Bamboo, a biomass environmental resource, has great ecological and environmental value when it is used in concrete to replace natural gravel aggregate. In order to solve the defects of original bamboo, such as easy cracking, easy corrosion and poor adhesion with the cement matrix, epoxy mortar was used to modify bamboo. The effect of pretreatment on the adhesion properties of adhesive on bamboo surface was tested by an interfacial pull-off test. The physical, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of alkaline solution of bamboo before and after modification were studied. The microstructure of the interface between bamboo aggregate before and after modification and the cement matrix was also observed. The results showed that the adhesion between the epoxy mortar-modified layer and the pre-treated bamboo was increased by 51% compared to the untreated bamboo. The modified bamboo exhibited varied degrees of improvement in its dimensional stability and mechanical performance. Additionally, following 30 days of alkaline solution erosion, the mass loss rate was reduced by 83%. The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between modified bamboo aggregate and the cement matrix was denser, indicating modified bamboo had the potential to replace the traditional gravel aggregate as a sustainable raw material for the concrete industry.