Background & Aims: The surgical indications for multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and for HCC with portal hypertension (PHT) remain controversial. Methods: We reviewed 434 patients who had undergone an initial resection for HCC and divided them into a multiple (n = 126) or single (n = 308) group according to the number of tumors. We also classified 386 of the patients into a PHT group (n = 136) and a no-PHT (n = 250) group according to whether they had PHT (defined by the presence of esophageal varices or a platelet count of <100,000/μL in association with splenomegaly). Results: Among Child–Pugh class A patients, the overall survival rates in the multiple group were 58% at 5 years, and 56% in the PHT group, which were lower than those in the single group (68%, P = .035) and the no-PHT group (71%, P = .008). Among Child–Pugh class B patients with multiple HCCs, the 5-year overall survival rate was 19%. Multivariate analyses revealed that the presence of multiple tumors was an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence (relative risk, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–2.18; P = .001). A second resection resulted in satisfactory overall survival after the diagnosis of recurrence in the multiple (73% at 3 years) or PHT (73%) groups, as well as in the single (79%) or no PHT (81%) groups. Conclusions: Resection can provide survival benefits even for patients with multiple tumors in a background of Child–Pugh class A cirrhosis, as well as in those with PHT. Background & Aims: The surgical indications for multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and for HCC with portal hypertension (PHT) remain controversial. Methods: We reviewed 434 patients who had undergone an initial resection for HCC and divided them into a multiple (n = 126) or single (n = 308) group according to the number of tumors. We also classified 386 of the patients into a PHT group (n = 136) and a no-PHT (n = 250) group according to whether they had PHT (defined by the presence of esophageal varices or a platelet count of <100,000/μL in association with splenomegaly). Results: Among Child–Pugh class A patients, the overall survival rates in the multiple group were 58% at 5 years, and 56% in the PHT group, which were lower than those in the single group (68%, P = .035) and the no-PHT group (71%, P = .008). Among Child–Pugh class B patients with multiple HCCs, the 5-year overall survival rate was 19%. Multivariate analyses revealed that the presence of multiple tumors was an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence (relative risk, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–2.18; P = .001). A second resection resulted in satisfactory overall survival after the diagnosis of recurrence in the multiple (73% at 3 years) or PHT (73%) groups, as well as in the single (79%) or no PHT (81%) groups. Conclusions: Resection can provide survival benefits even for patients with multiple tumors in a background of Child–Pugh class A cirrhosis, as well as in those with PHT. Liver resection has been a mainstay of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with well-preserved liver function. Thanks to remarkable advances in diagnosis, surgical techniques, and perioperative care, liver resection now provides a good survival rate, exceeding 50% at 5 years with a surgical mortality rate of 0.8% in Japan according to the latest nationwide survey.1Ikai I. Arii S. Okazaki M. et al.Report of the 17th nationwide follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan.Hepatol Res. 2007; 37: 676-691Crossref PubMed Scopus (338) Google Scholar Surgical mortality rates range from 0% to 6.4% at major hepatobiliary centers in other countries.2Fuster J. García-Valdecasas J.C. 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Ho W.M. et al.Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.Br J Surg. 2005; 92: 348-355Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar However, high recurrence rates between 70% and 100% at 5 years1Ikai I. Arii S. Okazaki M. et al.Report of the 17th nationwide follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan.Hepatol Res. 2007; 37: 676-691Crossref PubMed Scopus (338) Google Scholar, 2Fuster J. García-Valdecasas J.C. Grande L. et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis Results of surgical treatment in a European series.Ann Surg. 1996; 223: 297-302Crossref PubMed Scopus (234) Google Scholar, 4Fong Y. Sun R.L. Jarnagin W. et al.An analysis of 412 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma at a Western center.Ann Surg. 1999; 229: 790-799Crossref PubMed Scopus (741) Google Scholar, 6Wu C.C. Cheng S.B. Ho W.M. et al.Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.Br J Surg. 2005; 92: 348-355Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 7Belghiti J. Panis Y. Farges O. et al.Intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating cirrhosis.Ann Surg. 1991; 214: 114-117Crossref PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar, 8Poon R.T. Fan S.T. Lo C.M. et al.Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation.Ann Surg. 2002; 235: 373-382Crossref PubMed Scopus (702) Google Scholar, 9Vauthey J.N. Lauwers G.Y. Esnaola N.F. et al.Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma.J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20: 1527-1536Crossref PubMed Scopus (588) Google Scholar, 10Ercolani G. Grazi G.L. Ravaioli M. et al.Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence.Ann Surg. 2003; 237: 536-543Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar, 11Portolani N. Coniglio A. Ghidoni S. et al.Early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications.Ann Surg. 2006; 243: 229-235Crossref PubMed Scopus (618) Google Scholar, 12Capussotti L. Ferrero A. Viganò L. et al.Portal hypertension: contraindication to liver surgery?.World J Surg. 2006; 30: 992-999Crossref PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar remain a major drawback to liver resection. One of the most significant predictors of recurrence is the number of tumors.8Poon R.T. Fan S.T. Lo C.M. et al.Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation.Ann Surg. 2002; 235: 373-382Crossref PubMed Scopus (702) Google Scholar, 13Yamamoto J. Kosuge T. Takayama T. et al.Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery.Br J Surg. 1996; 83: 1219-1222Crossref PubMed Scopus (317) Google Scholar, 14Llovet J.M. Fuster J. Bruix J. Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus transplantation.Hepatology. 1999; 30: 1434-1440Crossref PubMed Scopus (1471) Google Scholar, 15Arii S. Yamaoka Y. Futagawa S. et al.Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: a retrospective and nationwide survey in Japan.Hepatology. 2000; 32: 1224-1229Crossref PubMed Scopus (697) Google Scholar Previous studies have shown that the 5-year disease-free survival rates after resection for multiple HCCs range from 0% to 26%, lower than those for a single HCC (31%–46%).6Wu C.C. Cheng S.B. Ho W.M. et al.Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.Br J Surg. 2005; 92: 348-355Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 8Poon R.T. Fan S.T. Lo C.M. et al.Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation.Ann Surg. 2002; 235: 373-382Crossref PubMed Scopus (702) Google Scholar, 10Ercolani G. Grazi G.L. Ravaioli M. et al.Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence.Ann Surg. 2003; 237: 536-543Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar, 11Portolani N. Coniglio A. Ghidoni S. et al.Early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications.Ann Surg. 2006; 243: 229-235Crossref PubMed Scopus (618) Google Scholar The surgical indications for multiple HCCs have not been established.The degree of liver damage is another significant prognostic factor after resection for HCC. In 1996, Bruix et al16Bruix J. Castells A. Bosch J. et al.Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: prognostic value of preoperative portal pressure.Gastroenterology. 1996; 111: 1018-1022Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (743) Google Scholar reported that liver resection for HCC in patients with portal hypertension (PHT), as defined by a hepatic venous pressure gradient of 10 mm Hg or greater, led to a high incidence (73%) of postoperative liver decompensation with a poor 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. Their results provided supporting evidence for the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system proposed in 1999, in which liver resection was contraindicated for patients with PHT.17Llovet J.M. Brú C. Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification.Semin Liver Dis. 1999; 19: 329-338Crossref PubMed Scopus (2877) Google Scholar In contrast, in eastern Asia liver functional reserve usually is evaluated by the indocyanine green test before surgery, rather than the presence or absence of PHT.3Fan S.T. Lo C.M. Liu C.L. et al.Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: toward zero hospital deaths.Ann Surg. 1999; 229: 322-330Crossref PubMed Scopus (684) Google Scholar, 6Wu C.C. Cheng S.B. Ho W.M. et al.Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.Br J Surg. 2005; 92: 348-355Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 18Makuuchi M. Kosuge T. Takayama T. et al.Surgery for small liver cancers.Semin Surg Oncol. 1993; 9: 298-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (642) Google Scholar, 19Imamura H. Sano K. Sugawara Y. et al.Assessment of hepatic reserve for indication of hepatic resection: decision tree incorporating indocyanine green test.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005; 12: 16-22Crossref PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar, 20Lee S.G. Hwang S. How I do it: assessment of hepatic functional reserve for indication of hepatic resection.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005; 12: 38-43Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar The surgical indications for HCC associated with PHT also remain controversial.Recently, treatment guidelines for HCC that are based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system17Llovet J.M. Brú C. Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification.Semin Liver Dis. 1999; 19: 329-338Crossref PubMed Scopus (2877) Google Scholar have been proposed in Europe21Bruix J. Sherman M. Llovet J.M. et al.Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference.J Hepatol. 2001; 35: 421-430Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3753) Google Scholar and the United States.22Bruix J. Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology. 2005; 42: 1208-1236Crossref PubMed Scopus (5052) Google Scholar These guidelines recommend liver resection only for patients with a single HCC without PHT. Liver transplantation or percutaneous ablation is recommended for a single HCC with PHT and for small multiple HCCs (up to 3 nodules and smaller than 3 cm), and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization is proposed for other types of multiple HCCs.21Bruix J. Sherman M. Llovet J.M. et al.Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference.J Hepatol. 2001; 35: 421-430Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3753) Google Scholar, 22Bruix J. Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology. 2005; 42: 1208-1236Crossref PubMed Scopus (5052) Google Scholar One reason for the narrow indications for resection is the poor long-term outcomes in patients with multiple HCCs8Poon R.T. Fan S.T. Lo C.M. et al.Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation.Ann Surg. 2002; 235: 373-382Crossref PubMed Scopus (702) Google Scholar, 13Yamamoto J. Kosuge T. Takayama T. et al.Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery.Br J Surg. 1996; 83: 1219-1222Crossref PubMed Scopus (317) Google Scholar, 14Llovet J.M. Fuster J. Bruix J. Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus transplantation.Hepatology. 1999; 30: 1434-1440Crossref PubMed Scopus (1471) Google Scholar, 15Arii S. Yamaoka Y. Futagawa S. et al.Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: a retrospective and nationwide survey in Japan.Hepatology. 2000; 32: 1224-1229Crossref PubMed Scopus (697) Google Scholar and/or PHT.14Llovet J.M. Fuster J. Bruix J. Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus transplantation.Hepatology. 1999; 30: 1434-1440Crossref PubMed Scopus (1471) Google Scholar, 16Bruix J. Castells A. Bosch J. et al.Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: prognostic value of preoperative portal pressure.Gastroenterology. 1996; 111: 1018-1022Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (743) Google Scholar However, recent advances in liver surgery have rapidly improved outcomes, especially in eastern Asia. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic value of liver resection for multiple HCCs and for HCC with PHT and to re-evaluate the current treatment algorithms for HCC, such as the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system, which were constructed on the basis of data obtained mainly in Western countries.Materials and MethodsThe study was undertaken in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.PatientsThe base population consisted of 455 consecutive patients who had undergone an initial curative liver resection for HCC without extrahepatic metastasis at Tokyo University Hospital between November 1994 and December 2004. We excluded 21 patients in whom a malignancy other than HCC had been diagnosed within a 5-year period before liver resection. The remaining 434 patients were enrolled in the present study. First, we classified them into multiple (n = 126) and single (n = 308) groups according to the number of HCCs that were present, which was determined according to the pathologic findings. We regarded a tumor with a surrounding co-nodule(s) as a single tumor only when the co-nodule(s) was attached to the main tumor.Second, we divided 386 of the earlier-described 434 patients into a PHT group (n = 136) and a no-PHT (n = 250) group according to the presence or absence of PHT. Forty-eight patients were excluded because no records of preoperative upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy were available. PHT was defined according to the criteria proposed by the Barcelona group for patients in whom the hepatic venous pressure gradient was not measured (ie, the presence of esophageal varices and/or a platelet count of <100,000/μL in association with splenomegaly).17Llovet J.M. Brú C. Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification.Semin Liver Dis. 1999; 19: 329-338Crossref PubMed Scopus (2877) Google Scholar Splenomegaly was diagnosed by preoperative computed tomography (CT), according to one of the widely used criteria for splenomegaly (ie, a spleen length exceeding 10 cm on CT).23Bezerra A.S. D'Ippolito G. Faintuch S. et al.Determination of splenomegaly by CT: is there a place for a single measurement?.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005; 184: 1510-1513Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar The PHT group consisted of 57 patients with a platelet count of less than 100,000/μL in association with splenomegaly, 37 patients with esophageal varices, and 42 patients with both conditions.The study group comprised 364 patients with cirrhosis of Child–Pugh class A and 70 with cirrhosis of Child–Pugh class B (68 patients with a score of 7 and 2 with a score of 8).24Pugh R.N. Murray-Lyon I.M. Dawson J.L. et al.Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices.Br J Surg. 1973; 60: 646-649Crossref PubMed Scopus (6669) Google Scholar Among Child–Pugh class B patients, 2 had Gilbert syndrome and 1 had obstructive jaundice caused by tumor thrombus in the bile duct. None of the other patients had encephalopathy, uncontrollable ascites, or jaundice (serum total bilirubin level, ≥2.0 mg/dL). Table 1 shows the background characteristics in each group. Liver function was worse in the multiple group than in the single group and also was worse in the PHT group than in the no-PHT group. Hepatitis C virus infection was more common in the multiple group than in the single group and also was more common in the PHT group than in the no-PHT group. Cancer-related characteristics are shown in Table 2.Table 1Background CharacteristicsVariableMultipleSinglePHTNo PHT(n = 126)(n = 308)P(n = 136)(n = 250)PMedian age, y (range)65 (32–90)65 (13–85).37165 (16–90)66 (13–85).417Sex Male97 (77%)239 (78%).90088 (65%)209 (84%)<.001 Female29 (23%)69 (22%)48 (35%)41 (16%)Platelet count, ×103Fan S.T. Lo C.M. Liu C.L. et al.Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: toward zero hospital deaths.Ann Surg. 1999; 229: 322-330Crossref PubMed Scopus (684) Google Scholar/μL (range)124 (23–444)147 (33–486).00183 (23–237)169 (100–486)<.001Median albumin level, g/dL (range)3.6 (2.7–4.7)3.7 (2.7–4.8).0723.6 (2.7–4.5)3.8 (2.7–4.8)<.001Total median bilirubin level, mg/dL (range)0.8 (0.3–1.7)0.7 (0.2–5.0).3080.8 (0.3–1.9)0.7 (0.2–5.0)<.001Median prothrombin rate, % (range)74.8 (48.7–100)78.8 (48.4–100).02272.4 (50.5–100)79.6 (48.7–100)<.001Median ICGR15, % (range)17.4 (5.3–45.0)13.7 (2.2–48.0)<.00120.0 (5.0–48.0)13.1 (2.2–45.0)<.001Child–Pugh class A105 (83%)259 (84%).88698 (72%)224 (90%)<.001 B21 (17%)49 (16%)38 (28%)26 (10%)Esophageal varicesaEvaluated using gastroesophageal fiberscopy in 386 patients. Yes31 (27%)48 (18%).05379 (60%)0 (0%)<.001 No83 (73%)219 (82%)52 (40%)250 (100%)Hepatitis B virus surface antigen Positive12 (10%)74 (24%).00116 (12%)59 (24%).005 Negative114 (90%)234 (76%)120 (88%)191 (76%)Hepatitis C virus antibody Positive93 (74%)187 (61%).011104 (76%)147 (59%).001 Negative33 (26%)121 (39%)32 (24%)103 (41%)Background liver Cirrhosis103 (82%)228 (74%).106123 (90%)170 (68%)<.001 Noncirrhosis23 (18%)80 (26%)13 (10%)80 (32%)a Evaluated using gastroesophageal fiberscopy in 386 patients. Open table in a new tab Table 2Cancer-Related FactorsVariableMultiple (n = 126)Single (n = 308)PPHT (n = 136)No PHT (n = 250)PTumor number Single—308 (100%)—83 (61%)189 (76%).004 Multiple——53 (39%)61 (24%) 275 (60%)——— 329 (23%)——— ≥4aTumor number was 4 (n = 14), 5 (n = 2), 6 (n = 4), and 9 (n = 2).22 (17%)———Median main tumor size, mm (range)35 (11–140)35 (8–160).50928 (12–90)40 (8–160)<.001Microscopic vascular invasion Yes34 (27%)68 (22%).31827 (20%)59 (24%).444 No92 (73%)240 (78%)109 (80%)191 (76%)Cancer cell differentiation Well19 (15%)42 (14%).76125 (18%)32 (13%).176 Moderate or poor107 (85%)266 (86%)111 (82%)218 (87%)Median α-fetoprotein level, ng/mL57 (2–400,000)19 (1–436,000).03933 (1–45,934)19 (1–436,000).126Des-γ-carboxy prothrombin Positive77 (61%)163 (53%).13751 (38%)158 (63%)<.001 Negative49 (39%)145 (47%)85 (62%)92 (37%)a Tumor number was 4 (n = 14), 5 (n = 2), 6 (n = 4), and 9 (n = 2). Open table in a new tab Indications for Liver ResectionThe indications for liver resection and surgical procedures were determined according to a decision tree based on the presence or absence of uncontrolled ascites, the serum bilirubin level, and the indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICGR15),18Makuuchi M. Kosuge T. Takayama T. et al.Surgery for small liver cancers.Semin Surg Oncol. 1993; 9: 298-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (642) Google Scholar, 25Torzilli G. Makuuchi M. Inoue K. et al.No-mortality liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients: is there a way? A prospective analysis of our approach.Arch Surg. 1999; 134: 984-992Crossref PubMed Scopus (436) Google Scholar irrespective of the presence or absence of PHT. Briefly, if the serum bilirubin level was normal, our criteria permitted right hepatectomy or trisectoriectomy when the ICGR15 was less than 10%, left hepatectomy or sectoriectomy when the ICGR15 was less than 20%, subsegmentectomy or Couinaud's segmentectomy when the ICGR15 was less than 30%, limited resection when the ICGR15 was less than 40%, and enucleation when the ICGR15 was 40% or greater.Preoperative Treatment of PHTFor patients with a platelet count of less than 50,000/μL, we additionally performed splenectomy before (n = 3) or concurrently with (n = 6) liver resection to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic complications. If an upper-gastrointestinal endoscopic examination revealed either moderately enlarged beady varices (grade F2)26Japanese Research Society for Portal HypertensionThe general rules for recording endoscopic findings on esophageal varices.Jpn J Surg. 1980; 10: 84-87Crossref PubMed Scopus (327) Google Scholar with or without a red color sign or markedly enlarged nodular or tumor-shaped varices (F3), we performed endoscopic treatments preoperatively such as variceal band ligation (n = 14) or sclerotherapy (n = 2) to avoid variceal rupture.27Sugawara Y. Yamamoto J. Shimada K. et al.Splenectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hypersplenism.J Am Coll Surg. 2000; 190: 446-450Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar For patients with gastric varices and for those who had esophageal varices with a low platelet count (<50,000/μL), the surgery described by Hassab28Hassab M.A. Gastroesophageal decongestion and splenectomy in the treatment of esophageal varices in bilharzial cirrhosis: further studies with a report on 355 operations.Surgery. 1967; 61: 169-176PubMed Google Scholar (gastroesophageal devascularization and splenectomy) was performed before (n = 3) or concurrently with liver resection (n = 5).27Sugawara Y. Yamamoto J. Shimada K. et al.Splenectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hypersplenism.J Am Coll Surg. 2000; 190: 446-450Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (106) Google ScholarDiagnosis of HCCBefore surgery, all patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography. Enhanced CT, hepatic angiography with the injection of iodized oil (Lipiodol Ultrafluid; Andre Guerbet, Aulnay Soubois, France), and Lipiodol CT were performed in 416 (96%), 413 (95%), and 428 (99%) of the 434 patients, respectively.29Takayama T. Makuuchi M. Hirohashi S. et al.Early hepatocellular carcinoma as an entity with a high rate of surgical cure.Hepatology. 1998; 28: 1241-1246Crossref PubMed Scopus (354) Google Scholar, 30Torzilli G. Minagawa M. Takayama T. et al.Accurate preoperative evaluation of liver mass lesions without fine-needle biopsy.Hepatology. 1999; 30: 889-893Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar, 31Nakayama A. Imamura H. Matsuyama Y. et al.Value of lipiodol computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography in the era of helical biphasic computed tomography as preoperative assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Ann Surg. 2001; 234: 56-62Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar Patients who could not undergo enhanced CT were evaluated by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. In principle, resection was indicated for lesions suspected to be HCC when both early hyperenhancement and delayed hypoenhancement were observed on images obtained with any modality.29Takayama T. Makuuchi M. Hirohashi S. et al.Early hepatocellular carcinoma as an entity with a high rate of surgical cure.Hepatology. 1998; 28: 1241-1246Crossref PubMed Scopus (354) Google Scholar, 30Torzilli G. Minagawa M. Takayama T. et al.Accurate preoperative evaluation of liver mass lesions without fine-needle biopsy.Hepatology. 1999; 30: 889-893Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar During surgery, the liver was evaluated by visual inspection, manual palpation, and intraoperative ultrasonography.18Makuuchi M. Kosuge T. Takayama T. et al.Surgery for small liver cancers.Semin Surg Oncol. 1993; 9: 298-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (642) Google Scholar, 32Makuuchi M. Hasegawa H. Yamazaki S. Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy.Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1985; 161: 346-350PubMed Google Scholar Newly detected HCC was resected whenever possible.18Makuuchi M. Kosuge T. Takayama T. et al.Surgery for small liver cancers.Semin Surg Oncol. 1993; 9: 298-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (642) Google Scholar, 25Torzilli G. Makuuchi M. Inoue K. et al.No-mortality liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients: is there a way? A prospective analysis of our approach.Arch Surg. 1999; 134: 984-992Crossref PubMed Scopus (436) Google Scholar, 32Makuuchi M. Hasegawa H. Yamazaki S. Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy.Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1985; 161: 346-350PubMed Google Scholar, 33Kokudo N. Bandai Y. Imanishi H. et al.Management of new hepatic nodules detected by intraoperative ultrasonography during hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.Surgery. 1996; 119: 634-640Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google ScholarPreoperative imaging studies accurately diagnosed the tumor number, which was confirmed by postoperative pathologic examination, in 360 (83%) of the 434 patients. In the remaining patients, the tumor number was underestimated (n = 57; 13%) or overestimated (n = 17; 4%) before surgery. Among 126 patients in the multiple group, a single tumor was diagnosed preoperatively in 37 (29%). In these latter patients, postoperative examinations confirmed 1 (n = 22), 2 (n = 12), or 3 (n = 3) additional tumor(s), ranging in diameter from 3 to 22 mm (median, 8 mm).SurgeryAnatomic resections32Makuuchi M. Hasegawa H. Yamazaki S. Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy.Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1985; 161: 346-350PubMed Google Scholar of a subsegment, Couinaud's segment, sector, or hemiliver were the preferred surgical procedures, if such a resection was permitted according to the earlier-described criteria. For multiple HCCs, anatomic resection was defined as the complete removal of all tumor-bearing subsegments.Table 3 shows the surgical outcomes. Two thirds of the patients with multiple tumors underwent 2 or more concomitant liver resections. Patients in the PHT group tended to undergo smaller and multiple liver resection(s) as compared with those in the no-PHT group. The feasibility of anatomic resection was significantly lower in the multiple group and the PHT group than in the single group and the no-PHT group, respectively. Resections in the multiple group required longer surgical times and were associated with a larger blood loss than those in the single group. The percentage of tumors with a 0-mm surgical margin was higher in the multiple group, although none of the tumors were incised during the resections. The maximum postoperative total bilirubin values were higher in the PHT group than in the no-PHT group. Surgical morbidity did not differ between the groups. All the patients recovered well, except for 1 patient with a single HCC and PHT (grade F3 esophageal varices and a platelet count of 85,000/μL) who died from liver failure 20 days after resection after the rupture of the varices on postoperative day 4.Table 3Surgical OutcomesVariableMultiple (n = 126)Single (n = 308)PPHT (n = 136)No PHT (n = 250)PExtent of resection(s) <1 sector106 (84%)244 (79%).285133 (98%)186 (74%)<.001 ≥1 sector20 (16%)64 (21%)3 (2%)64 (26%)Number of resection(s) Single resection40 (32%)307 (99.7%)<.00191 (67%)216 (86%)<.001 ≥2 resections86 (68%)1 (0.3%)aPathologic examination revealed 1 of the 2 independently resected specimens to be a dysplastic nodule.45 (33%)34 (14%)Anatomic resection Yes45 (36%)219 (71%)<.00153 (39%)170 (68%)<.001 No81 (64%)89 (28%)83 (61%)80 (32%)Surgical time, min (range)aPathologic examination revealed 1 of the 2 independently resected specimens to be a dysplastic nodule.375 (35–975)330 (80–810)<.001325 (80–725)360 (35–975).165Blood loss, mL (range)753 (100–6700)610 (15–4830).002620 (20–4830)640 (15–6700).629Red blood cell transfusionaPathologic examination revealed 1 of the 2 independently resected specimens to be a dysplastic nodule. Yes7 (6%)15 (5%).8116 (4%)10 (4%)<.999 No119 (94%)293 (95%)130 (96%)240 (96%)Surgical margin, mm 067 (53%)77 (25%)<.00154 (40%)77 (31%).091 >059 (47%)231 (75%)82 (60%)173 (69%)Median maximum total bilirubin level after surgery, mg/dL (range)1.1 (0.5–5.5)1.1 (0.4–12.8).7481.2 (0.4–12.8)1.1 (0.4–3.4)<.001ComplicationsbComplications included bile leakage (n = 22), ascites or pleural effusion (n = 13), intra-abdominal abscess (n = 3), cerebral infarction (n = 2), postoperative bleeding, cholangitis, acute renal failure, lung edema, colitis,