Exosomes are naturally occurring biological nanomembranous vesicles (∼40 to 100 nm) of endocytic origin that are released from diverse cell types into the extracellular space. They have pleiotropic functions such as antigen presentation and intercellular transfer of protein cargo, mRNA, microRNA, lipids, and oncogenic potential. Here we describe the isolation, via sequential immunocapture using anti-A33- and anti-EpCAM-coupled magnetic beads, of two distinct populations of exosomes released from organoids derived from human colon carcinoma cell line LIM1863. The exosome populations (A33-Exos and EpCAM-Exos) could not be distinguished via electron microscopy and contained stereotypical exosome markers such as TSG101, Alix, and HSP70. The salient finding of this study, revealed via gel-based LC-MS/MS, was the exclusive identification in EpCAM-Exos of the classical apical trafficking molecules CD63 (LAMP3), mucin 13 and the apical intestinal enzyme sucrase isomaltase and increased expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and the apically restricted pentaspan membrane glycoprotein prominin 1. In contrast, the A33-Exos preparation was enriched with basolateral trafficking molecules such as early endosome antigen 1, the Golgi membrane protein ADP-ribosylation factor, and clathrin. Our observations are consistent with EpCAM- and A33-Exos being released from the apical and basolateral surfaces, respectively, and the EpCAM-Exos proteome profile with widely published stereotypical exosomes. A proteome analysis of LIM1863-derived shed microvesicles (sMVs) was also performed in order to clearly distinguish A33- and EpCAM-Exos from sMVs. Intriguingly, several members of the MHC class I family of antigen presentation molecules were exclusively observed in A33-Exos, whereas neither MHC class I nor MHC class II molecules were observed via MS in EpCAM-Exos. Additionally, we report for the first time in any extracellular vesicle study the colocalization of EpCAM, claudin-7, and CD44 in EpCAM-Exos. Given that these molecules are known to complex together to promote tumor progression, further characterization of exosome subpopulations will enable a deeper understanding of their possible role in regulation of the tumor microenvironment. Exosomes are naturally occurring biological nanomembranous vesicles (∼40 to 100 nm) of endocytic origin that are released from diverse cell types into the extracellular space. They have pleiotropic functions such as antigen presentation and intercellular transfer of protein cargo, mRNA, microRNA, lipids, and oncogenic potential. Here we describe the isolation, via sequential immunocapture using anti-A33- and anti-EpCAM-coupled magnetic beads, of two distinct populations of exosomes released from organoids derived from human colon carcinoma cell line LIM1863. The exosome populations (A33-Exos and EpCAM-Exos) could not be distinguished via electron microscopy and contained stereotypical exosome markers such as TSG101, Alix, and HSP70. The salient finding of this study, revealed via gel-based LC-MS/MS, was the exclusive identification in EpCAM-Exos of the classical apical trafficking molecules CD63 (LAMP3), mucin 13 and the apical intestinal enzyme sucrase isomaltase and increased expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and the apically restricted pentaspan membrane glycoprotein prominin 1. In contrast, the A33-Exos preparation was enriched with basolateral trafficking molecules such as early endosome antigen 1, the Golgi membrane protein ADP-ribosylation factor, and clathrin. Our observations are consistent with EpCAM- and A33-Exos being released from the apical and basolateral surfaces, respectively, and the EpCAM-Exos proteome profile with widely published stereotypical exosomes. A proteome analysis of LIM1863-derived shed microvesicles (sMVs) was also performed in order to clearly distinguish A33- and EpCAM-Exos from sMVs. Intriguingly, several members of the MHC class I family of antigen presentation molecules were exclusively observed in A33-Exos, whereas neither MHC class I nor MHC class II molecules were observed via MS in EpCAM-Exos. Additionally, we report for the first time in any extracellular vesicle study the colocalization of EpCAM, claudin-7, and CD44 in EpCAM-Exos. Given that these molecules are known to complex together to promote tumor progression, further characterization of exosome subpopulations will enable a deeper understanding of their possible role in regulation of the tumor microenvironment. The microenvironment in which a tumor originates plays a critical role in its initiation, progression, and metastasis (1Mueller M.M. Fusenig N.E. Friends or foes—bipolar effects of the tumour stroma in cancer.Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2004; 4: 839-849Crossref PubMed Scopus (1462) Google Scholar, 2Bhowmick N.A. Moses H.L. Tumor-stroma interactions.Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2005; 15: 97-101Crossref PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar, 3Mbeunkui F. Johann Jr., D.J. Cancer and the tumor microenvironment: a review of an essential relationship.Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2009; 63 (4): 571-582Crossref Scopus (351) Google Scholar). Recent advances have indicated that although the microenvironment provides crucial signaling to maintain tissue architecture, inhibit cell growth, and constrain the malignant phenotype, it can also promote and induce cancer (4Bissell M.J. Hines W.C. Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression.Nat. Med. 2011; 17: 320-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (1086) Google Scholar). In addition to cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment comprises normal cells, blood cells, secreted proteins and peptides, and constituents of the extracellular matrix that actively influence cell behavior. Secreted proteins, peptides, and physiological small molecules such as soluble cytokines and chemokines are currently recognized as the main exocrine and juxtacrine factors underlying cell-to-cell communication within the tumor microenvironment and providing the metastatic niche in distant organs (5Psaila B. Lyden D. The metastatic niche: adapting the foreign soil.Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2009; 9: 285-293Crossref PubMed Scopus (934) Google Scholar). In addition to soluble secreted proteins and peptides, most cell types also release extracellular membrane vesicles (eMVs) 1The abbreviations used are:A33-Exosexosomes isolated using anti-A33 immunoaffinity beadsCCMconcentrated culture mediumCLN7claudin-7CMculture mediumCRCcolorectal cancerEEA1early endosome antigen 1EMelectron microscopyeMVextracellular membrane vesicleEpCAMepithelial cell adhesion moleculeEpCAM-Exosexosomes isolated using anti-EpCAM immunoaffinity beadsESCRTendosomal sorting complex required for transportILVintraluminal vesicleMUC13mucin 13MVBmultivesicular bodyPDCD6IP/Alixprogrammed cell death 6 interacting proteinPMplasma membraneRscratio of normalized spectral countssMVshed microvesicleSSMsolid support magnetTSG101tumor susceptibility gene 101. 1The abbreviations used are:A33-Exosexosomes isolated using anti-A33 immunoaffinity beadsCCMconcentrated culture mediumCLN7claudin-7CMculture mediumCRCcolorectal cancerEEA1early endosome antigen 1EMelectron microscopyeMVextracellular membrane vesicleEpCAMepithelial cell adhesion moleculeEpCAM-Exosexosomes isolated using anti-EpCAM immunoaffinity beadsESCRTendosomal sorting complex required for transportILVintraluminal vesicleMUC13mucin 13MVBmultivesicular bodyPDCD6IP/Alixprogrammed cell death 6 interacting proteinPMplasma membraneRscratio of normalized spectral countssMVshed microvesicleSSMsolid support magnetTSG101tumor susceptibility gene 101. that transfer information between cells in the microenvironment; it is now recognized that eMVs can also influence cell-to-cell communication during tumor progression (6Al-Nedawi K. Meehan B. Rak J. Microvesicles: messengers and mediators of tumor progression.Cell Cycle. 2009; 8: 2014-2018Crossref PubMed Scopus (327) Google Scholar, 7Peinado H. Lavotshkin S. Lyden D. The secreted factors responsible for pre-metastatic niche formation: old sayings and new thoughts.Semin. Cancer Biol. 2011; 21: 139-146Crossref PubMed Scopus (490) Google Scholar). Another emerging means by which cells relay information to other cells is long, thin, interconnecting membranous bridges that connect neighboring cells through adhesion mechanisms (e.g. actin-based cytonemes or filopodial bridges) or tunneling nanotubes, which can establish direct tubular conduits between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells (for a review, see Ref. 8Sherer N.M. Mothes W. Cytonemes and tunneling nanotubules in cell-cell communication and viral pathogenesis.Trends Cell Biol. 2008; 18: 414-420Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar). exosomes isolated using anti-A33 immunoaffinity beads concentrated culture medium claudin-7 culture medium colorectal cancer early endosome antigen 1 electron microscopy extracellular membrane vesicle epithelial cell adhesion molecule exosomes isolated using anti-EpCAM immunoaffinity beads endosomal sorting complex required for transport intraluminal vesicle mucin 13 multivesicular body programmed cell death 6 interacting protein plasma membrane ratio of normalized spectral counts shed microvesicle solid support magnet tumor susceptibility gene 101. exosomes isolated using anti-A33 immunoaffinity beads concentrated culture medium claudin-7 culture medium colorectal cancer early endosome antigen 1 electron microscopy extracellular membrane vesicle epithelial cell adhesion molecule exosomes isolated using anti-EpCAM immunoaffinity beads endosomal sorting complex required for transport intraluminal vesicle mucin 13 multivesicular body programmed cell death 6 interacting protein plasma membrane ratio of normalized spectral counts shed microvesicle solid support magnet tumor susceptibility gene 101. Over the past decade, eMVs have been shown to exhibit important pleiotropic roles in many biological processes. For example, eMVs are enriched in various bioactive molecules such as growth factors, lipids, membrane receptors (adhesion molecules, oncogenic receptors), mRNA, microRNA, transcriptional factors, splicing factors, and infectious particles (HIV, prions) (9Mathivanan S. Fahner C.J. Reid G.E. Simpson R.J. ExoCarta 2012: database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids.Nucleic Acids Res. 2012; 40 (1): D1241-D1244Crossref Scopus (751) Google Scholar; see reviews in Refs. 6Al-Nedawi K. Meehan B. Rak J. Microvesicles: messengers and mediators of tumor progression.Cell Cycle. 2009; 8: 2014-2018Crossref PubMed Scopus (327) Google Scholar and 10Simpson R.J. Lim J.W. Moritz R.L. Mathivanan S. Exosomes: proteomic insights and diagnostic potential.Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2009; 6: 267-283Crossref PubMed Scopus (828) Google Scholar, 11Thery C. Exosomes: secreted vesicles and intercellular communications.F1000 Biol. Rep. 2011; 3: 15Crossref PubMed Scopus (699) Google Scholar, 12Bobrie A. Colombo M. Raposo G. Thery C. Exosome secretion: molecular mechanisms and roles in immune responses.Traffic. 2011; 12: 1659-1668Crossref PubMed Scopus (763) Google Scholar). These bioactive molecules have been reported to (i) directly stimulate target cells via bioactive lipids or by acting like soluble cell-surface signaling complexes; (ii) transfer oncogenic cargo and cancer cell properties to nearby indolent or normal cells; (iii) epigenetically reprogram recipient cells via the transfer of mRNA, microRNA, and transcription factors; and (iv) serve as a delivery vehicle, in a “Trojan horse” manner, to transfer pathological cargo such as plant toxins, prions, or HIV particles. Although many of these properties have been ascribed to exosomes, it should be noted that functional studies were commonly performed on eMV preparations, which in many cases are heterogeneous mixtures of shed microvesicles (sMVs), exosomes, exosome-like particles, and apoptotic blebs (13Mathivanan S. Ji H. Simpson R.J. Exosomes: extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication.J. Proteomics. 2010; 73: 1907-1920Crossref PubMed Scopus (1768) Google Scholar). Exosomes, along with sMVs that bud off from the plasma membrane (PM) and apotopic bodies, represent specific subtypes of eMVs (reviewed in Ref. 13Mathivanan S. Ji H. Simpson R.J. Exosomes: extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication.J. Proteomics. 2010; 73: 1907-1920Crossref PubMed Scopus (1768) Google Scholar). Of these, exosomes have been the most widely studied at both biochemical and functional levels. Exosomes are a small homogeneous population of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) (40 to 100 nm in diameter) that derive from the inward budding of the luminal membranes of late endosomes and form within multivesicular bodies (MVBs). ILVs are constitutively exocytosed from the cell when the MVBs fuse with the PM; upon their release into the microenvironment, ILVs are referred to as exosomes. Exosomes are quite distinct from sMVs (heterogeneous 500 to 1000 nm diameter vesicles) being shed from the PM into the extracellular space upon cellular activation by various stimuli (14Cocucci E. Racchetti G. Meldolesi J. Shedding microvesicles: artefacts no more.Trends Cell Biol. 2009; 19(2): 43-51Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (1409) Google Scholar). Whereas exosomes typically float at a buoyant density of 1.08 to 1.22 g/cm3 (15Raposo G. Nijman H.W. Stoorvogel W. Liejendekker R. Harding C.V. Melief C.J. Geuze H.J. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles.J. Exp. Med. 1996; 183(3): 1161-1172Crossref Scopus (2444) Google Scholar) and their proteome profiles are defined from a variety of cell types and body fluids (10Simpson R.J. Lim J.W. Moritz R.L. Mathivanan S. Exosomes: proteomic insights and diagnostic potential.Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2009; 6: 267-283Crossref PubMed Scopus (828) Google Scholar, 16Mathivanan S. Simpson R.J. ExoCarta: a compendium of exosomal proteins and RNA.Proteomics. 2009; 9: 4997-5000Crossref PubMed Scopus (664) Google Scholar), the biophysical properties of sMVs are less well understood. Several strategies have been used for exosome isolation, including ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture. Our group recently performed a proteomic analysis evaluating the ability of each of these techniques to enrich for exosome markers and proteins involved in exosome biogenesis, trafficking, and release from LIM1863 cells (17Tauro B.J. Greening D.W. Mathias R.A. Ji H. Mathivanan S. Scott A.M. Simpson R.J. Comparison of ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods for isolating human colon cancer cell line LIM1863-derived exosomes.Methods. 2012; 56: 293-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (783) Google Scholar). Although exosomes prepared using all three isolation strategies contained 40 to 100 nm vesicles positive for exosome markers Alix, TSG101, and HSP70, gel-based liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS) in combination with label-free spectral counting revealed that immunoaffinity capture enriched for exosome and exosome-associated proteins by at least 2-fold more than the other two methods studied. In that study, EpCAM, a ubiquitously expressed epithelial cancer marker (18Went P. Vasei M. Bubendorf L. Terracciano L. Tornillo L. Riede U. Kononen J. Simon R. Sauter G. Baeuerle P.A. Frequent high-level expression of the immunotherapeutic target Ep-CAM in colon, stomach, prostate and lung cancers.Br. J. Cancer. 2006; 94: 128-135Crossref PubMed Scopus (308) Google Scholar), was the immunoaffinity capture target. In our studies aimed at understanding the physiological role of exosomes in colorectal cancer (CRC) biology, we previously described a robust procedure for isolating and characterizing exosomes secreted from LIM1215 CRC cells (19Mathivanan S. Lim J.W. Tauro B.J. Ji H. Moritz R.L. Simpson R.J. Proteomics analysis of A33 immunoaffinity-purified exosomes released from the human colon tumor cell line LIM1215 reveals a tissue-specific protein signature.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2010; 9: 197-208Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (454) Google Scholar). This study, using the colon epithelial cell-specific A33 antibody (20Catimel B. Ritter G. Welt S. Old L.J. Cohen L. Nerrie M.A. White S.J. Heath J.K. Demediuk B. Domagala T. Lee F.T. Scott A.M. Tu G.F. Ji H. Moritz R.L. Simpson R.J. Burgess A.W. Nice E.C. Purification and characterization of a novel restricted antigen expressed by normal and transformed human colonic epithelium.J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271(41): 25664-25670Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (48) Google Scholar) for immunoaffinity capture, afforded the isolation of homogeneous A33-containing exosomes for biophysical characterization. A comparative proteome profiling of A33-positive LIM1215 exosomes with previously published murine mast cell (21Valadi H. Ekstrom K. Bossios A. Sjostrand M. Lee J.J. Lotvall J.O. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.Nat. Cell Biol. 2007; 9: 654-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (8874) Google Scholar) and human-urine-derived exosomes (22Pisitkun T. Shen R.F. Knepper M.A. Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004; 101: 13368-13373Crossref PubMed Scopus (1623) Google Scholar) revealed a subset of proteins common to the three exosome types and, for the first time, a human colon cancer exosomal proteome “signature”. As this signature might reflect the CRC exosomal profile of a restricted CRC subtype—LIM1215 cells were originally derived from a patient with inherited nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (23Whitehead R.H. Macrae F.A. St John D.J. Ma J. A colon cancer cell line (LIM1215) derived from a patient with inherited nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1985; 74: 759-765PubMed Google Scholar)—we have extended these studies to another CRC cell subtype and report here a robust proteome study of exosomes isolated from the CRC cell line LIM1863, which grows as organoids with spontaneous differentiation into crypt-like structures in vitro (24Whitehead R.H. Jones J.K. Gabriel A. Lukies R.E. A new colon carcinoma cell line (LIM1863) that grows as organoids with spontaneous differentiation into crypt-like structures in vitro.Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 2683-2689PubMed Google Scholar). Human colon carcinoma LIM1863 cells grow as free-floating multicellular spheres (organoids) in which highly polarized cells localize around a central lumen. These organoids resemble colonic crypts in that they contain morphologically differentiated columnar and goblet cells (24Whitehead R.H. Jones J.K. Gabriel A. Lukies R.E. A new colon carcinoma cell line (LIM1863) that grows as organoids with spontaneous differentiation into crypt-like structures in vitro.Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 2683-2689PubMed Google Scholar). LIM1863 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) containing 5% FCS, α-thioglycerol (10 μm), insulin (25 units/l), and hydrocortisone (1 mg/l), with 10% CO2 at 37 °C. LIM1863 cells (6 × 108 cells) were washed four times with 30 ml of RPMI 1640 medium and cultured for 24 h in 150 ml serum-free RPMI medium supplemented with 0.6% insulin-transferrin-selenium solution (Invitrogen). Culture medium (CM) was collected and centrifuged at 4 °C (480 × g for 5 min followed by 2,000 × g for 10 min) to remove intact cells and cell debris. CM was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 30 min to isolate sMVs. CM was filtered using a VacuCap® 60 filter unit fitted with a 0.1 μm Supor® Membrane (Pall Life Sciences, Port Washington, NY) and then concentrated to 500 μl using an Amicon® Ultra-15 Ultracel centrifugal filter device with a 5K nominal molecular weight limit (Millipore, MA). Protein G Dynabeads™ (500 μl, 5 × 108 beads) (Invitrogen) in citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) were mixed with hA33 capture antibody (100 μl, 300 μg) (a kind gift from A. Scott, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd. - Austin Campus) and incubated for 40 min at room temperature with gentle rotation, according to the manufacturer's instructions, (19Mathivanan S. Lim J.W. Tauro B.J. Ji H. Moritz R.L. Simpson R.J. Proteomics analysis of A33 immunoaffinity-purified exosomes released from the human colon tumor cell line LIM1215 reveals a tissue-specific protein signature.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2010; 9: 197-208Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (454) Google Scholar). Briefly, hA33-Dynabeads were placed on a solid support magnet (SSM), separated for 2 min, and washed twice with 1 ml citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) followed by 1 ml 0.2 m triethanolamine (pH 8.2). Washed hA33-Dynabeads were suspended in 1 ml of freshly prepared 20 mm dimethyl pimelimidate in 0.2 m triethanolamine (pH 8.2) for 30 min with gentle agitation. hA33-Dynabeads were placed on the SSM for 2 min, the supernatant was discarded, and the beads were mixed with 1 ml of 50 mm Tris (pH 7.5) for 15 min with gentle agitation. The cross-linked hA33-Dynabeads were again magnetically bound using the SSM and washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. LIM1863 concentrated culture medium (CCM) (500 μl, from 6 × 108 cells) was pre-incubated with Dynabeads (5 × 108 beads) for 2 h at 4 °C with gentle rotation to reduce nonspecific binding. The beads were harvested using the SSM, and the supernatant was retained and incubated with prepared hA33 immunoaffinity capture Dynabeads for 2 h at 4 °C with gentle rotation. The exosome-hA33-Dynabead complexes were magnetically held using the SSM and washed three times for 5 min in 1 ml PBS. Bound exosomes were eluted from the hA33-Dynabead complex with 0.2 m glycine (pH 2.8) for electron microscopy (EM) analysis or 100 μl 2 × SDS sample loading buffer for GeLC-MS/MS analysis (25Simpson R.J. Connolly L.M. Eddes J.S. Pereira J.J. Moritz R.L. Reid G.E. Proteomic analysis of the human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM 1215): development of a membrane protein database.Electrophoresis. 2000; 21: 1707-1732Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar). After the removal of A33-Exos from the CCM, A33-depleted CCM (unbound material) was subjected to EpCAM immunoaffinity capture (EpCAM (CD326) magnetic microbeads from Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, 500 μl of A33-depleted CCM was incubated with EpCAM-microbeads (100 μl) for 4 h at 4 °C. An empty 3 ml LS Microcolumn was placed on a SSM and rinsed three times with Rinsing Solution (MACS® BSA Stock Solution diluted 1:20 with autoMACS® Rinsing Solution; Miltenyi Biotec). Exosome-bound microbeads were pipetted into the column and washed three times with 1 ml Rinsing Solution. The column was removed from the SSM, and exosome-bound microbeads were recovered by rinsing the column at room temperature with 3 × 1 ml Rinsing Solution. Exosome-bound microbeads were washed twice with 1 ml PBS and centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 1 h at 4 °C. The supernatant was removed, and EpCAM-Exos were eluted from the microbeads with 100 μl 0.2 m glycine, Tris-HCl, pH 2.8, for EM imaging or lysed with 100 μl of SDS sample buffer for GeLC-MS/MS analysis. The protein content of the sMVs, A33-Exos, and EpCAM-Exos was estimated via one-dimensional SDS-PAGE/SYPRO® Ruby protein staining densitometry (26Steinberg T.H. Lauber W.M. Berggren K. Kemper C. Yue S. Patton W.F. Fluorescence detection of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using environmentally benign, nonfixative, saline solution.Electrophoresis. 2000; 21: 497-508Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar). Briefly, 5 μl sample aliquots were solubilized in SDS sample buffer (2% (w/v) SDS, 125 mm Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 12.5% (v/v) glycerol, 0.02% (w/v) bromphenol blue) and loaded into 1-mm 10-well NuPAGE™ 4–12% (w/v) Bis-Tris Precast gels (Invitrogen). Electrophoresis was performed at 150 V for 1 h in NuPAGE™ 1 × MES running buffer (Invitrogen) using an Xcell Surelock™ gel tank (Invitrogen). After electrophoresis, gels were removed from the tank and fixed in 50 ml fixing solution (40% (v/v) methanol, 10% (v/v) acetic acid in water) for 30 min on an orbital shaker and stained with 30 ml SYPRO® Ruby (Invitrogen) for 30 min. This was followed by destaining twice in 50 ml of 10% (v/v) methanol with 6% (v/v) acetic acid in water for 1 h. Gels were imaged on a Typhoon 9410 variable mode imager (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA) using a green (532 nm) excitation laser and a 610BP30 emission filter at 100-μm resolution. Densitometry quantitation was performed using ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics) to determine the protein concentration relative to a BenchMark™ Protein Ladder standard of known protein concentration (Invitrogen). Exosome samples (∼10 μg protein) were lysed in SDS sample buffer, reduced with 50 mm DTT (when required), heated for 5 min at 95 °C, and subjected to electrophoresis using precast NuPAGE™ 4–12% (w/v) Bis-Tris Precast gels (Invitrogen) in MES running buffer at a constant 150 V for 1 h. Proteins were electrotransferred onto nitrocellulose membranes using the iBlot™ Dry Blotting System (Invitrogen), and the membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) skim milk powder in Tris-buffered saline with 0.05% (v/v) Tween-20 (TTBS) for 1 h. Membranes were probed with primary mouse anti-TSG101 (1:500; BD Biosciences), mouse anti-Alix (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology Danvers, MA), rabbit anti-EpCAM (1:1,000; Abcam), and mouse anti-A33 (1 μg/ml) (a kind gift from A. Scott, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd. - Austin Campus Cambridge, UK) for 1 h in TTBS, followed by incubation with the secondary antibody, IRDye 800 goat anti-mouse IgG or IRDye 700 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:15,000; LI-COR Biosciences Lincoln, NE), for 1 h in darkness. All antibody incubations were carried out using gentle orbital shaking at room temperature. Western blots were washed three times in TTBS for 10 min after each incubation step and visualized using the Odyssey Infrared Imaging System, version 3.0 (LI-COR Biosciences). EM imaging of exosome preparations was performed as described elsewhere (19Mathivanan S. Lim J.W. Tauro B.J. Ji H. Moritz R.L. Simpson R.J. Proteomics analysis of A33 immunoaffinity-purified exosomes released from the human colon tumor cell line LIM1215 reveals a tissue-specific protein signature.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2010; 9: 197-208Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (454) Google Scholar), with modifications. Briefly, exosome preparations (∼2 μg protein) were fixed in 1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde, layered onto Formvar coated 200 mesh copper grids (ProSciTech, Queensland, Australia), and allowed to dry. Grids were then washed twice with water for 5 min and stained with 1% (w/v) aqueous uranyl acetate (ProSciTech, Queensland, Australia) for 10 min. Imaging was performed using a Gatan UltraScan 1000 (2k × 2k) charge-coupled device camera coupled to a Tecnai F30 (FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. A33-Exos, EpCAM-Exos, and sMV samples (20 μg) were electrophoresed using SDS-PAGE (25Simpson R.J. Connolly L.M. Eddes J.S. Pereira J.J. Moritz R.L. Reid G.E. Proteomic analysis of the human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM 1215): development of a membrane protein database.Electrophoresis. 2000; 21: 1707-1732Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar), and proteins were visualized using Imperial™ Protein Stain (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Gel lanes were cut into 20 × 2 mm bands using a GridCutter (The Gel Company, San Francisco, CA), and individual bands were subjected to in-gel reduction, alkylation, and trypsinization, as described elsewhere (25Simpson R.J. Connolly L.M. Eddes J.S. Pereira J.J. Moritz R.L. Reid G.E. Proteomic analysis of the human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM 1215): development of a membrane protein database.Electrophoresis. 2000; 21: 1707-1732Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar). Briefly, gel bands were reduced with 10 mm DTT (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA) for 30 min, alkylated for 20 min with 25 mm iodoacetic acid (Fluka, St. Louis, MO), and digested with 150 ng trypsin (Worthington Biochemical Corp, Freehold, NJ) for 4.5 h at 37 °C. Tryptic peptides were extracted with 50 μl 50% (v/v) acetonitrile and 50 mm ammonium bicarbonate concentrated to ∼10 μl via centrifugal lyophilisation and analyzed via LC-MS/MS. Reversed-phase HPLC was performed on a nanoAcquity® (C18) 150 × 0.15-mm internal diameter reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography column (Waters, Milford, CT) using an Agilent 1200 HPLC coupled online to an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a nanoelectrospray ion source (Thermo Fisher Scientific) (27Greening D.W. Simpson R.J. A centrifugal ultrafiltration strategy for isolating the low-molecular weight (