Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disease that causes developmental delay and congenital anomalies. Since the identification of MLL2 mutations as the primary cause of KS, such mutations have been identified in 56%–76% of affected individuals, suggesting that there may be additional genes associated with KS. Here, we describe three KS individuals with de novo partial or complete deletions of an X chromosome gene, KDM6A, that encodes a histone demethylase that interacts with MLL2. Although KDM6A escapes X inactivation, we found a skewed X inactivation pattern, in which the deleted X chromosome was inactivated in the majority of the cells. This study identifies KDM6A mutations as another cause of KS and highlights the growing role of histone methylases and histone demethylases in multiple-congenital-anomaly and intellectual-disability syndromes. Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disease that causes developmental delay and congenital anomalies. Since the identification of MLL2 mutations as the primary cause of KS, such mutations have been identified in 56%–76% of affected individuals, suggesting that there may be additional genes associated with KS. Here, we describe three KS individuals with de novo partial or complete deletions of an X chromosome gene, KDM6A, that encodes a histone demethylase that interacts with MLL2. Although KDM6A escapes X inactivation, we found a skewed X inactivation pattern, in which the deleted X chromosome was inactivated in the majority of the cells. This study identifies KDM6A mutations as another cause of KS and highlights the growing role of histone methylases and histone demethylases in multiple-congenital-anomaly and intellectual-disability syndromes. Kabuki syndrome (KS; MIM 147920) was first described in 1981 by Niikawa and Kuroki,1Niikawa N. Matsuura N. Fukushima Y. Ohsawa T. Kajii T. Kabuki make-up syndrome: a syndrome of mental retardation, unusual facies, large and protruding ears, and postnatal growth deficiency.J. Pediatr. 1981; 99: 565-569Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (419) Google Scholar, 2Kuroki Y. Suzuki Y. Chyo H. Hata A. Matsui I. A new malformation syndrome of long palpebral fissures, large ears, depressed nasal tip, and skeletal anomalies associated with postnatal dwarfism and mental retardation.J. Pediatr. 1981; 99: 570-573Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (359) Google Scholar and more than 400 cases have been reported in the literature. The main clinical characteristics are distinctive facial features, developmental delay, mild to moderate intellectual disability, post-natal growth retardation, and additional features including skeletal anomalies, hypodontia, and persistent fetal fingertip pads. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray analysis failed to detect a recurrent anomaly in 72 KS individuals.3Hoffman J.D. Zhang Y. Greshock J. Ciprero K.L. Emanuel B.S. Zackai E.H. Weber B.L. Ming J.E. Array based CGH and FISH fail to confirm duplication of 8p22-p23.1 in association with Kabuki syndrome.J. Med. Genet. 2005; 42: 49-53Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar, 4Schoumans J. Nordgren A. Ruivenkamp C. Brøndum-Nielsen K. Teh B.T. Annéren G. Holmberg E. Nordenskjöld M. Anderlid B.M. Genome-wide screening using array-CGH does not reveal microdeletions/microduplications in children with Kabuki syndrome.Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2005; 13: 260-263Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar, 5Miyake N. Shimokawa O. Harada N. Sosonkina N. Okubo A. Kawara H. Okamoto N. Ohashi H. Kurosawa K. Naritomi K. et al.No detectable genomic aberrations by BAC array CGH in Kabuki make-up syndrome patients.Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2006; 140: 291-293Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 6Cuscó I. del Campo M. Vilardell M. González E. Gener B. Galán E. Toledo L. Pérez-Jurado L.A. Array-CGH in patients with Kabuki-like phenotype: identification of two patients with complex rearrangements including 2q37 deletions and no other recurrent aberration.BMC Med. Genet. 2008; 9: 27Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 7Kuniba H. Yoshiura K. Kondoh T. Ohashi H. Kurosawa K. Tonoki H. Nagai T. Okamoto N. Kato M. Fukushima Y. et al.Molecular karyotyping in 17 patients and mutation screening in 41 patients with Kabuki syndrome.J. Hum. Genet. 2009; 54: 304-309Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar, 8Maas N.M. Van de Putte T. Melotte C. Francis A. Schrander-Stumpel C.T. Sanlaville D. Genevieve D. Lyonnet S. Dimitrov B. Devriendt K. et al.The C20orf133 gene is disrupted in a patient with Kabuki syndrome.J. Med. Genet. 2007; 44: 562-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar Use of the exome-sequencing strategy recently led to the identification of MLL2 (MIM 602113) mutations as a major cause of KS.9Ng S.B. Bigham A.W. Buckingham K.J. Hannibal M.C. McMillin M.J. Gildersleeve H.I. Beck A.E. Tabor H.K. Cooper G.M. Mefford H.C. et al.Exome sequencing identifies MLL2 mutations as a cause of Kabuki syndrome.Nat. Genet. 2010; 42: 790-793Crossref PubMed Scopus (985) Google Scholar In five recently published series, mutations in MLL2 were found in 56%–76% of KS patients.9Ng S.B. Bigham A.W. Buckingham K.J. Hannibal M.C. McMillin M.J. Gildersleeve H.I. Beck A.E. Tabor H.K. Cooper G.M. Mefford H.C. et al.Exome sequencing identifies MLL2 mutations as a cause of Kabuki syndrome.Nat. Genet. 2010; 42: 790-793Crossref PubMed Scopus (985) Google Scholar, 10Paulussen A.D. Stegmann A.P. Blok M.J. Tserpelis D. Posma-Velter C. Detisch Y. Smeets E.E. Wagemans A. Schrander J.J. van den Boogaard M.J. et al.MLL2 mutation spectrum in 45 patients with Kabuki syndrome.Hum. Mutat. 2011; 32: E2018-E2025Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar, 11Li Y. Bögershausen N. Alanay Y. Simsek Kiper P.O. Plume N. Keupp K. Pohl E. Pawlik B. Rachwalski M. Milz E. et al.A mutation screen in patients with Kabuki syndrome.Hum. Genet. 2011; 130: 715-724Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, 12Micale L. Augello B. Fusco C. Selicorni A. Loviglio M.N. Silengo M.C. Reymond A. Gumiero B. Zucchetti F. D'Addetta E.V. et al.Mutation spectrum of MLL2 in a cohort of Kabuki syndrome patients.Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 2011; 6: 38Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar, 13Hannibal M.C. Buckingham K.J. Ng S.B. Ming J.E. Beck A.E. McMillin M.J. Gildersleeve H.I. Bigham A.W. Tabor H.K. Mefford H.C. et al.Spectrum of MLL2 (ALR) mutations in 110 cases of Kabuki syndrome.Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2011; 155A: 1511-1516Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar Because a significant proportion of patients do not have a detectable MLL2 mutation, we postulated the existence of additional genes associated with KS. In the quest for a another KS-causing genetic mutation, ten genes interacting with MLL2 were screened in 15 MLL2-mutation-negative KS individuals, and no pathogenic mutations were identified.11Li Y. Bögershausen N. Alanay Y. Simsek Kiper P.O. Plume N. Keupp K. Pohl E. Pawlik B. Rachwalski M. Milz E. et al.A mutation screen in patients with Kabuki syndrome.Hum. Genet. 2011; 130: 715-724Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar Another gene coding for an MLL2-interacting protein, KDM6A (previously known as UTX; MIM 300128), was screened in 22 MLL2-mutation-negative KS individuals, and again, no causative mutations were detected.13Hannibal M.C. Buckingham K.J. Ng S.B. Ming J.E. Beck A.E. McMillin M.J. Gildersleeve H.I. Bigham A.W. Tabor H.K. Mefford H.C. et al.Spectrum of MLL2 (ALR) mutations in 110 cases of Kabuki syndrome.Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2011; 155A: 1511-1516Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar By using array CGH analysis (Agilent platform 244K), we identified de novo Xp11.3 microdeletions in two Belgian MLL2-mutation-negative KS girls (patients 1 and 2). Because both deletions were de novo, they are probably pathogenic. Both deletions included either a portion of or all of KDM6A. Moreover, there were no KDM6A deletions in a cohort of 411 normal controls in a previous study.14van Haaften G. Dalgliesh G.L. Davies H. Chen L. Bignell G. Greenman C. Edkins S. Hardy C. O'Meara S. Teague J. et al.Somatic mutations of the histone H3K27 demethylase gene UTX in human cancer.Nat. Genet. 2009; 41: 521-523Crossref PubMed Scopus (639) Google Scholar The deletion in patient 1 included KDM6A exons 21–29, which code for the terminal part of the catalytic domain of KDM6A, and CXorf36, a gene recently implicated in X-linked autism.15Aziz A. Harrop S.P. Bishop N.E. DIA1R is an X-linked gene related to Deleted In Autism-1.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e14534Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar In patient 2, KDM6A, CXorf36, DUSP21 (MIM 300678), and FUNDC1 (Figure 1) were removed completely. The functions of DUSP21 and FUNDC1 remain unknown. We then sequenced KDM6A by Sanger sequencing and looked for intragenic deletions or duplications with a targeted custom Agilent array CGH in a cohort of 22 MLL2-mutation-negative KS individuals (8 females, 14 males). In accordance with the ethical standards of the Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique ethics committee, parental consent was obtained for DNA analysis of all the participants in this study and for the publication of photographs. The CGH microarray data (supplemental data, available online) discussed in this publication have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)16Edgar R. Domrachev M. Lash A.E. Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository.Nucleic Acids Res. 2002; 30: 207-210Crossref PubMed Scopus (8462) Google Scholar and are accessible under accession GSE32567 (see Accession Numbers section). No point mutations were detected, but we identified a de novo intragenic deletion (exons 5–9) in one Italian, male KS individual (patient 3). We also sequenced UTY (MIM 400009), the Y chromosome paralog of KDM6A (see below), and looked for intragenic deletions or duplications as stated above, but we did not detect any mutations. Patients 1 and 3 had a typical KS phenotype, including long palpebral fissures, lateral eversion of the lower eyelid, and moderate to severe intellectual disability (Table 1 and Figure 2). Although the facial features of patient 2 were not as classical, she displayed many features of this disorder, including lateral sparseness of the eyebrows, long eyelashes, strabismus, long palpebral fissures, large and prominent ears, persistent fetal fingertip pads, aortic coarctation, areolar fullness in infancy, and hirsutism. She presented with a mild developmental delay and had a normal verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) score, a poor performance IQ score, and hyperactive behavior (Table 1 and Figure 2). We noted that patients 1 and 2 had long halluces (Figure 3).Table 1Clinical Features of PatientsPatient 1Patient 2Patient 3General CharacteristicsGenderfemalefemalemaleMaternal age at birth (yr)363625Paternal age at birth (yr)392927Age at examination (yr)13102Weight