To reduce the loading of environmentally unfriendly Cr, well-dispersed monolayer CrOx catalysts supported on silicalite-1 (S-1) were successfully prepared for propane dehydrogenation (PDH), and the effect of the K promoter was also systematically investigated. The characterization results demonstrated that Cr6+ species were dominant at Cr loadings less than 3 wt%, which seemed to be responsible for the better PDH performance at a rather low Cr content through reducing Cr6+ to active Cr3+ species during the PDH process. At Cr loadings ≥5 wt%, the Cr species tended to form aggregates such as crystalline α-Cr2O3, which has been found to be unfavourable for PDH activity. The enhanced PDH performance of the 2Cr-0.5 K catalyst (2 wt% Cr2O3, 0.5 wt% K2O) prepared by coimpregnating Cr and K was mainly attributed to the elimination of the medium and strong acid sites of the catalysts for inhibiting coke formation. Moreover, the 2Cr-0.5 K catalyst exhibited a complete recovery of PDH activity after regeneration, which was attributed to the easy removal of coke at lower temperatures. More importantly, the well-dispersed monolayer catalyst (2Cr/S-1) achieves propane conversion up to 51.2 % and a space–time yield of propene formation up to 0.35 kgC3H6 h−1 kgcat.−1 at 580 °C and has the lowest Cr content among previously reported Cr-based catalysts with comparable performance. This study might provide insight for achieving low Cr loading and high PDH activity to minimize the effect of toxic Cr and maximize process economics.