The preparation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) oligomers in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) is an efficient and low-carbon method for solidifying FA. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of thermal induction on heavy metal solidification in CaCO3 oligomer fly ash (COFA). Ca in FA formed CaCO3 chains that crystallized into calcite after thermal induction, effectively solidifying heavy metals. The thermal induction temperature rather than induction time, heating rate, or cooling rate was found to be the most significant factor influencing solidification. As temperatures increased (200 °C∼400 °C), CaCO3 in COFA was transformed into calcite, improving the solidification efficiencies of Cu, Pb, and Zn from 70.02 %, 99.91 %, and 71.68 % to above 99.99 %. However, Cr's efficiency decreased from 96.04 % to −19.66 % due to oxidation. Switching the thermal induction atmosphere from air to nitrogen reduced Cr leaching by 62.9 %. Optimal results were achieved at 300 °C for 30 minutes, with leaching concentrations below China's reuse standard (HJ 1134–2020). Zn in FA formed oligomer networks with Ca, and then decomposed into stable ZnO during thermal induction. Additionally, Zn promoted the conversion of CaCO3 to calcite. This study provides scientific and theoretical guidance for disposing of MSWI FA using CaCO3 oligomers.