The 2024 Paris Olympics and Paralympics swimming events held in the River Seine presented significant challenges in ensuring athlete safety and maintaining the integrity of the competition environment.A key issue was the lack of transparency in the decision-making process concerning water quality standards and the decision to allow competitions. Delayed reporting of water quality data and limited evidence to support safety claims, were significant problems during the Games [3,4]. Furthermore, the criteria used to determine whether athletes could safely compete were not adequately justified. For example, the World Triathlon Water Quality Statement advises triathlons to occur in waters where E. coli levels remain below 500 CFU/100 ml and Enterococci under 200 CFU/100 ml [5]. However, for the Paris 2024 Olympics, these limits were raised significantly, with E. coli levels set at 1,000 CFU/100 ml and Enterococci at 400 CFU/100 ml [4]. Such deviations from established standards warrant clear, transparent justifications, but these were either not provided or inadequately communicated to the public. The absence of a centralized platform where water quality reports were publicly accessible only exacerbated these issues.Additionally, the final call on allowing swimming in the Seine during the triathlon, paratriathlon, and open water Olympic events, was made by the relevant sport federation, viz. World Triathlon or World Aquatics, in coordination with the Paris 2024 Organizing Committee. While procedures followed EU and WHO standards [5], sport bodies' decisions risk prioritizing event schedules, reputations, and legacies over health concerns. Moreover, if federations primarily conduct risk assessments without transparent criteria it further 38 complicates the credibility of these decisions.Another significant issue was the of strategies to minimize health risks during the 40 events. While strategies such as water testing were a step in the direction, individual 41 precautions were insufficient. Athletes clear guidance on reducing health risks 42 and took measures like reducing handwashing and to avoid swallowing water during swimming to prevent [2]. Furthermore, misconceptions about health risks 44 can skew our understanding of acceptable risks. In the sports context potential infection 45 spread is often overlooked [6]. Moreover, the portrayal of athletes as enduring heroes [7],46 can lead to compromising their safety. Most importantly, the challenge of establishing a direct 47 link between an infection and exposure to contaminated water further complicates the 48 understanding of the risks athletes face [5]. To strike an ethical balance between the safety of athletes, public health concerns, and the 68 aspiration to conduct high-profile sporting events, it is imperative to incorporate fundamental 69 principles of public health ethics into the decision-making process. Independent oversight and adherence to scientific standards are essential when making 78 decisions related to athletes' safety. While multiple stakeholders should be involved in the 79 decision-making process, the final determination on whether to proceed with events amid 80 health risks should be made by independent health authorities rather than sports 81 federations. This ensures that athlete health is prioritized. Additionally, since the final 82 decision athletes directly, it is important to include athletes' committees, comprised 83 of current or former athletes, in the decision-making process, ensuring procedural justice. Ultimately, cities and governments should routinely prioritize public health and 90 environmental issues to ensure a fairer and more transparent approach to hosting major 91 sporting events. The Rio 2016 Olympics underscored how critical issues like water 92 contamination-affecting millions daily-were only addressed due to the event, despite years 93 of protests [9]. If improvements are made they must be long-lasting or they will merely waste 94 resources that could have been invested in areas with more lasting benefits.The safety of competition environments has been a recurring concern. Issues with water