Background
Ultrasound (US) guidance is not yet commonly used for cardiac device implantation, despite the first report of US-guided axillary access over twenty years ago and recent randomised trials demonstrating similar success rates to subclavian puncture or cephalic access. Changes to workflow and the learning curve represent barriers to more widespread adoption. There is limited real-world experience of the learning curve for ultrasound (US) guided axillary venous access for cardiac device implantation. Purpose
We described US-guided axillary venous access adapted to standard implant workflow, including application to device upgrade procedures, and using a standard vascular US probe. We investigated its learning curve, radiation exposure, safety, and efficacy. Methods
US-guided access was performed by an experienced electrophysiologist with no prior application of the technique. Patients underwent standard skin preparation and draping. A standard vascular ultrasound probe was placed in the deltopectoral grove, medially and upwards towards the clavicle until the axillary vein and artery could be seen in the out-of-plane projection, with the vein in the middle of the imaging field. Lidocaine was injected and transdermal incision was made from below the midpoint of the probe inferiorly and parallel to the deltopectoral groove. The punctures were made after only the dermis had been incised which maintained optimal image quality. Access (needle to wire) and fluoroscopy times for US-guided access were compared to fluoroscopy guided access in ten control patients. Results
147 US-guided punctures were performed in 74 patients for one (8%), two (71%) or three (17%) leads, or upgrades (4%). Access was successful in 97% (n=72). There were no access related peri-procedural complications. First US-guided access time was 30 seconds (interquartile range, IQR: 17,60), and was similar to fluoroscopy guided access time (43 seconds, IQR: 24,58; p=0.45). Access time stabilised after 45 procedures, decreasing from 81 (IQR: 61,90) to 16 (IQR: 10,20) seconds from the first to the last fifteen procedures (p<0.001). 96% (n=69) did not require fluoroscopy. 4% (n=3) required 1 second fluoroscopy to confirm wire position after difficult passage. Radiation exposure saving estimated from controls was 29 (IQR: 17,56) seconds of fluoroscopy, resulting in 0.25 (IQR: 0,1.4) mGy cumulative skin dose, and 0.03 (IQR 0.02,0.5) Gy.cm2 effective dose area product. Discussion
This study describes a novel technique for ultrasound guided axillary venous access for cardiac device implantation using standard equipment and minimal modification to the workflow. The technique demonstrated a high success rate in a cohort of 147 punctures in 74 patients, including device upgrade procedures. For an experienced operator, the learning curve stabilized after 45 procedures which is acceptable and safe even during training. Radiation dose-saving was approximately equivalent to one chest radiograph. Conclusion
US-guided axillary venous access for cardiac device implantation is a feasible alternative to fluoroscopy guided access. It can be performed safely by using a standard vascular ultrasound probe with a high success rate, even during the short learning curve. Conflict of Interest
No