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MA Xiao-fang
Author with expertise in Gastrointestinal Viral Infections and Vaccines Development
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Decoding the RNA viromes in shrew lungs along the eastern coast of China

Jing-Tao Zhang et al.Aug 8, 2024
Shrews being insectivores, serve as natural reservoirs for a wide array of zoonotic viruses, including the recently discovered Langya henipavirus (LayV) in China in 2018. It is crucial to understand the shrew-associated virome, viral diversity, and new viruses. In the current study, we conducted high-throughput sequencing on lung samples obtained from 398 shrews captured along the eastern coast of China, and characterized the high-depth virome of 6 common shrew species (Anourosorex squamipes, Crocidura lasiura, Crocidura shantungensis, Crocidura tanakae, Sorex caecutiens, and Suncus murinus). Our analysis revealed numerous shrew-associated viruses comprising 54 known viruses and 72 new viruses that significantly enhance our understanding of mammalian viruses. Notably, 34 identified viruses possess spillover-risk potential and six were human pathogenic viruses: LayV, influenza A virus (H5N6), rotavirus A, rabies virus, avian paramyxovirus 1, and rat hepatitis E virus. Moreover, ten previously unreported viruses in China were discovered, six among them have spillover-risk potential. Additionally, all 54 known viruses and 12 new viruses had the ability to cross species boundaries. Our data underscore the diversity of shrew-associated viruses and provide a foundation for further studies into tracing and predicting emerging infectious diseases originated from shrews.
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Organic fertilizer amendment decreased N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio by enhancing the mutualism between bacterial and fungal denitrifiers in high nitrogen loading arable soils

Zhijun Wei et al.Aug 9, 2024
Organic fertilizer can enhance soil health and multifunctionality in agroecosystems, but its impact on soil-borne greenhouse gas emissions needs mitigation. Fungal denitrification significantly contributes to N2O emissions in carbon-rich soils; yet, the interactions between bacterial and fungal denitrifers under organic fertilizer amendment, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the rates and proportions of N2O and N2 emissions, along with the interactions between fungal and bacterial denitrifiers in a high nitrogen (N) loading arable soil subjected to four treatments: ⅰ) Control, ⅱ) organic fertilizer (Manure), ⅲ) synthetic fertilizer (Urea), and ⅳ) synthetic plus organic fertilizer (Urea + Manure). Results showed that N2O and N2 fluxes increased by 35.4 and 7.7 folds, respectively, in the Manure treatment compared to Control treatment. And these fluxes increased by 62.9 and 37.0 folds, respectively, in the Manure + Urea treatment compared to Urea treatment. Meanwhile, the contribution of fungal denitrification to N2O emissions significantly increased in both Manure and Urea + Manure treatments, due to the significant enrichment of keystone fungal denitrifiers like Chaetomium among bacterial and fungal denitrifiers' co-occurrence networks. Additionally, N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio significantly decreased in the Manure and Urea + Manure treatments, which was primarily driven by significant enrichment of keystone bacterial denitrifiers carrying nosZ gene such as Achromobacter, Chelatococcus, and Shinella. These bacteria possess complete denitrification capability and can synergize with fungal denitrifiers, enhancing N2O reduction. Overall, our findings suggest that organic fertilizer amendment in high N loading arable soils decreases N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio mainly by enhancing fungal-bacterial denitrifier mutualism.
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