ABSTRACT Background Survivors of childhood cancer (CCS) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients are at increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated malignancies. Although HPV vaccination is recommended for these groups, parental acceptance remains uncertain. Procedure We recruited caregivers of female CCS/HSCT aged ≥9 years from the Shanghai Children's Medical Center (SCMC) vaccination clinic. Caregivers of females who were at least 6 months post treatment, off immunosuppressants, and disease‐free were eligible. Caregivers completed a questionnaire assessing demographics, HPV knowledge, and their willingness to vaccinate their daughters. Results Of the 219 caregivers enrolled, 195 (89.0%) completed the survey. Among the children of caregivers who responded, 44.6% (87/195) had undergone HSCT. All respondent caregivers lacked awareness that the HPV vaccine was recommended for their daughters. Willingness to vaccinate was endorsed by 65.1% (127/195) of caregivers, and was significantly associated with a household income over ¥50,000 ( p = 0.02), the mother's HPV vaccination status ( p < 0.001), and their daughter receiving any vaccination post therapy ( p = 0.02). The most common reasons for vaccine refusal included concerns about its impact on the child's primary disease (64.7%, 44/68), vaccine safety (58.8%, 40/68), and the belief that their child was too young for HPV vaccination (50.0%, 34/68). Only 15 of the 127 (11.8%) caregivers who initially expressed willingness to vaccinate their children had actually initiated vaccination. Conclusion A substantial minority of Chinese caregivers of female CCS/HSCT are hesitant to vaccinate their daughters against HPV. Addressing caregivers’ knowledge deficits and misperceptions about vaccine safety and barriers to accessing HPV vaccination is important to improve uptake.