To enhance the compressive strength and water resistance of beta-hemihydrate phosphogypsum (β-HPG), ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) was commonly used as a modifier. However, the hydration of GGBS is slow under the low pH value offered by β-HPG. In this study, a quaternary system composed of β-HPG, GGBS, steel slag (SS), and AFt was designed. SS was used to increase the alkalinity to facilitate the depolymerization of GGBS, and the prepared AFt was used as nucleation seeds to further induce hydration. Workability, pH value, mechanical properties, hydration heat, and hydration products of the system were examined. The findings indicated that SS could elevate the pH value and promote the hydration of GGBS. Furthermore, in the β-HPG-GGBS-SS-AFt quaternary system, AFt enhanced the compressive strength and water resistance. For the sample with 5 wt% SS, 2 wt% AFt seeds increased the 7-d and 28-d compressive strength by 86.4% and 70.5%, respectively, and the increase for the 28-d softening coefficient was by 25.0%. These improvements were because AFt seeds could induce the hydration of GGBS and produce more amounts of AFt and C-S-H gel in the alkaline environment provided by SS. Moreover, compared with the pure β-HPG, the sample with 5 wt% SS and 2 wt% AFt seeds exhibited a 92.5% and 40.0% increase in compressive strength and softening coefficient at 28 d. This work presents a novel approach to improve the basic performance of the β-HPG system.