CASE A previously healthy, fully vaccinated 8-year-old girl presented with a 5-day history of high-grade fever (peaking at 39.8 °C), productive cough and back pain. She has no history of travel or animal contact. Physical examination revealed diminished breath sounds on the left side without crackles or wheezes. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest revealed extensive consolidation in the left lower lobe, with multiple cavities (Fig. 1). Laboratory tests showed a normal white blood cell count (WBC) of 4.93 × 109/L, with neutrophils of 42%, lymphocytes of 54.5%, monocytes of 3.1%, eosinophils of 0.3% and basophils of 0.1%. Additionally, there was an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) of 50 mg/L (normal: <8 mg/L), and a procalcitonin of 1.4 ng/mL (normal: <0.05 ng/mL). Tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assay for tuberculosis and HIV antibody test were all negative. Immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subsets were normal. Upon her admission to the hospital, empirical treatment with ceftriaxone at a dosage of 80 mg/kg/day was initiated. However, the patient developed a persistent fever and worsening chest pain. An additional culture as well as metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) of a sputum sample revealed the causative pathogen.FIGURE 1.: Chest CT at admission showing extensive consolidation in the left lower lobe, with multiple cavities.DENOUEMENT Culture and NGS of the sputum identified Legionella pneumophila as the exclusive pathogen. The antibiotic regimen was changed to intravenous levofloxacin (10 mg/kg/day) and azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day), but despite 7 days of this treatment, the patient continued to experience high fevers, chest pain and developed new hemoptysis. Subsequent laboratory tests showed an increased WBC of 12.75 × 109/L with a predominance of neutrophils (72%) and a rise in the CRP (79.76 mg/L). Further enhanced chest CT revealed worsening findings, characterized by an enlarged area of consolidation in the left lower lobe, with multiple air-containing cystic lesions and low-density shadows (Fig. 2A). Vascular reconstruction imaging demonstrated an anomalous blood supply to the left lower lobe, originating from the abdominal aorta, consistent with intralobar pulmonary sequestration (Fig. 2B). Considering the persistence of clinical symptoms (including high fever, chest pain and hemoptysis) and the continued enlargement of the abscess cavities despite aggressive combination therapy, lobectomy was chosen as the intervention. Pathological investigation confirmed the presence of intralobar pulmonary sequestration, along with the formation of lung abscesses in the left lower lobe. L. pneumophila was also cultured from the purulent fluid within the abscesses. On the third day postsurgery, the patient showed significant clinical improvement, with normal body temperature, improved cough and cessation of hemoptysis. Antibiotic therapy was continued for an additional 2 weeks. Discharge CT scans showed substantial resolution of the lesion, and a 6-month follow-up confirmed a good recovery.FIGURE 2.: A: Enhanced chest CT at the hospital day 10 revealing enlarged area of consolidation in the left lower lobe, with multiple air-containing cystic lesions and low-density shadows. B: Vascular reconstruction imaging demonstrating an anomalous blood supply to the left lower lobe, originating from the abdominal aorta (white arrow), consistent with intralobar pulmonary sequestration.Legionellosis is caused by the Gram-negative intracellular bacterium Legionella spp.1 From a clinical perspective, Legionella infections can manifest as flu-like respiratory illnesses (Pontiac fever) or more severe pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease). Legionella bacteria thrive in water reservoirs, and common sources suspected of harboring Legionella include air conditioning systems, bathtubs and humidifiers.2 The modes of transmission to humans involve inhaling aerosols containing Legionella or aspirating water contaminated with the organism. The possibility of person-to-person transmission of legionellosis was first reported in 2016 but is generally unusual.3 In terms of environmental risk factors for our patient's legionellosis, we suspect that her residence in a rural area with a centralized, untreated well water supply may have been relevant. While Legionella is a recognized cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults, it is uncommon in children, accounting for less than 1% of reported cases in Europe. The primary defense mechanism against Legionella infections involves cell-mediated immunity. As a result, reports of infections in children primarily involve neonates and immunocompromised patients (HIV, organ or stem-cell transplants, malignancies or other forms of immunosuppression). While up to 71% of legionellosis is associated with hospital-acquired outbreaks,4 community-acquired legionellosis in immunocompetent children is exceptionally rare with only sporadic cases. Like community-acquired pneumonia, the clinical symptoms of legionellosis in children are nonspecific, including fever, cough, chest pain and hemoptysis. In severe cases, life-threatening conditions such as respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome can occur. The diagnostic methods for Legionella infection include urine antigen tests, polymerase chain reaction, NGS testing and culture of lower respiratory secretions. The urine antigen test is rapid and unaffected by prior antibiotic exposure, but it only detects L. pneumophila serogroup 1, with low sensitivity for other strains. Polymerase chain reaction and NGS are used for early diagnosis and have high sensitivity. The gold standard for diagnosing Legionellosis is the isolation of Legionella through culture of sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,5 but its limitations include being time-consuming, technically challenging and yielding false negatives due to prior antibiotic use and specimen viability issues. There are no comprehensive meta-analyses or controlled trials of treatment in children with legionellosis. Consequently, treatment options for children are often based on therapies used for adults. Notably, the current consensus regarding Legionnaires' disease in adults leans toward macrolides and quinolones as the preferred medications.6–9 The combination of levofloxacin and azithromycin has been shown to be an effective anti-infective treatment for severe legionellosis.10 Furthermore, multicenter retrospective studies have demonstrated that combination therapy is associated with a lower mortality rate compared with single-drug therapy.11 Lung abscesses caused by Legionella are not frequently reported in either adults or children, and there is no standardized treatment regimen and no consensus on whether combination therapy or monotherapy is preferable.12 A meta-analysis involving 29 adult patients with Legionella lung abscess found that 76% received levofloxacin and 52% received 2 or more effective antimicrobial medications. In addition, 6% underwent surgical intervention, such as lobectomy and abscess resection, due to clinical deterioration, as evidenced by increased pain, elevated inflammatory markers and cavitation.13 The treatment duration for Legionnaires' disease is typically 7–10 days for moderate to severe cases and 21 days for immunocompromised patients.14 Additionally, guidelines recommend a treatment duration for Legionella lung abscess or empyema of at least 6–8 weeks8 or until radiographic resorption occurs.15 Of note, we speculate that the host factors associated with Legionellosis in our immunocompetent patient may be related to congenital lung anomalies. While there are no reports of Legionellosis in conjunction with congenital lung sequestration, there is a case involving Legionellosis combined with other underlying lung diseases (cystic fibrosis). In this case, the formation of Legionella lung abscess is considered to be associated with the presence of congenital pulmonary sequestration (intrapulmonary type) in the child. Abnormal connections exist between the congenitally isolated lung and the bronchial tree, which can lead to recurrent local infections. The isolation of lung tissue within the bronchial tree creates a dead space where secretions cannot be effectively cleared, resulting in significant pus accumulation within the cystic cavity.16 For symptomatic patients with pulmonary sequestration, surgical treatment typically involves resection during a stable phase.17 In conclusion, it is important to consider Legionella infection in the setting of severe community-acquired pneumonia that is unresponsive to standard bacterial coverage, even among immunocompetent children. In such cases, there may be a previously unrecognized lung abnormality that is acting as a predisposing risk factor. If unresponsive to appropriate antibiotic treatment, surgical intervention may be crucial for improving patient prognosis.