Sarcopenia is generally defined as an age-related musculoskeletal disease characterized by the reductions in muscle strength, lean/muscle mass (quality) and functional ability leading to various adverse health outcomes, including impaired physical function and reduced quality of life (1). Sarcopenia is also associated with cognitive decline in older adults (2). As sarcopenia is a potentially reversible condition whose prevalence increases with age, several non-pharmacological strategies have been developed to counteract its progression in older adults (3,4).Sedentary or and physically inactive older adults exhibit a reduced myofibrillar protein proteinsynthetic synthesis response to dietary protein intake, which significantly accelerates the progression of sarcopenia (5). This issue is further exacerbated in obese elderly populations. Age-related muscle 'anabolic resistance' becomes particularly pronounced in response to low or moderate protein intake, a dietary pattern commonly observed in older individuals (6). It is now recognized that a daily intake of at least 1.0 grams of protein per kg/day, rich in essential amino acids (primarily leucine) is crucial to maintaining positive protein balance in musculoskeletal tissue. While we acknowledge the importance of high protein intake in older adults, we will not elaborate on this topic, given the extensive international and governmental efforts already in place. For example, the ESPEN Expert Group (7) and the PROT-AGE Study Group (8) provide international guidelines, while governmental initiatives such as the World Health Organization's 'Keep fit for life: meeting the nutritional needs of older persons' (9) and the European Commission's 'Dietary recommendations for protein intake for adults and older adults' (10) address this issue comprehensively.In this opinion article, we advocate for the combination of creatine monohydrate supplementation and resistance training as a safe and effective non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat sarcopenia that should be internationally recognized by health practitioners and public health organizations.Creatine (Cr) is derived from reactions involving amino acids in the liver and brain. Approximately 95% of the Cr creatine pool in the body is found in skeletal muscle, while 5% is found in other tissues with high energy demands such as cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, kidney cells, inner ear cells, enterocytes, spermatozoa, and photoreceptor cells. Creatine in its phosphorylated form, phosphocreatine (PCr), plays a pivotal role in sustaining adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in these cells (11).Creatine is naturally present in meat, fish, and poultry with an estimated daily requirement of approximately 2 g•day -1 for a 70-kg male to maintain normal creatine levels in the human body (12,13). Notwithstanding, research across diverse populations has demonstrated that endogenous creatine synthesis may be insufficient under numerous physiological and pathological conditions (14).Following the groundbreaking research of Dr. Roger Harris in 1992 (15), creatine monohydrate became widely available as a dietary supplement in the United States and Europe, fully compliant with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Given its natural presence in food and its availability as a supplement before October 15, 1994, creatine was grandfathered under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) as a legal dietary supplement in the U.S. Recently, the FDA expressed no objections to a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) application, permitting the inclusion of creatine monohydrate as a food additive in various food products (GRAS Notice 931) (16). Further, after consultation on novel food status under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, creatine is not considered a novel food as creatine monohydrate has been used for human consumption to a significant degree in the European Union before 15 May 1997 (17). Creatine is approved for inclusion in dietary supplements and/or food products in numerous countries, including Canada, Australia, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, and Brazil, among others (18). Extensive research, including randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, have consistently demonstrated that creatine monohydrate supplementation is both safe and effective in humans (12,19,20), including older adults (21,22). Thus, there is a strong consensus within the scientific community that creatine monohydrate supplementation (e.g., 20 grams/day or 0.3 grams/kg/day for 5-7 days; 3-5 grams/day or 0.03 grams/kg/day; or 0.1-0.14 grams/kg/day) can safely and effectively enhance exercise performance capacity and training adaptations in both untrained and trained individuals, regardless of exercise interventions, biological sex or age (12,19,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38).Research across diverse populations has demonstrated that endogenous creatine synthesis may be insufficient under numerous physiological and pathological conditions (38). Consequently, an adequate intake of dietary creatine is likely conditionally essential for maintaining optimal health and promoting growth (14). Due to the energy and mechanical optimization of cells (11), increasing intracellular creatine levels through nutritional supplementation reduces protein degradation (39), promotes activation of satellite cells (40), and increases whole-body lean tissue mass (41). The cellular bioenergetics improvements after creatine supplementation offer potential benefits beyond musculoskeletal tissue, such as in the brain, the heart, vascular health, immune system, among others (42)(43)(44)(45), especially in older adults (24,46). In the context of this opinion article, several studies show that creatine monohydrate supplementation can augment muscle mass and, physical and cognitive function in older adults (19,47,48), with more clinically significant effects when combined with resistance training (49).Strength training involves contracting skeletal muscles to work against an external force. Resistance training, a form of strength training, can useinvolves various different types of resistancesapplied external forces, such as body massweight, free weights, or resistance bands. Due to its ability to enhance neuromuscular performance, resistance training is a vital component of physical conditioning programs aimed at improving daily activities, self-care, and quality of life across different ages and populations (4,48). In this article, we focus on resistance training, emphasizing its role in increasing muscle mass and strength, which are linked to improved health outcomes. Resistance training offers several physical benefits, including enhanced muscle strength, endurance, and power, along with increased bone mineral density and connective tissue remodeling. Clinically, it contributes to cardiometabolic health, helps prevent neurodegenerative disorders and mental health issues, and improves functionality, leading to reduced frailty and a lower risk of falls (50,51). Due to its ability to enhance neuromuscular performanceBased on the available evidence, resistance training isconstitutes a vitalkey component of physical conditioning programs aimed at improving daily activities of daily living, self-care, and quality of life while reducing all-cause mortality across different ages and populationsin older adults (4,52).The resistance exercise recommendations provided by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) in collaboration with the American Heart Association (AHA) emphasize a training frequency of at least two days per week. The recommended intensity ranges from moderate (5-6) to vigorous (7)(8) on a scale of 0 to 10. The program should include progressive weight training with 8-10 exercises targeting major muscle groups, performing 8-12 repetitions per exercise (50). Additionally, the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) suggests a resistance training regimen for older adults that involves 8-10 different free-weight or machine-based exercises, focusing on multi-joint movements and power/explosive training. This regimen includes 1-3 sets per exercise per muscle group, with 8-12 or 10-15 repetitions at 70-85% of 1-RM, performed 2-3 days per week (per muscle group) (53). Recent clinical evidence indicates that both low and high-frequency resistance training effectively enhances muscular strength, skeletal muscle mass, and muscle quality in older women with sarcopenia (54). Cluster-set resistance training is an alternative approach that warrants further investigation in older adults, given its potential effectiveness in achieving superior results with less overall effort (4).Before starting a resistance training program for older adults, it is advisable to use the ACSM's exercise preparticipation screening tool for risk stratification (available at the ACSM Resource Library) and to establish goals based on a periodization plan. Assessing perceived exertion and pain levels are wellestablished methods for monitoring internal load and pain thresholds in different populations, including those at risk of frailty like older adults (55). These straightforward techniques are effective for accurately tracking training intensity and making necessary adjustments (56,57). Our recent findings suggest that using rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales and perceived movement velocity is a valid, cost-effective, and practical method for assessing resistance training load progression and complementing other training metrics. Exercise professionals should ensure that participants are familiar with RPE scales and consider factors that may influence perceived exertion, such as training status, motivation, and environmental conditions (58).We have previously outlined a comprehensive framework for understanding the etiology of resistance training-related injuries and provided detailed recommendations for exercise professionals, clinical exercise physiologists, and health practitioners to consider when designing exercise programs for older adults (59). Accordingly, it is essential to include sessions dedicated to familiarizing individuals with proper exercise techniques, irrespective of their experience or the type of resistance used (e.g., free weights, machine-based, or body weight exercises). These sessions should focus on teaching, observing, and correcting exercise techniques. Adhering to the safety principle in resistance training, it is crucial to select exercises that do not impact participants' well-being. It is advisable to begin with simpler exercises (using machines or light weights) and gradually progress to more complex exercises (such as free weights with moderate-to-high loads) that demand greater control.To enhance the health, functional capacity, and quality of life for older adults, it is recommended to implement community-based exercise programs that focus on moderate-intensity activities, such as circuit resistance training. Meta-analytic evidence demonstrates that these programs are more effective than standard care in improving functional capacity and health-related quality of life (60). Social media interventions targeting lifestyle behaviors-such as online communities, interactive web platforms, online education, and healthcare resources-have been well-received and can effectively promote physical activity among older adults (61). Furthermore, promoting exercise programs that incorporate prescribed home-based therapy is also beneficial (62). A notable example of these applications is the Curves Women's Health & Fitness Initiative at the Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory (Texas A&M University). This initiative has highlighted several benefits of circuit-style resistance training programs and the use of technology for health applications in women living with aging conditions (e.g., type-2 diabetes, obesity, etc.), including older females (63)(64)(65)(66)(67).Finally, creating and sustaining active environments that offer safe and equitable access to resistance exercise opportunities is crucial for older adults. This involves ensuring that cities and communities provide spaces and facilities that accommodate individuals of all ages and abilities, facilitating regular engagement in resistance training. For recommendations detailing the characteristics of resistance training protocols prescribed for older adults and a description of program variables, readers should refer to the Position Statement from the National Strength and Conditioning Association (53) and the recent scoping review on the topic by da Silva et al. (2023) (68).Creatine monohydrate supplementation (≥ 5 grams/day; 0.1-0.14 grams/kg/day) during a resistance training program has the potential to preserve mental and physical abilities and mitigate sarcopenia and its associated risks. Table 1 shows large-scale epidemiological, meta-analytic and regulatory evidence supporting the importance of creatine intake and its positive effects when combined with resistance training to enhance cognitive function and physical vitality in older adults. Table 1 shows large-scale epidemiological, meta-analytic and regulatory evidence supporting the importance of creatine intake and its positive effects when combined with resistance training to enhance cognitive function and physical vitality in older adults.The understanding of creatine's potential cognitive benefits has advanced with recent studies, yet significant research is still needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Previously, we have described plausible biological regulators mediating effects of creatine supplementation using convergent functional genomics (69) and have also found that cellular allostasis relies heavily on the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system, which contributes to the intricate balance of subcellular energy production and cellular mechanics (11). This reliance has been clinically evidenced by improvements in cerebral high-energy phosphates, cognitive performance, and processing speed, as reported by Gordji-Nejad et al. (2024) following a high single dose of creatine monohydrate (0.35 g/kg) during sleep deprivation (70). Furthermore, Bian et al. (2023) provided valuable insights into the potential role of creatine as a neurotransmitter, presenting strong evidence of creatine's presence within synaptic vesicles (71). Although promising, these cognitive improvements require standardized measurement approaches and further investigation into their clinical implications for older adults at risk of neurodegenerative diseases. To address these gaps, we invite the scientific community to contribute their data and insights to our research topic "Exploring Creatine Supplementation: Enhancing Physical and Cognitive Health in Older Adults", where the latest findings, next research directions, and collaborative efforts on creatine for health and disease will be collected. For example, in addition to what is listed in Table 1, more clinical research on creatine benefits in preventing the development of several other aging long terms conditions are needed (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, orthopaedical function, frailty etc.). ***** Table 1 ***** Overall, creatine supplementation in combination with resistance training serves as a safe and effective approach to counteract the progression of sarcopenia (Figure 1). It is clear that creatine monohydrate supplementation-regardless of creatine loading, maintenance dosage, or frequency of ingestionduring a resistance training program increases lean tissue mass and strength compared to a placebo and resistance training alone in older adults (48). We advocate for the prompt implementation of public health initiatives that promote the inclusion of creatine-rich foods in human nutrition (www.creatine.global) and invite practitioners to visit www.creatineforhealth.com, an initiative that brings together creatine researchers worldwide to accelerate awareness about the role of creatine supplementation for health and in clinical diseases. The study's findings suggest a link between dietary creatine and depression. Authors reported that "depression prevalence was 42% higher among adults in the lowest quartile (0-0. A significant positive correlation was observed between cognitive function and creatine intake across the entire sample. Participants who consumed more than 0.95 grams of creatine per day exhibited higher scores on cognitive functioning assessments compared to those with lower creatine intake (p<0.05). This indicates that dietary creatine may offer protective benefits against diminished cognitive performance in the older population. Up to 70% of elderly individuals in the United States consume less than 1.00 g of creatine daily, with approximately 19.8% consuming no creatine at all. Those with suboptimal creatine intake were found to have a 2.62-fold increased risk of angina pectoris and a 2.59-fold increased risk of liver conditions compared to their counterparts who consume 1.00 g or more of creatine per day, after adjusting for demographic and nutritional variables. The FDA expressed no objections to a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) application by Alzchem Group AG, permitting the inclusion of creatine monohydrate as a food additive in various food products (GRAS Notice 931). "Based on the totality of data and information presented in the notice, AlzcChem concludes that creatine monohydrate is GRAS for its intended use in food".Inventory -GRN No. 000931 (16) European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) -European UnionThe EFSA panel concluded that a cause-and-effect relationship has been established between the consumption of creatine in combination with resistance training and improvement in muscle strength in adults over the age of 55. "In order to obtain the claimed effect, 3 grams of creatine should be consumed daily in conjunction with resistance training, which allows an increase in the workload over time. Resistance training should be performed at least three times per week for several weeks, at an intensity of at least 65 The Scientific Committee considers that the maximum daily amounts of 3.41 g of creatine monohydrate provides a maximum daily amount of 3