HomeCirculationVol. 127, No. 13Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations) Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBManagement of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations)A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Nancy M. Albert, PhD, CCNS, CCRN, Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, Ralph G. Brindis, MD, MPH, MACC, Lesley H. Curtis, PhD, David DeMets, PhD, Robert A. Guyton, MD, FACC, Judith S. Hochman, MD, FACC, FAHA, Richard J. Kovacs, MD, FACC, FAHA, E. Magnus Ohman, MD, FACC, Susan J. Pressler, PhD, RN, FAAN, FAHA, Frank W. Sellke, MD, FACC, FAHA and Win-Kuang Shen, MD, FACC, FAHA Jeffrey L. AndersonJeffrey L. Anderson Search for more papers by this author , Jonathan L. HalperinJonathan L. Halperin Search for more papers by this author , Nancy M. AlbertNancy M. Albert Search for more papers by this author , Biykem BozkurtBiykem Bozkurt Search for more papers by this author , Ralph G. BrindisRalph G. Brindis Search for more papers by this author , Lesley H. CurtisLesley H. Curtis Search for more papers by this author , David DeMetsDavid DeMets Search for more papers by this author , Robert A. GuytonRobert A. Guyton Search for more papers by this author , Judith S. HochmanJudith S. Hochman Search for more papers by this author , Richard J. KovacsRichard J. Kovacs Search for more papers by this author , E. Magnus OhmanE. Magnus Ohman Search for more papers by this author , Susan J. PresslerSusan J. Pressler Search for more papers by this author , Frank W. SellkeFrank W. Sellke Search for more papers by this author and Win-Kuang ShenWin-Kuang Shen Search for more papers by this author Originally published1 Mar 2013https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828b82aaCirculation. 2013;127:1425–1443Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2013: Previous Version 1 Table of ContentsIntroduction 14271Vascular History and Physical Examination: Recommendations 14272Lower Extremity PAD: Recommendations 14272.1Clinical Presentation 14272.1.1Asymptomatic 14272.1.2Claudication 14282.1.3Critical Limb Ischemia 14282.1.4Acute Limb Ischemia 14282.1.5Prior Limb Arterial Revascularization 14282.2Diagnostic Methods 14282.2.1Ankle- and Toe-Brachial Indices, Segmental Pressure Examination 14282.2.2Pulse Volume Recording 14292.2.3Continuous-Wave Doppler Ultrasound 14292.2.4Treadmill Exercise Testing With and Without ABI Assessments and 6-Minute Walk Test 14292.2.5Duplex Ultrasound 14292.2.6Computed Tomographic Angiography 14292.2.7Magnetic Resonance Angiography 14292.2.8Contrast Angiography 14302.3Treatment 14302.3.1Cardiovascular Risk Reduction 14302.3.1.1Lipid-Lowering Drugs 14302.3.1.2Antihypertensive Drugs 14302.3.1.3Diabetes Therapies 14312.3.1.4Smoking Cessation 14312.3.1.5Homocysteine-Lowering Drugs 14312.3.1.6Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Drugs 14312.3.2Claudication 14322.3.2.1Exercise and Lower Extremity PAD Rehabilitation 14322.3.2.2Medical and Pharmacological Treatment for Claudication 14322.3.2.2.1Cilostazol 14322.3.2.2.2Pentoxifylline 14322.3.2.2.3Other Proposed Medical Therapies 14322.3.2.3Endovascular Treatment for Claudication 14322.3.2.4Surgery for Claudication 14332.3.2.4.1Indications 14332.3.2.4.2Preoperative Evaluation 14332.3.2.4.3Inflow Procedures: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 14332.3.2.4.4Outflow Procedures: Infrainguinal Disease 14332.3.2.4.5Follow-Up After Vascular Surgical Procedures 14332.3.3CLI and Treatment for Limb Salvage 14342.3.3.1Medical and Pharmacological Treatment for CLI 14342.3.3.1.1Prostaglandins 14342.3.3.1.2Angiogenic Growth Factors 14342.3.3.2Endovascular Treatments for CLI 14342.3.3.3Thrombolysis for Acute and CLI 14342.3.3.4Surgery for CLI 14342.3.3.4.1Inflow Procedures: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease 14352.3.3.4.2Outflow Procedures: Infrainguinal Disease 14352.3.3.4.3Postsurgical Care 14353Renal Arterial Disease: Recommendations 14353.1Clinical Clues to the Diagnosis of Renal Artery Stenosis 14353.2Diagnostic Methods 14363.3Treatment of Renovascular Disease: RAS 14363.3.1Medical Treatment 14363.3.2Indications for Revascularization 14363.3.2.1Asymptomatic Stenosis 14363.3.2.2Hypertension 14363.3.2.3Preservation of Renal Function 14373.3.2.4Impact of RAS on Congestive Heart Failure and Unstable Angina 14373.3.3Endovascular Treatment for RAS 14373.3.4Surgery for RAS 14374Mesenteric Arterial Disease: Recommendations 14374.1Acute Intestinal Ischemia 14374.1.1Acute Intestinal Ischemia Caused by Arterial Obstruction 14374.1.1.1Diagnosis 14374.1.1.2Surgical Treatment 14374.1.1.3Endovascular Treatment 14374.1.2Acute Nonocclusive Intestinal Ischemia 14374.1.2.1Etiology 14374.1.2.2Diagnosis 14384.1.2.3Treatment 14384.2Chronic Intestinal Ischemia 14384.2.1Diagnosis 14384.2.2Endovascular Treatment for Chronic Intestinal Ischemia 14384.2.3Surgical Treatment 14385Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta, Its Branch Vessels, and the Lower Extremities: Recommendations 14385.1Abdominal Aortic and Iliac Aneurysms 14385.1.1Etiology 14385.1.1.1Atherosclerotic Risk Factors 14385.1.2Natural History 14385.1.2.1Aortic Aneurysm Rupture 14385.1.3Diagnosis 14395.1.3.1Symptomatic Aortic or Iliac Aneurysms 14395.1.3.2Screening High-Risk Populations 14395.1.4Observational Management 14395.1.4.1Blood Pressure Control and Beta-Blockade 14395.1.5Prevention of Aortic Aneurysm Rupture 14395.1.5.1Management Overview 14395.2Visceral Artery Aneurysms 14395.3Lower Extremity Aneurysms 14395.3.1Natural History 14395.3.2Management 14405.3.2.1Catheter-Related Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysms 1440Appendix 1Author Relationships With Industry (Relevant)—2005 ACC/AHA Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on Peripheral Arterial Disease 1441Appendix 2Author Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant)—2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease 1442Appendix 1. Author Relationships With Industry (Relevant)—2005 ACC/AHA Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on Peripheral Arterial DiseaseCommittee MemberResearch GrantSpeakers Bureau/ HonorariaStock OwnershipConsultantAdvisory BoardCurtis W. BakalNoneNoneNoneNone• Abbott Labs• Berlex LabsMark A. Creager• Eli Lilly• Otsuka Pharmaceuticals• Pfizer• Vasogen• Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi• Otsuka Pharmaceuticals• Northport DomainNone• Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi• Genvec• Geozyme• Northport Domain• Otsuka Pharmaceuticals• Pfizer• VasogenJonathan L. HalperinNone• AstraZeneca• Bristol-Myers Squibb/SanofiNone• AstraZeneca• Bayer AG• Boehringer Ingelheim• Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi• AstraZenecaZiv J. Haskal• Bard/Impra• Boston Scientific• Cook• Cordis Endovascular• Genetech• IntraTherapeutics• W.L. Gore• TransVascular• W.L. GoreNone• Bard/Impra• Endosurgery• Ethicon• Omnisonics• TransVascular• TransVascularNorman R. HertzerNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneLoren F. HiratzkaNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneAlan T. Hirsch• Alteon• AstraZeneca• Bristol-Myers Squibb/ Sanofi Aventis• Kos Pharmaceuticals• Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals• AstraZeneca• Bristol-Myers Squibb/ Sanofi Aventis Partnership• Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals• PfizerNone• Sonosite• VasogenNoneWilliam R. C. MurphyNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneJeffrey W. Olin• Bristol-Myers Squibb/ Sanofi Partnership• VasogenNoneNone• Aventia• Bristol-Myers Squibb/ Sanofi Partnership• Genzyme• Otsuka• Vasogen• Abbott• Aventis• Bristol-Myers Squibb/ Sanofi Partnership• GenzymeJules B. PuschettNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneKenneth A. Rosenfield• Abbott• Boston Scientific• Cordis• Guidant• Eli Lilly• CryoVascular• Abbott• Boston Scientific• Cordis• CryoVascular• Guidant• Abbott• Boston Scientific• Cordis• GuidantDavid SacksNoneNone• AngiotechNoneNoneJames C. StanleyNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneLloyd M. Taylor, JrNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneChristopher J. WhiteNone• Eli LillyNoneNoneNoneJohn V. WhiteNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneRodney A. White• AVE Bard• Baxter• Cordis J&J• EndoLogix• EndoSonics• Medtronic• Multiple relationships with commercial entities that arise and are met as needed• Several biomedical companiesNoneNoneThis table represents the relationships of committee members with industry that were disclosed at the initial writing committee meeting in November 2002 and that were updated in conjunction with all meetings and conference calls of the writing committee. It does not necessarily reflect relationships with industry at the time of publicationAppendix 2. Author Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant)—2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery DiseaseWriting Group MemberEmploymentConsultantSpeakers’ BureauOwnership/ Partnership/ PrincipalPersonal ResearchInstitutional, Organizational, or Other Financial BenefitExpert WitnessVoting Recusal (by section)*Thom W. Rooke, ChairMayo Clinic—Professor of MedicineNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneAlan T. Hirsch, Vice ChairUniversity of Minnesota Medical School: Cardiovascular Division— Vascular Medicine Program: Director; Professor of Medicine: Epidemiology and Community Health• eV3NoneNone• Abbott Vascular• BMS/sanofi- aventis• Cytokinetics• Sanofi-aventis• ViroMed (PI)NoneNone2.5.12.6.1.62.6.3Sanjay Misra, Vice ChairMayo Clinic: Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology—Associate Professor of Radiology• Johnson & JohnsonNoneNoneNoneNoneNone2.6.3Anton N. Sidawy, Vice ChairGeorge Washington University—Professor and Chairman, Department of SurgeryNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneJoshua A. BeckmanBrigham and Women’s Hospital Cardiovascular Division: Cardiovascular Fellowship• Bristol-Myers Squibb• Sanofi- aventisNoneNoneNoneNoneNone2.6.1.6Laura K. FindeissUniversity of California, Irvine: Chief, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology—Associate Professor of Radiology and SurgeryNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneJafar GolzarianUniversity of Minnesotra Medical School—Professor of Radiology and SurgeryNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneHeather L. GornikCleveland Clinic Foundation Cardiovascular Medicine: Noninvasive Vascular Laboratory—Medical DirectorNoneNoneNone• Summit Doppler Systems†• Summit Doppler Systems†None2.5.1Jonathan L. HalperinMount Sinai Medical Center— Professor of Medicine• Bayer HealthCare• Boehringer Ingelheim†• Daiichi-Sankyo• Johnson & Johnson• Portola Pharmaceuticals• Sanofi-aventis†NoneNone• NIH-NHLBI (DSMB)NoneNone2.6.1.6Michael R. JaffHarvard Medical School—Associate Professor of Medicine• Abbott Vascular‡• Boston Scientific‡• Medtronic Vascular‡NoneNoneNoneNoneNone2.6.3Gregory L. MonetaOregon Health & Science University—Chief and Professor of Vascular SurgeryNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneJeffrey W. OlinMount Sinai School of Medicine—Professor of Medicine and Director of the Vascular Medicine Program• GenzymeNoneNone• BMS/sanofi- aventis• Colorado Prevention Center (DSMB)None• Defendant; pulmonary embolism; 20092.6.1.6James C. StanleyUniversity of Michigan, Division of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital—Handleman Professor of SurgeryNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneChristopher J. WhiteOchsner Clinical Foundation: Department of Cardiology—ChairmanNoneNoneNone• Boston Scientific• Neovasc• St. Jude MedicalNoneNone2.6.35.2.6John V. WhiteAdvocate Lutheran General Hospital—Chief of SurgeryNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneR. Eugene ZierlerUniversity of Washington— Professor of SurgeryNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneThis table represents the relationships of writing group members with industry and other entities that were determined to be relevant to this document. These relationships were reviewed and updated in conjunction with all meetings and/or conference calls of the writing group during the document development process.The table does not necessarily reflect relationships with industry at the time of publication. A person is deemed to have a significant interest in a business if the interest represents ownership of >5% of the voting stock or share of the business entity, or ownership of $10 000 of the fair market value of the business entity; or if funds received by the person from the business entity exceed 5% of the person’s gross income for the previous year. Relationships that exist with no financial benefit are also included for the purpose of transparency. Relationships in this table are modest unless otherwise noted.According to the ACCF/AHA, a person has a relevant relationship IF: (a) The relationship or interest relates to the same or similar subject matter, intellectual property or asset, topic, or issue addressed in the document; or (b) the company/entity (with whom the relationship exists) makes a drug, drug class, or device addressed in the document, or makes a competing drug or device addressed in the document; or (c) the person or a member of the person’s household, has a reasonable potential for financial, professional or other personal gain or loss as a result of the issues/content addressed in the document.*Writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry and other entities may apply. Section numbers are from the 2011 Focused Update.†Significant relationship.‡No financial benefit.DSMB indicates Data and Safety Monitoring Board; and PI, principal investigator.IntroductionThis document is a compilation of the current American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) practice guideline recommendations for peripheral artery disease from the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic)* and the 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline).† Updated and new recommendations from 2011 are noted and outdated recommendations have been removed. No new evidence was reviewed, and no recommendations included herein are original to this document. The ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines chooses to republish the recommendations in this format to provide the complete set of practice guideline recommendations in a single resource. Because this document includes recommendations only, please refer to the respective 2005 and 2011 articles for all introductory and supportive content until the entire full-text guideline is revised. In the future, the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines will maintain a continuously updated full-text guideline.1. Vascular History and Physical Examination: RecommendationsClass IIndividuals at risk for lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) should undergo a vascular review of symptoms to assess walking impairment, claudication, ischemic rest pain, and/or the presence of nonhealing wounds. (Level of Evidence: C)Individuals at risk for lower extremity PAD should undergo comprehensive pulse examination and inspection of the feet. (Level of Evidence: C)Individuals over 50 years of age should be asked if they have a family history of a first-order relative with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). (Level of Evidence: C)2. Lower Extremity PAD: Recommendations2.1. Clinical Presentation2.1.1. AsymptomaticClass IA history of walking impairment, claudication, ischemic rest pain, and/or nonhealing wounds is recommended as a required component of a standard review of symptoms for adults 50 years and older who have atherosclerosis risk factors and for adults 70 years and older. (Level of Evidence: C)Individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD should be identified by examination and/or measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) so that therapeutic interventions known to diminish their increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and death may be offered. (Level of Evidence: B)Smoking cessation, lipid lowering, and diabetes and hypertension treatment according to current national treatment guidelines are recommended for individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: B)Antiplatelet therapy is indicated for individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular ischemic events. (Level of Evidence: C)Class IIaAn exercise ABI measurement can be useful to diagnose lower extremity PAD in individuals who are at risk for lower extremity PAD who have a normal ABI (0.91 to 1.30), are without classic claudication symptoms, and have no other clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. (Level of Evidence: C)A toe-brachial index or pulse volume recording measurement can be useful to diagnose lower extremity PAD in individuals who are at risk for lower extremity PAD who have an ABI greater than 1.30 and no other clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. (Level of Evidence: C)Class IIbAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition may be considered for individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD for cardiovascular risk reduction. (Level of Evidence: C)2.1.2. ClaudicationClass IPatients with symptoms of intermittent claudication should undergo a vascular physical examination, including measurement of the ABI. (Level of Evidence: B)In patients with symptoms of intermittent claudication, the ABI should be measured after exercise if the resting index is normal. (Level of Evidence: B)Patients with intermittent claudication should have significant functional impairment with a reasonable likelihood of symptomatic improvement and absence of other disease that would comparably limit exercise even if the claudication was improved (eg, angina, heart failure, chronic respiratory disease, or orthopedic limitations) before undergoing an evaluation for revascularization. (Level of Evidence: C)Individuals with intermittent claudication who are offered the option of endovascular or surgical therapies should: (a) be provided information regarding supervised claudication exercise therapy and pharmacotherapy; (b) receive comprehensive risk factor modification and antiplatelet therapy; (c) have a significant disability, either being unable to perform normal work or having serious impairment of other activities important to the patient; and (d) have lower extremity PAD lesion anatomy such that the revascularization procedure would have low risk and a high probability of initial and long-term success. (Level of Evidence: C)Class IIIArterial imaging is not indicated for patients with a normal postexercise ABI. This does not apply if other atherosclerotic causes (eg, entrapment syndromes or isolated internal iliac artery occlusive disease) are suspected. (Level of Evidence: C)2.1.3. Critical Limb IschemiaClass IPatients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) should undergo expedited evaluation and treatment of factors that are known to increase the risk of amputation. (Level of Evidence: C)Patients with CLI in whom open surgical repair is anticipated should undergo assessment of cardiovascular risk. (Level of Evidence: B)Patients with a prior history of CLI or who have undergone successful treatment for CLI should be evaluated at least twice annually by a vascular specialist owing to the relatively high incidence of recurrence. (Level of Evidence: C)Patients at risk of CLI (ABI <0.4 in an individual with diabetes, or any individual with diabetes and known lower extremity PAD) should undergo regular inspection of the feet to detect objective signs of CLI. (Level of Evidence: B)The feet should be examined directly, with shoes and socks removed, at regular intervals after successful treatment of CLI. (Level of Evidence: C)Patients with CLI and features to suggest atheroembolization should be evaluated for aneurysmal disease (eg, abdominal aortic, popliteal, or common femoral aneurysms). (Level of Evidence: B)Systemic antibiotics should be initiated promptly in patients with CLI, skin ulcerations, and evidence of limb infection. (Level of Evidence: B)Patients with CLI and skin breakdown should be referred to healthcare providers with specialized expertise in wound care. (Level of Evidence: B)Patients at risk for CLI (those with diabetes, neuropathy, chronic renal failure, or infection) who develop acute limb symptoms represent potential vascular emergencies and should be assessed immediately and treated by a specialist competent in treating vascular disease. (Level of Evidence: C)Patients at risk for or who have been treated for CLI should receive verbal and written instructions regarding self-surveillance for potential recurrence. (Level of Evidence: C)2.1.4. Acute Limb IschemiaClass IPatients with acute limb ischemia and a salvageable extremity should undergo an emergent evaluation that defines the anatomic level of occlusion and that leads to prompt endovascular or surgical revascularization. (Level of Evidence: B)Class IIIPatients with acute limb ischemia and a nonviable extremity should not undergo an evaluation to define vascular anatomy or efforts to attempt revascularization. (Level of Evidence: B)2.1.5. Prior Limb Arterial RevascularizationClass ILong-term patency of infrainguinal bypass grafts should be evaluated in a surveillance program, which should include an interval vascular history, resting ABIs, physical examination, and a duplex ultrasound at regular intervals if a venous conduit has been used. (Level of Evidence: B)Class IIaLong-term patency of infrainguinal bypass grafts may be considered for evaluation in a surveillance program, which may include conducting exercise ABIs and other arterial imaging studies at regular intervals. (Level of Evidence: B)Long-term patency of endovascular sites may be evaluated in a surveillance program, which may include conducting exercise ABIs and other arterial imaging studies at regular intervals. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2. Diagnostic Methods2.2.1. Ankle- and Toe-Brachial Indices, Segmental Pressure ExaminationClass I2011 Updated Recommendation: The resting ABI should be used to establish the lower extremity PAD diagnosis in patients with suspected lower extremity PAD, defined as individuals with 1 or more of the following: exertional leg symptoms, nonhealing wounds, age 65 and older, or 50 years and older with a history of smoking or diabetes. (Level of Evidence: B)The ABI should be measured in both legs in all new patients with PAD of any severity to confirm the diagnosis of lower extremity PAD and establish a baseline. (Level of Evidence: B)The toe-brachial index should be used to establish the lower extremity PAD diagnosis in patients in whom lower extremity PAD is clinically suspected but in whom the ABI test is not reliable due to noncompressible vessels (usually patients with long-standing diabetes or advanced age). (Level of Evidence: B)Leg segmental pressure measurements are useful to establish the lower extremity PAD diagnosis when anatomic localization of lower extremity PAD is required to create a therapeutic plan. (Level of Evidence: B)2011 New Recommendation: ABI results should be uniformly reported with noncompressible values defined as greater than 1.40, normal values 1.00 to 1.40, borderline 0.91 to 0.99, and abnormal 0.90 or less. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2.2. Pulse Volume RecordingClass IIaPulse volume recordings are reasonable to establish the initial lower extremity PAD diagnosis, assess localization and severity, and follow the status of lower extremity revascularization procedures. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2.3. Continuous-Wave Doppler UltrasoundClass IContinuous-wave Doppler ultrasound blood flow measurements are useful to provide an accurate assessment of lower extremity PAD location and severity, to follow lower extremity PAD progression, and to provide quantitative follow-up after revascularization procedures. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2.4. Treadmill Exercise Testing With and Without ABI Assessments and 6-Minute Walk TestClass IExercise treadmill tests are recommended to provide the most objective evidence of the magnitude of the functional limitation of claudication and to measure the response to therapy. (Level of Evidence: B)A standardized exercise protocol (either fixed or graded) with a motorized treadmill should be used to ensure reproducibility of measurements of pain-free walking distance and maximal walking distance. (Level of Evidence: B)Exercise treadmill tests with measurement of pre-exercise and postexercise ABI values are recommended to provide diagnostic data useful in differentiating arterial claudication from nonarterial claudication (“pseudoclaudication”). (Level of Evidence: B)Exercise treadmill tests should be performed in individuals with claudication who are to undergo exercise training (lower extremity PAD rehabilitation) so as to determine functional capacity, assess nonvascular exercise limitations, and demonstrate the safety of exercise. (Level of Evidence: B)Class IIbA 6-minute walk test may be reasonable to provide an objective assessment of the functional limitation of claudication and response to therapy in elderly individuals or others not amenable to treadmill testing. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2.5. Duplex UltrasoundClass IDuplex ultrasound of the extremities is useful to diagnose anatomic location and degree of stenosis of PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)Duplex ultrasound is recommended for routine surveillance after femoral-popliteal or femoral-tibial-pedal bypass with a venous conduit. Minimum surveillance intervals are approximately 3, 6, and 12 months, and then yearly after graft placement. (Level of Evidence: A)Class IIaDuplex ultrasound of the extremities can be useful to select patients as candidates for endovascular intervention. (Level of Evidence: B)Duplex ultrasound can be useful to select patients as candidates for surgical bypass and to select the sites of surgical anastomosis. (Level of Evidence: B)Class IIbThe use of duplex ultrasound is not well established to assess long-term patency of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. (Level of Evidence: B)Duplex ultrasound may be considered for routine surveillance after femoral-popliteal bypass with a synthetic conduit. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2.6. Computed Tomographic AngiographyClass IIbComputed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the extremities may be considered to diagnose anatomic location and presence of significant stenosis in patients with lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: B)CTA of the extremities may be considered as a substitute for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for those patients with contraindications to MRA. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2.7. Magnetic Resonance AngiographyClass IMRA of the extremities is useful to diagnose anatomic location and degree of stenosis of PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)MRA of the extremities should be performed with gadolinium enhancement. (Level of Evidence: B)MRA of the extremities is useful in selecting patients with lower extremity PAD as candidates for endovascular intervention. (Level of Evidence: A)Class IIbMRA of the extremities may be considered to select patients with lower extremity PAD as candidates for surgical bypass and to select the sites of surgical anastomosis. (Level of Evidence: B)MRA of the extremities may be considered for postrevascularization (endovascular and surgical bypass) surveillance in patients with lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: B)2.2.8. Contrast AngiographyClass IContrast angiography provides detailed information about arterial anatomy and is recommended for evaluation of patients with lower extremity PAD when revascularization is contemplated. (Level of Evidence: B)A history of contrast reaction should be documented before the performance of contrast angiography and appropriate pretreatment administered before contrast is given. (Level of Evidence: B)Decisions regarding the potential utility of invasive therapeutic interventions (percutaneous or surgical) in patients with lower extremity PAD should be made with a complete anatomic assessment of the affected arterial territory, including imaging of the occlusive lesion, as well as arterial inflow and outflow with angiography or a combination of angiography and noninvasive vascular techniques. (Level of Evidence: B)Digital subtraction angiography is recommended for contrast angiographic studies because this technique allows for enhanced imaging capabilities compared with conventional unsubtracted contrast angiography. (Level of Evidence: A)Before performance of contrast angiography, a full history and complete vascular examination should be performed to optimize decisions regarding the access site, as well as to minimize contrast dose and catheter manipulation. (Level of Evidence: C)Selective or super selective catheter placement during lower extremity angiography is indicated because this can enhance imaging, reduce contrast dose, and improve sensitivity and specificity of the procedure. (Level of Evidence: C)The diagnostic lower extremity arteriogram should image the iliac, femoral, and tibial bifurcations in profile without vessel overlap. (Level of Evidence: B)When conducting a diagnostic lower extremity arteriogram in which the significance of an obstructive lesion is ambiguous, transstenotic pressure gradients and supplementary angulated views should be obtained. (Level of Evidence: B)Patients with baseline renal insufficiency should receive hydration before undergoing contrast angiography. (Level of Evidence: B)Follow-up clinical evaluation, including a physical examination and measurement of renal function, is recommended within 2 weeks after contrast angiography to detect the presence of delayed adv