In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the anti-leukemic potential of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and post-transplant donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) hinges on the activity of T cells [1].Bispecific antibodies, including bispecific T-cellengager (BiTE ® ) molecules, redirect endogenous T cells against neoplastic cells for eradication by CD3-dependent T-cell activation.In B-lymphoid malignancies, high clinical efficacy has led to the approval of several T-cell-recruiting constructs [2, 3].In AML, several bispecific antibodies have been developed and have shown strong preclinical efficacy [4, 5].However, albeit early-phase I/II clinical trials in heavily pre-treated patients with R/R AML have yielded promising, dose-dependent results, sustained responses were not observed [6-8].We hypothesize that T-cell dysfunction contributes to BiTE resistance and a lack of long-term responses in AML.Evidence for the relevance of T-cell fitness to BiTE-mediated activity is derived from patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in whom a predominance of T cells with an exhausted phenotype was associated with failure of blinatumomab treatment [9].Additionally, transcriptional profiles associated with T-cell dysfunction were found in nonresponding patients [10].Further evidence of an association between T-cell fitness and BiTE activity was found in a preclinical model of T-cell exhaustion after continuous BiTE exposure [11].So far, attempts to characterize T-cell phenotype and function in AML patients have yielded variable and sometimes contradictory results.Studies suggest that BM T cells in contrast to peripheral blood T cells better reflect the immune state and are the main mediators of BiTE-mediated cytotoxicity [12, 13].Hence, characterizing BM T cells at different time points during the course of the disease might help to guide the optimal clinical application of T-cell-based immunotherapies in AML.