Compared to other apes, humans live longer, reproduce faster and have larger brains; here, total energy expenditure is studied in humans and all species of great ape, and is shown to be significantly higher in humans, demonstrating that the human lineage has experienced an energy-boosting acceleration in metabolic rate. Humans live longer than other apes, reproduce faster and have larger brains. This uniquely human portfolio of metabolically costly traits suggests that at some point in the hominin lineage there was a relaxation of energetic constraints, but the underlying mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here Herman Pontzer et al. study total energy expenditure in humans and all known species of great ape. They also revisit the archival data that seemed to have confused the issue somewhat. The authors conclude that total energy expenditure is significantly higher in humans, and that this is related to fat mass and particularly to brain mass. Thus human evolution owes much to an increased metabolic rate, along with changes in energy allocation, one result being our predisposition to deposit fat, whilst other hominoids remain relatively lean. Humans are distinguished from the other living apes in having larger brains and an unusual life history that combines high reproductive output with slow childhood growth and exceptional longevity1. This suite of derived traits suggests major changes in energy expenditure and allocation in the human lineage, but direct measures of human and ape metabolism are needed to compare evolved energy strategies among hominoids. Here we used doubly labelled water measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal day−1) in humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans to test the hypothesis that the human lineage has experienced an acceleration in metabolic rate, providing energy for larger brains and faster reproduction without sacrificing maintenance and longevity. In multivariate regressions including body size and physical activity, human TEE exceeded that of chimpanzees and bonobos, gorillas and orangutans by approximately 400, 635 and 820 kcal day−1, respectively, readily accommodating the cost of humans' greater brain size and reproductive output. Much of the increase in TEE is attributable to humans' greater basal metabolic rate (kcal day−1), indicating increased organ metabolic activity. Humans also had the greatest body fat percentage. An increased metabolic rate, along with changes in energy allocation, was crucial in the evolution of human brain size and life history.