Lignified cell walls are widely considered to be key innovations in the evolution of terrestrial plants from aquatic ancestors some 475 million years ago [1Kendrick P. Crane P.R. The origin and early evolution of plants on land.Nature. 1997; 389: 33-39Crossref Scopus (912) Google Scholar, 2Peter G. Neale D. Molecular basis for the evolution of xylem lignification.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2004; 7: 737-742Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 3Boyce C.K. Zwieniecki M.A. Cody G.D. Jacobsen C. Wirick S. Knoll A.H. Holbrook N.M. Evolution of xylem lignification and hydrogel transport regulation.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004; 101: 17555-17558Crossref PubMed Scopus (136) Google Scholar]. Lignins, complex aromatic heteropolymers, stiffen and fortify secondary cell walls within xylem tissues, creating a dense matrix that binds cellulose microfibrils [4Wainwright S.A. Biggs W.D. Currey J.D. Gosline J.M. Mechanical Design in Organisms. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ1982Google Scholar] and crosslinks other wall components [5Ralph J. Bunzel M. Marita J.M. Hatfield R.D. Lu F. Kim H. Schatz P.F. Grabber J.H. Steinhart H. Peroxidase-dependent cross-linking reactions of p-hydroxycinnamates in plant cell walls.Phytochem. Rev. 2004; 3: 79-96Crossref Scopus (203) Google Scholar], thereby preventing the collapse of conductive vessels, lending biomechanical support to stems, and allowing plants to adopt an erect-growth habit in air. Although “lignin-like” compounds have been identified in primitive green algae [6Delwiche C.F. Graham L.E. Thomson N. Lignin-like compounds and sporopollenin in Coleochaete, an algal model for land plant ancestry.Science. 1989; 245: 399-401Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar, 7Gunnison D. Alexander M. Basis for the resistance of several algae to microbial decomposition.Appl. Microbiol. 1975; 29: 729-738PubMed Google Scholar], the presence of true lignins in nonvascular organisms, such as aquatic algae, has not been confirmed [2Peter G. Neale D. Molecular basis for the evolution of xylem lignification.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2004; 7: 737-742Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 3Boyce C.K. Zwieniecki M.A. Cody G.D. Jacobsen C. Wirick S. Knoll A.H. Holbrook N.M. Evolution of xylem lignification and hydrogel transport regulation.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004; 101: 17555-17558Crossref PubMed Scopus (136) Google Scholar, 8Ragan M. Fucus ‘lignin’: a reassessment.Phytochemistry. 1984; 23: 2029-2032Crossref Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 9Lewis N.G. A 20th century roller coaster ride: a short account of lignification.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1999; 2: 153-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar]. Here, we report the discovery of secondary walls and lignin within cells of the intertidal red alga Calliarthron cheilosporioides. Until now, such developmentally specialized cell walls have been described only in vascular plants. The finding of secondary walls and lignin in red algae raises many questions about the convergent or deeply conserved evolutionary history of these traits, given that red algae and vascular plants probably diverged more than 1 billion years ago.