addition, several isoforms of Cbfa1 have been identified by differential promoter usage or differential splicing (16Stewart M. Terry A. Hu M. O'Hara M. Blyth K. Baxter E. Cameron E. Onions D.E. Neil J.C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 8646-8651Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar,17Geoffroy V. Corral D.A. Zhou L. Lee B. Karsenty G. Mamm. Genome. 1998; 9: 54-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar). One isoform, originally cloned from ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells, was named Pebp2αA (referred to as Type ICbfa1 hereafter). Recently, three groups of investigators independently identified two other isoforms of Cbfa1, from osteoblasts and lymphoblasts (5Mundlos S. Otto F. Mundlos C. Mulliken J.B. Aylsworth A.S. Albright S. Lindhout D. Cole W.G. Henn W. Knoll J.H. Owen M.J. Mertelsmann R. Zabel B.U. Olsen B.R. Cell. 1997; 89: 773-779Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1294) Google Scholar, 10Ducy P. Zhang R. Geoffroy V. Ridall A.L. Karsenty G. Cell. 1997; 89: 747-754Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar, 16Stewart M. Terry A. Hu M. O'Hara M. Blyth K. Baxter E. Cameron E. Onions D.E. Neil J.C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 8646-8651Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar); in these isoforms, two translational start sites are suggested: the shorter isoform (referred to as Type II isoform hereafter) and the longer isoform (referred to hereafter as Type III isoform). Although Ducy et al. (10Ducy P. Zhang R. Geoffroy V. Ridall A.L. Karsenty G. Cell. 1997; 89: 747-754Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar) demonstrated that the transfection of Type III Cbfa1 into non-osteogenic cells induced gene expression related to osteoblast differentiation, functional differences among the isoforms ofCbfa1 have not been clarified. We investigated the functional differences among three isoforms ofCbfa1 (Type I, II, and III) by the generation of stably transfected cells with each Cbfa1 isoform and a transient transcriptional assay using Cbfa1 target gene promoter-driven luciferase reporter genes. We demonstrate here that these three isoforms of Cbfa1 have different functions in osteoblast differentiation. The mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line, C3H10T1/2, was purchased from Riken Cellbank (Saitama, Japan). This cell line was maintained in BME medium (Life Technologies, Inc.) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Life Technologies, Inc.) and antibiotics. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected histochemically using an Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Kit IV (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The ALP activity of the cell lysates was determined usingp-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate as described previously (29Xiao Z.S. Thomas R. Hinson T.K. Quarles L.D. Gene (Amst .). 1998; 214: 187-197Crossref PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar, 30Yamaguchi A. Katagiri T. Ikeda T. Wozney J.M. Rosen V. Wang E.A. Kahn A.J. Suda T. Yoshiki S. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 113: 681-687Crossref PubMed Scopus (662) Google Scholar, 31Katagiri T. Yamaguchi A. Komaki M. Abe E. Takahashi N. Ikeda T. Rosen V. Wozney J.M. Fujisawa-Sehara A. Suda T. J. Cell Biol. 1994; 127: 1755-1766Crossref PubMed Scopus (1314) Google Scholar, 32Yamaguchi A. Ishizuya T. Kintou N. Wada Y. Katagiri T. Wozney J.M. Rosen V. Yoshiki S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 220: 366-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (308) Google Scholar). The poly(A+) RNA purification, first-strand cDNA synthesis, and PCR were performed as described (18Harada H. Kuboi Y. Miki R. Honda C. Masushige S. Nakatsuka M. Koga Y. Kato S. Endocrinology. 1998; 139: 204-212Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar). The PCR conditions were as follows. After 1 min of preincubation at 94 °C, amplification was performed for 35 cycles consisting of 20 s of denaturing at 94 °C, 1 min of annealing, and extension at 66 °C. The primers used for each isoform were as follows (small letters; restriction enzyme site and Kozak sequence). Mouse Type I Cbfa1 (Pebp2αA (1Ogawa E. Maruyama M. Kagoshima H. Inuzuka M. Lu J. Satake M. Shigesada K. Ito Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 6859-6863Crossref PubMed Scopus (564) Google Scholar)): sense, 5′-ggatc caccA TGCGT ATTCC TGTAG ATCCG AG-3′ (nucleotides +1016/1038); antisense, 5′-CATCA TTCCC GGCCA TGACG GTAAC-3′ (nucleotides +1475/1451). Mouse Type II/III Cbfa1 (Osf2/Cbfa1(10Ducy P. Zhang R. Geoffroy V. Ridall A.L. Karsenty G. Cell. 1997; 89: 747-754Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar)): sense, 5′-ggatc caccA TGCTT CATTC GCCTC ACAAA CAACC-3′ (nucleotides +1/26); antisense, 5′-TGGTG CGGTT GTCGT GCGGC-3′ (nucleotides +529/510). For the detection of ALP mRNA by RT-PCR in the transient transfection assay, 1 μg of total RNA purified from transfected cells (6 days after transfection) was used. The PCR conditions were as follows. After 1 min of preincubation at 94 °C, amplification was performed for 30 cycles consisting of 20 s of denaturing at 94 °C, 30 s of annealing at 56 °C, and 30 s of extension at 72 °C. The primers used were as follows. Sense, 5′-GCAGG ATTGA CCACG GACAC TATG-3′ (+1183/1206); antisense, 5′-TTCTG CTCAT GGACG CCGTG AAGC (+1615/1592) (19Terao M. Mintz B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1987; 84: 7051-7055Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar). As an internal control, a PCR analysis was also performed with β-actin specific primers for 25 cycles (sense, 5′-CATCA CTATT GGCAA CGAGC-3′ (+821/840); antisense, 5′-ACTCA TCGTA CTCCT GCTTG-3′ (+1154/1173)) (20Tokunaga K. Taniguchi H. Yoda K. Shimizu M. Sakiyama S. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986; 14: 2829Crossref PubMed Scopus (590) Google Scholar). A reporter plasmid containing 6 repeats of the consensus Cbfa1 binding site (6XOSE2) was constructed to insert a blunt-ended PCR fragment containing AACCACA-based direct repeats (21Ducy P. Karsenty G. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 1858-1869Crossref PubMed Scopus (530) Google Scholar) into the SmaI site of the pGL3 promoter vector (Promega, Madison, WI). A reporter plasmid containing a mouse OSCpromoter (−147/+13) (21Ducy P. Karsenty G. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 1858-1869Crossref PubMed Scopus (530) Google Scholar) was constructed to insert a PCR fragment with the NheI-HindIII sites into the cognate site of the pGL3 basic vector (Promega). A reporter plasmid containing a mouseOPN promoter (−253/+28) (7Craig A.M. Denhardt D.T. Gene. 1991; 100: 163-171Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar) was constructed to insert a PCR fragment with the BamHI-HindIII sites into the BglII-HindIII sites of the pGL3 basic vector. A reporter plasmid for a mouse ALP promoter (−1838/+81) (22Terao M. Studer M. Gianni M. Garattini E. Biochem. J. 1990; 268: 641-648Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar) was constructed to insert a PCR fragment with the HindIII sites into the cognate site of the pGL3 basic vector. An expression plasmid of each Cbfa1 isoform was generated to insert the entire coding sequence with the Kozak sequence into the BamHI (Type I) or BglII (Type II and III) site of the mammalian expression vector pSG5 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), respectively. Since our expression plasmids for Type II and IIICbfa1 were constructed using Type I as the template, they have one glutamine deletion in the Q-stretch region compared with the originally reported Osf2/Cbfa1 (1Ogawa E. Maruyama M. Kagoshima H. Inuzuka M. Lu J. Satake M. Shigesada K. Ito Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 6859-6863Crossref PubMed Scopus (564) Google Scholar, 10Ducy P. Zhang R. Geoffroy V. Ridall A.L. Karsenty G. Cell. 1997; 89: 747-754Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar), but we verified the sequence of the Q-stretch region in our genomic clone (3Komori T. Yagi H. Nomura S. Yamaguchi A. Sasaki K. Deguchi K. Shimizu Y. Bronson R.T. Gao Y.H. Inada M. Sato M. Okamoto R. Kitamura Y. Yoshiki S. Kishimoto T. Cell. 1997; 89: 755-764Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3735) Google Scholar). An expression plasmid of mouse Cbfβ/Pebp2β cDNA (14Ogawa E. Inuzuka M. Maruyama M. Satake M. Naito-Fujimoto M. Ito Y. Shigesada K. Virology. 1993; 194: 314-331Crossref PubMed Scopus (455) Google Scholar) was generated to insert the entire coding sequence with the Kozak sequence into the EcoRI site of the pcDNA3.1(+) vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Xenopus BMP-4 (xBMP-4) cDNA was a kind gift from Dr. N. Ueno (National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan), and the expression plasmid of xBMP-4 cDNA was generated to insert the entire coding sequence with the Kozak sequence into the EcoRI site of pSG5. C3H10T1/2 cells grown to 40–60% confluence in a 9-cm Petri dish were transfected with a total of 25 μg of DNA by calcium phosphate co-precipitation (23Sasaki H. Harada H. Handa Y. Morino H. Suzawa M. Shimpo E. Katsumata T. Masuhiro Y. Matsuda K. Ebihara K. Ono T. Masushige S. Kato S. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 370-377Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar). Each Cbfa1 expression plasmid or mock pSG5 (24 μg/dish) was co-transfected with 1 μg of pSV2neo (Life Technologies, Inc.), and the cells were treated with 450–500 μg/ml G418 (Life Technologies, Inc.) from 2 days after the transfection. C3H10T1/2 cells grown to 40–60% confluence in a 12-well multiplate were transfected with a total of 1 μg of DNA, using the transfection reagent LT-1 (Panvera Corp., Madison, WI). The reporter plasmid (0.2 μg/well) was co-transfected with the indicated amount of each expression vector for each type of Cbfa1, with or without its β-subunit (0.1 or 0.2 μg), and 0.3 μg of the reference plasmid pCH110 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). Bluescribe M13+ (Stratagene) was used as the carrier to adjust the DNA amount to 1 μg. After 48 h, the luciferase activity was measured using a luminometer (ML-3000, Dynatec Laboratories Inc., Chantilly, VA). Relative luciferase activity was calculated after normalizing the transfection efficiency by β-galactosidase activity expressed by pCH110 (23Sasaki H. Harada H. Handa Y. Morino H. Suzawa M. Shimpo E. Katsumata T. Masuhiro Y. Matsuda K. Ebihara K. Ono T. Masushige S. Kato S. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 370-377Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar). RNA isolation and Northern hybridization were performed as described (18Harada H. Kuboi Y. Miki R. Honda C. Masushige S. Nakatsuka M. Koga Y. Kato S. Endocrinology. 1998; 139: 204-212Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar). After final washing, the membrane was exposed to a BAS imaging plate (Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan), and the relative signal intensity was calculated. The partial-length cDNAs of rat ALP (24Thiede M.A. Yoon K. Golub E.E. Noda M. Rodan G.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1988; 85: 319-323Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar) and rat type I collagen (ColI) (25Genovese C. Rowe D. Kream B. 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As shown in Fig. 1b, both types of transcripts were expressed in adult mouse bone. Note that the duplicate signals were detected by Type II/III-specific primers because of alternative splicing in this region, as reported by Xiao et al. (29Xiao Z.S. Thomas R. Hinson T.K. Quarles L.D. Gene (Amst .). 1998; 214: 187-197Crossref PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar) (insertion of 33 bp compared with the reportedOsf2/Cbfa1 sequence, data not shown). Since ALP is one of the early differentiation markers for osteoblasts (30Yamaguchi A. Katagiri T. Ikeda T. Wozney J.M. Rosen V. Wang E.A. Kahn A.J. Suda T. Yoshiki S. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 113: 681-687Crossref PubMed Scopus (662) Google Scholar, 31Katagiri T. Yamaguchi A. Komaki M. Abe E. Takahashi N. Ikeda T. Rosen V. Wozney J.M. Fujisawa-Sehara A. Suda T. J. Cell Biol. 1994; 127: 1755-1766Crossref PubMed Scopus (1314) Google Scholar, 32Yamaguchi A. Ishizuya T. Kintou N. Wada Y. Katagiri T. Wozney J.M. Rosen V. Yoshiki S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 220: 366-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (308) Google Scholar, 33Katagiri T. Yamaguchi A. Ikeda T. Yoshiki S. Wozney J.M. Rosen V. Wang E.A. Tanaka H. Omura S. Suda T. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990; 172: 295-299Crossref PubMed Scopus (466) Google Scholar), we investigated ALP activity in C3H10T1/2 cells transiently transfected with each isoform of Cbfa1 and/or xBMP-4. No ALP-positive cells were found in C3H10T1/2 cells without transfection. Six days after transfection with Cbfa1 isoforms, many ALP-positive cells appeared in the cells transfected with Type I or Type II Cbfa1 (Fig. 2,a-1). Transfection with xBMP-4 also induced ALP activity in C3H10T1/2 cells. The co-introduction of Type ICbfa1 and xBMP-4 synergistically increased the number of ALP-positive cells and activity (Fig. 2, b-1 and b-2), suggesting some functional linkage between Cbfa1 and BMP-4. No ALP-positive cells were induced by transfection with Type IIICbfa1 or by transfection with mock pSG5 (Fig. 2,a-1 and b-1). The effect of the transient transfection of Cbfa1 and/or xBMP4 onALP mRNA expression was also verified by RT-PCR (Fig. 2,a-2 and b-2). To further investigate functional differences in the effects of Cbfa1isoforms on osteoblast differentiation, we examined gene expressions related to osteoblast differentiation using stably transfected C3H10T1/2 cells with the three isoforms (Type I, II, and III) ofCbfa1. The expression of each exogenous Cbfa1isoform was ensured by Northern hybridization (Fig. 3a). C3H10T1/2 cells transfected with Type I or Type II Cbfa1 exhibited the expression of ALP mRNA, but no ALP mRNA was detected in the cells transfected with Type III Cbfa1(Fig. 3a). These results were consistent with those observed in the transient transfection experiments. OSC,OPN, and ColI gene expressions were induced or up-regulated in all cell types transfected with respective isoforms ofCbfa1. The highest induction of ALP gene expression was observed in Type I Cbfa1-transfected cells, and the highest induction of OSC gene expression was observed in the Type II Cbfa1-transfected cells, when each expression level was normalized by that of the corresponding transfected isoform of Cbfa1 (Fig. 3b). There were no apparent changes in the expression levels of OPN and ColI among isoforms of Cbfa1 (Fig. 3,a and b). Cbfa1 has the ability to enhance the expression of target genes by binding to its target sequence in the promoter and/or enhancer region (7Craig A.M. Denhardt D.T. Gene. 1991; 100: 163-171Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar, 8Geoffroy V. Ducy P. Karsenty G. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 30973-30979Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar, 9Sodek J. Li J.J. Kim R.H. Ogata Y. Yamauchi M. Connect. 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Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 1858-1869Crossref PubMed Scopus (530) Google Scholar), the transfection of expression vector for each Cbfa1 isoform efficiently induced reporter gene activity (Fig. 4a). The dose-response analysis of Cbfa1 plasmid revealed that Type II Cbfa1 induced the highest luciferase activity among the Cbfa1 isoforms (Fig. 5a). The co-introduction of each Cbfa1 isoform and its β-subunit induced no synergistic increase in the reporter gene activity, even in the presence of different amounts of their β-subunits (Figs.4a and 5a). When the reporter plasmid used was pOSC(−147/+13)-luc (10Ducy P. Zhang R. Geoffroy V. Ridall A.L. Karsenty G. Cell. 1997; 89: 747-754Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar, 21Ducy P. Karsenty G. Mol. Cell. 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A dose-response analysis of Cbfa1 also revealed no obvious enhancement of luciferase activity (Fig. 5d).Figure 5Dose-response analysis of eachCbfa1 isoform on the transcription of various Cbfa1 target genes. 0.2 μg of various Cbfa1 target gene reporter plasmids were co-transfected with the indicated amount of the expression vectors for each Cbfa1 isoform in the absence or presence of its β-subunit (β) (0.2 μg) and 0.3 μg of the reference plasmid pCH110. Relative luciferase activity was calculated as described in Fig. 4. Values are the means of duplicate wells, and representative results of at least four independent experiments are shown. a, p6XOSE2-luc; b, pOSC(−147/+13)-luc;c, pOPN(−253/+28)-luc; d, pALP(−1838/+81)-luc.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) As noted earlier, there are several isoforms of Cbfa1(1Ogawa E. Maruyama M. Kagoshima H. Inuzuka M. Lu J. Satake M. Shigesada K. Ito Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 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