Primary cilia play critical roles in many aspects of biology. Specialized versions of primary cilia are involved in many aspects of sensation. The single photoreceptor sensory cilium (PSC) or outer segment elaborated by each rod and cone photoreceptor cell of the retina is a classic example. Mutations in genes that encode cilia components are common causes of disease, including retinal degenerations. The protein components of mammalian primary and sensory cilia have not been defined previously. Here we report a detailed proteomics analysis of the mouse PSC complex. The PSC complex comprises the outer segment and its cytoskeleton, including the axoneme, basal body, and ciliary rootlet, which extends into the inner segment of photoreceptor cells. The PSC complex proteome contains 1968 proteins represented by three or more unique peptides, including ∼1500 proteins not detected in cilia from lower organisms. This includes 105 hypothetical proteins and 60 proteins encoded by genes that map within the critical intervals for 23 inherited cilia-related disorders, increasing their priority as candidate genes. The PSC complex proteome also contains many cilia proteins not identified previously in photoreceptors, including 13 proteins produced by genes that harbor mutations that cause cilia disease and seven intraflagellar transport proteins. Analyses of PSC complexes from rootletin knock-out mice, which lack ciliary rootlets, confirmed that 1185 of the identified PSC complex proteins are derived from the outer segment. The mass spectrometry data, benchmarked by 15 well characterized outer segment proteins, were used to quantify the copy number of each protein in a mouse rod outer segment. These results reveal mammalian cilia to be several times more complex than the cilia of unicellular organisms and open novel avenues for studies of how cilia are built and maintained and how these processes are disrupted in human disease. Primary cilia play critical roles in many aspects of biology. Specialized versions of primary cilia are involved in many aspects of sensation. The single photoreceptor sensory cilium (PSC) or outer segment elaborated by each rod and cone photoreceptor cell of the retina is a classic example. Mutations in genes that encode cilia components are common causes of disease, including retinal degenerations. The protein components of mammalian primary and sensory cilia have not been defined previously. Here we report a detailed proteomics analysis of the mouse PSC complex. The PSC complex comprises the outer segment and its cytoskeleton, including the axoneme, basal body, and ciliary rootlet, which extends into the inner segment of photoreceptor cells. The PSC complex proteome contains 1968 proteins represented by three or more unique peptides, including ∼1500 proteins not detected in cilia from lower organisms. This includes 105 hypothetical proteins and 60 proteins encoded by genes that map within the critical intervals for 23 inherited cilia-related disorders, increasing their priority as candidate genes. The PSC complex proteome also contains many cilia proteins not identified previously in photoreceptors, including 13 proteins produced by genes that harbor mutations that cause cilia disease and seven intraflagellar transport proteins. Analyses of PSC complexes from rootletin knock-out mice, which lack ciliary rootlets, confirmed that 1185 of the identified PSC complex proteins are derived from the outer segment. The mass spectrometry data, benchmarked by 15 well characterized outer segment proteins, were used to quantify the copy number of each protein in a mouse rod outer segment. These results reveal mammalian cilia to be several times more complex than the cilia of unicellular organisms and open novel avenues for studies of how cilia are built and maintained and how these processes are disrupted in human disease. Primary cilia are present on most cells in the human body. These structures are typically sensory organelles and are involved in many critical aspects of cell biology (1Pazour G.J. Witman G.B. The vertebrate primary cilium is a sensory organelle.Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2003; 15: 105-110Crossref PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar, 2Pan J. Wang Q. Snell W.J. Cilium-generated signaling and cilia-related disorders.Lab. Investig. 2005; 85: 452-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar). For example, sensation of flow by primary cilia is required for maintenance of renal nephron structure and body axis determination. Recent evidence has also revealed that primary cilia play important roles in various aspects of development, such as planar cell polarity and Hedgehog signaling (3Singla V. Reiter J.F. The primary cilium as the cell's antenna: signaling at a sensory organelle.Science. 2006; 313: 629-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (741) Google Scholar, 4Davis E.E. Brueckner M. Katsanis N. The emerging complexity of the vertebrate cilium: new functional roles for an ancient organelle.Dev. Cell. 2006; 11: 9-19Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar). All cilia are composed of a microtubule-based axoneme surrounded by a distinct domain of the plasma membrane. The axonemes are derived from and anchored to the cell via basal bodies (5Beisson J. Wright M. Basal body/centriole assembly and continuity.Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2003; 15: 96-104Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar). Cilia are involved in many aspects of sensation, including vision, smell, and hearing (2Pan J. Wang Q. Snell W.J. Cilium-generated signaling and cilia-related disorders.Lab. Investig. 2005; 85: 452-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 3Singla V. Reiter J.F. The primary cilium as the cell's antenna: signaling at a sensory organelle.Science. 2006; 313: 629-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (741) Google Scholar). The sensory cilium elaborated by each rod and cone photoreceptor cell of the retina is a classic example. These photoreceptor sensory cilia or outer segments are among the largest of mammalian cilia (2Pan J. Wang Q. Snell W.J. Cilium-generated signaling and cilia-related disorders.Lab. Investig. 2005; 85: 452-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 6Yang J. Gao J. Adamian M. Wen X.H. Pawlyk B. Zhang L. Sanderson M.J. Zuo J. Makino C.L. Li T. The ciliary rootlet maintains long-term stability of sensory cilia.Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005; 25: 4129-4137Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). Like other cilia, the outer segments contains an axoneme, which begins at the basal bodies and passes through a transition zone (the so-called “connecting cilium”) and into the outer segment (7Horst C.J. Johnson L.V. Besharse J.C. Transmembrane assemblage of the photoreceptor connecting cilium and motile cilium transition zone contain a common immunologic epitope.Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 1990; 17: 329-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar) (see Fig. 1). The basal bodies also nucleate the ciliary rootlet, which extends into the inner segment. The rootlet serves to anchor the cilium to the cell and functions as a channel for proteins destined for the outer segment (6Yang J. Gao J. Adamian M. Wen X.H. Pawlyk B. Zhang L. Sanderson M.J. Zuo J. Makino C.L. Li T. The ciliary rootlet maintains long-term stability of sensory cilia.Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005; 25: 4129-4137Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar, 8Yang J. Li T. The ciliary rootlet interacts with kinesin light chains and may provide a scaffold for kinesin-1 vesicular cargos.Exp. Cell Res. 2005; 309: 379-389Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar). The photoreceptor sensory cilium (PSC) 1The abbreviations used are: PSC, photoreceptor sensory cilium; IFT, intraflagellar transport; PSC-IS, inner segment portion of the PSC complex; PSC-OS, outer segment portion of the PSC complex; RP, retinitis pigmentosa; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system; BBS, Bardet-Biedl syndrome; KO, knock-out; Pipes, 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid; bis-Tris, 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; DAVID, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery; EASE, Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer; S/PP, spectra per predicted peptide; NC, number of copies; IS, inner segment; OS, outer segment; LCA, Leber congenital amaurosis. 1The abbreviations used are: PSC, photoreceptor sensory cilium; IFT, intraflagellar transport; PSC-IS, inner segment portion of the PSC complex; PSC-OS, outer segment portion of the PSC complex; RP, retinitis pigmentosa; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system; BBS, Bardet-Biedl syndrome; KO, knock-out; Pipes, 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid; bis-Tris, 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; DAVID, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery; EASE, Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer; S/PP, spectra per predicted peptide; NC, number of copies; IS, inner segment; OS, outer segment; LCA, Leber congenital amaurosis. complex comprises the outer segment and its cytoskeleton, including the rootlet, basal body, and axoneme (see Fig. 1). The outer segment membrane domain of the PSC complex is highly specialized with discs (lamellar membranes) stacked in tight order at 30 per μm along the axoneme. The proteins required for phototransduction are located in or associated with these discs. Mutations in genes that encode cilia components cause many different types of disease. To date, mutations that cause inherited retinal degenerations, which are common causes of blindness, have been identified in genes encoding 38 PSC complex proteins (RetNet: www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/Retnet/). Furthermore mutations in genes encoding proteins expressed both in photoreceptors and other cilia result in systemic diseases, such as Usher syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), Senior-Loken syndrome, and Joubert syndrome that involve retinal degeneration along with other disorders consequent to cilia dysfunction such as deafness and polycystic kidney disease (2Pan J. Wang Q. Snell W.J. Cilium-generated signaling and cilia-related disorders.Lab. Investig. 2005; 85: 452-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 3Singla V. Reiter J.F. The primary cilium as the cell's antenna: signaling at a sensory organelle.Science. 2006; 313: 629-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (741) Google Scholar). The proteomes of mammalian primary and sensory cilia have not been defined to date. Such datasets have the potential to accelerate investigations of the cell biology of sensory and primary cilia and facilitate understanding of cilia disruption and dysfunction in disease. A proteomics analysis of axonemes isolated from the cilia of cultured human respiratory epithelium was reported several years ago, but it identified a relatively small number of proteins (86 by ≥2 peptides) (9Ostrowski L.E. Blackburn K. Radde K.M. Moyer M.B. Schlatzer D.M. Moseley A. Boucher R.C. A proteomic analysis of human cilia: identification of novel components.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2002; 1: 451-465Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar). Proteomics analysis of cilia, flagella, and basal bodies from three unicellular organisms and several in silico analyses designed to identify cilia genes based on conservation among ciliated organisms have been performed (10Pazour G.J. Agrin N. Leszyk J. Witman G.B. Proteomic analysis of a eukaryotic cilium.J. Cell Biol. 2005; 170: 103-113Crossref PubMed Scopus (712) Google Scholar, 11Smith J.C. Northey J.G. Garg J. Pearlman R.E. Siu K.W. Robust method for proteome analysis by MS/MS using an entire translated genome: demonstration on the ciliome of Tetrahymena thermophila.J. Proteome Res. 2005; 4: 909-919Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar, 12Broadhead R. Dawe H.R. Farr H. Griffiths S. Hart S.R. Portman N. Shaw M.K. Ginger M.L. Gaskell S.J. McKean P.G. Gull K. Flagellar motility is required for the viability of the bloodstream trypanosome.Nature. 2006; 440: 224-227Crossref PubMed Scopus (358) Google Scholar, 13Keller L.C. Romijn E.P. Zamora I. Yates III, J.R. Marshall W.F. Proteomic analysis of isolated Chlamydomonas centrioles reveals orthologs of ciliary-disease genes.Curr. Biol. 2005; 15: 1090-1098Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (250) Google Scholar, 14Avidor-Reiss T. Maer A.M. Koundakjian E. Polyanovsky A. Keil T. Subramaniam S. Zuker C.S. Decoding cilia function: defining specialized genes required for compartmentalized cilia biogenesis.Cell. 2004; 117: 527-539Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (402) Google Scholar, 15Li J.B. Gerdes J.M. Haycraft C.J. Fan Y. Teslovich T.M. May-Simera H. Li H. Blacque O.E. Li L. Leitch C.C. Lewis R.A. Green J.S. Parfrey P.S. Leroux M.R. Davidson W.S. Beales P.L. Guay-Woodford L.M. Yoder B.K. Stormo G.D. Katsanis N. Dutcher S.K. Comparative genomics identifies a flagellar and basal body proteome that includes the BBS5 human disease gene.Cell. 2004; 117: 541-552Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (573) Google Scholar). In aggregate, these analyses have identified ∼1200 non-redundant putative cilia-related proteins (16Gherman A. Davis E.E. Katsanis N. The ciliary proteome database: an integrated community resource for the genetic and functional dissection of cilia.Nat. Genet. 2006; 38: 961-962Crossref PubMed Scopus (224) Google Scholar, 17Inglis P.N. Boroevich K.A. Leroux M.R. Piecing together a ciliome.Trends Genet. 2006; 22: 491-500Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). It remains unclear, however, how many of these proteins have homologs that are components of mammalian cilia and associated structures. To identify the proteins that make up an important mammalian cilium, we undertook a detailed proteomics analysis of the mouse PSC complex. Here we report this PSC complex to consist of ∼2000 proteins. To differentiate proteins associated with the inner and outer segment portions of the PSC complex, we also analyzed PSCs from rootletin knock-out (KO) mice, which lack ciliary rootlets (6Yang J. Gao J. Adamian M. Wen X.H. Pawlyk B. Zhang L. Sanderson M.J. Zuo J. Makino C.L. Li T. The ciliary rootlet maintains long-term stability of sensory cilia.Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005; 25: 4129-4137Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). We used the MS/MS spectral count data, normalized for detectable peptides and benchmarked by 15 well characterized outer segment proteins, to estimate the copy number of each protein in a mouse photoreceptor outer segment. This research was approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory or bred from commercially obtained founders. Rootletin KO mice were described previously (6Yang J. Gao J. Adamian M. Wen X.H. Pawlyk B. Zhang L. Sanderson M.J. Zuo J. Makino C.L. Li T. The ciliary rootlet maintains long-term stability of sensory cilia.Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005; 25: 4129-4137Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). PSC complexes were isolated from the retinas of 4-week-old wild-type or rootletin KO mice using modifications of established techniques (18Papermaster D.S. Dreyer W.J. Rhodopsin content in the outer segment membranes of bovine and frog retinal rods.Biochemistry. 1974; 13: 2438-2444Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 19Liu Q. Zuo J. Pierce E.A. The retinitis pigmentosa 1 protein is a photoreceptor microtubule-associated protein.J. Neurosci. 2004; 24: 6427-6436Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar). Briefly fresh mouse retinas were gently vortexed for 1 min in 500 μl of buffer A (10 mm Pipes, pH 7.0, 5 mm MgCl2, and 1× proteinase inhibitor mixture) with 50% (w/v) sucrose. PSC complexes were separated from the remainder of the retina by centrifugation for 20 min at 13,000 × g. The PSC complexes were collected from the top of the 50% sucrose buffer, diluted 1:1 in buffer A without sucrose, and subjected to a second round of centrifugation on a 50% sucrose cushion. Purified PSC complexes were collected at the interface and sedimented by decreasing the sucrose concentration. A portion (20%) of the purified wild-type PSC complex was placed in SDS-PAGE sample buffer for the PSC complex proteomics analysis (see below). The PSC complex-cytoskeletons were then isolated by extracting the remaining 80% of the purified wild-type PSC complexes with detergent (buffer B: 10 mm Pipes, pH 7.0, 5 mm MgCl2, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mm DTT, and 1× proteinase inhibitor mixture) for 1 h on ice to remove the plasma membrane and outer segment discs (19Liu Q. Zuo J. Pierce E.A. The retinitis pigmentosa 1 protein is a photoreceptor microtubule-associated protein.J. Neurosci. 2004; 24: 6427-6436Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar, 20Fleischman D. Denisevich M. Raveed D. Pannbacker R.G. Association of guanylate cyclase with the axoneme of retinal rods.Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1980; 630: 176-186Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar). The PSC complex-cytoskeleton fraction was separated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation (40, 50, and 60% sucrose) in buffer B for 1 h at 13,000 × g. The enriched cytoskeleton fraction was collected at the 50/60% sucrose interface and pelleted by decreasing the sucrose concentration in buffer B. The PSC complex and cytoskeleton preparations were viewed by differential interference contrast microscopy on a Zeiss LSM 510 Meta confocal microscope and immunostained as described below. For the proteomics analyses, purified PSC complexes and cytoskeletons were extracted with SDS sample buffer, and the insoluble material was removed by centrifugation. The wild-type PSC complex (45 μg), PSC complex-cytoskeleton (40 μg), and rootletin KO PSC complex (45 μg) proteins were then separated by electrophoresis for 6 cm on a 4–12% bis-Tris minigel (NuPage), and the gel was stained with colloidal Coomassie Blue. Each 60-mm lane was subsequently cut into uniform 1-mm slices with the MEF-1.5 Gel Cutter (The Gel Co., San Francisco, CA). Two adjacent gel slices were combined per digestion tube, and the samples were digested in-gel with trypsin as described previously (21Speicher K.D. Kolbas O. Harper S. Speicher D.W. Systematic analysis of peptide recoveries from in-gel digestions for femtomole protein identifications in proteome studies.J. Biomol. Tech. 2000; 11: 74-86PubMed Google Scholar). Tryptic digests (10 μl of a total of 30 μl) were separated by reverse phase HPLC on a nanocapillary column, 75-μm-inner diameter × 20-cm PicoFrit (New Objective, Woburn, MA), packed with MAGIC C18 resin, 5-μm particle size (Michrom BioResources, Auburn, CA), using a NanoLC pump (Eksigent Technologies, Livermore, CA). Solvent A was 0.58% acetic acid in Milli-Q water, and solvent B was 0.58% acetic acid in acetonitrile. Peptides were eluted into an LTQ-FT mass spectrometer (ThermoElectron, San Jose, CA) at 200 nl/min using an acetonitrile gradient. Each reverse phase LC run consisted of a 10-min sample load at 1% B and a 75-min total gradient consisting of 1–28% B over 50 min, 28–50% B over 14 min, 50–80% B over 5 min, and 80% B for 5 min before returning to 1% B in 1 min. To minimize sample carryover to the next LC-MS/MS run, a 28-min blank cycle was run between each sample. Sample injection was ∼7 min, resulting in a total sample to sample cycle time of about 120 min. The mass spectrometers were set to repetitively scan m/z from 400 to 1600 followed by data-dependent MS/MS scans on the six most intense ions with dynamic exclusion enabled. Peptides from each LC-MS/MS run were identified from the MS/MS spectra using the Bioworks Browser 3.3 program (ThermoElectron). DTA files were generated from MS/MS spectra using an intensity threshold of 3000 and a minimum ion count of 30. The DTA files generated were searched against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant (July 2006) database with a reversed copy of the database placed in front of the forward copy of the database. To reduce database search time, the databases were indexed with the following parameters: monoisotopic mass range of 750–3500, length of 6–100, half-tryptic specificity with up to two internal missed cleavage sites, static modification of cysteine using iodoacetamide modification (+57.02150 Da), and dynamic modification of Met to methionine sulfoxide (+15.9949 Da). The DTA files were searched with a 2.5-Da peptide mass tolerance and a 1.0-Da fragment ion mass tolerance using the Sequest algorithm within Bioworks 3.3. Other search parameters were identical to those used for database indexing. Peptide identification false positive rates were estimated after applying appropriate data filters as the number of redundant peptide hits to the reverse database divided by the number of redundant peptide hits to the forward database times 100. After estimating false positive rates, all hits to the reverse database were removed prior to further analysis. DTASelect and in-house custom programs were used to combine and filter the outputs from the Sequest searches for all 30 LC-MS/MS runs from each sample into a single summary (22Tabb D.L. McDonald W.H. Yates III, J.R. DTASelect and Contrast: tools for assembling and comparing protein identifications from shotgun proteomics.J. Proteome Res. 2002; 1: 21-26Crossref PubMed Scopus (1026) Google Scholar). Peptide hits from database searches were filtered using the following: mass accuracy, <10 ppm; ΔCn ≥ 0.08; and full tryptic boundaries. When large datasets of LC-MS/MS data from LTQ-FT mass spectrometers are searched using a wide mass window and half-tryptic constraints followed by filtering using full tryptic boundaries and a tight mass tolerance, much lower false positive rates are obtained than when stringent cross-correlation scores or probability scores are used. 2H.-Y. Tang, G. Tan, and D. W. Speicher, manuscript in preparation. The identified peptides were grouped into the smallest set of non-redundant proteins possible. Different forms (charge states and modifications) of the same peptide were compressed into a single hit. Java and Perl scripts were developed to perform additional processing steps such as retrieving gene names, comparing datasets, and removing peptide redundancy. The corresponding mouse gene was identified for each protein. The protein and gene identifications were reviewed manually to ascertain their accuracy and to ensure that consistent database entries were reported in the different samples. This included reviewing the identifications of related proteins that shared common peptides. When proteins could not be reliably distinguished by unique peptides, they were reported as a protein group and identified in the Note column of the PSC complex proteome spreadsheet (Supplemental Table S1) by an M (for multiple). Supplemental Tables S2–S4 contain the DTASelect summaries with peptide sequences for the PSC complex, PSC complex-cytoskeleton, and rootletin KO PSC complex LC-MS/MS analyses, respectively. Prior to additional analyses, obvious contaminants such as keratins, histones, and serum proteins were removed from the proteome. As in other cilia, mitochondria and ribosomes, which are not part of photoreceptor outer segments, can segregate with PSC complexes due to their high abundance in inner segments (9Ostrowski L.E. Blackburn K. Radde K.M. Moyer M.B. Schlatzer D.M. Moseley A. Boucher R.C. A proteomic analysis of human cilia: identification of novel components.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2002; 1: 451-465Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar, 13Keller L.C. Romijn E.P. Zamora I. Yates III, J.R. Marshall W.F. Proteomic analysis of isolated Chlamydomonas centrioles reveals orthologs of ciliary-disease genes.Curr. Biol. 2005; 15: 1090-1098Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (250) Google Scholar, 23McConnell D.G. The isolation of retinal outer segment fragments.J. Cell Biol. 1965; 27: 459-473Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). We therefore removed mitochondrial and ribosomal proteins from the PSC proteome. Mitochondrial proteins were identified using a curated list of known mitochondrial proteins derived from the MitoP2 database (24Calvo S. Jain M. Xie X. Sheth S.A. Chang B. Goldberger O.A. Spinazzola A. Zeviani M. Carr S.A. Mootha V.K. Systematic identification of human mitochondrial disease genes through integrative genomics.Nat. Genet. 2006; 38: 576-582Crossref PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar). Keratins, histones, and ribosomal and serum proteins were identified based on protein names and annotations in NCBI protein and gene records. Eyes from wild-type adult mice were processed in two different ways for immunostaining experiments. For preparation of sections from unfixed retina, eyes were enucleated, snap frozen, embedded in OCT, and cryosectioned at 10 μm. Sections were postfixed with 1% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 min before performing immunostaining. For preparation of sections from fixed retina, eyes were enucleated after cardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.4), fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 3 h, embedded in OCT freezing medium, and cryosectioned at 10 μm. Both types of frozen sections were then immunostained as described previously (25Liu Q. Zhou J. Daiger S.P. Farber D.B. Heckenlively J.R. Smith J.E. Sullivan L.S. Zuo J. Milam A.H. Pierce E.A. Identification and subcellular localization of the RP1 protein in human and mouse photoreceptors.Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2002; 43: 22-32PubMed Google Scholar). For staining of the isolated PSC complex and cytoskeleton preparations, 10 μl of each suspension was spotted on glass slides and immunostained as described previously (19Liu Q. Zuo J. Pierce E.A. The retinitis pigmentosa 1 protein is a photoreceptor microtubule-associated protein.J. Neurosci. 2004; 24: 6427-6436Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar). Cy3-, Alexa 488-, and Alexa 633-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories or Molecular Probes. Stained sections were viewed with a Zeiss LSM 510 Meta confocal microscope, and the images were processed with Zeiss Meta 510 software (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging). The primary antibodies used for these studies are described in Supplemental Table S5. We requested antibodies to 200 proteins whose location in the PSC complex had not been reported previously. These 200 antibodies were identified by literature searches and were directed against proteins that were distributed throughout the range of relative protein abundance in the PSC complex proteome. We received or purchased 51 of these antibodies, including 33 directed against the outer segment portion of the PSC complex (PSC-OS) proteins and 18 against the inner segment portion of the PSC complex (PSC-IS) proteins (Supplemental Table S5). To estimate the relative abundance of proteins in the PSC-OS, we used a measure of total spectra observed per detected protein (26Old W.M. Meyer-Arendt K. Aveline-Wolf L. Pierce K.G. Mendoza A. Sevinsky J.R. Resing K.A. Ahn N.G. Comparison of label-free methods for quantifying human proteins by shotgun proteomics.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2005; 4: 1487-1502Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (971) Google Scholar, 27Zybailov B. Coleman M.K. Florens L. Washburn M.P. Correlation of relative abundance ratios derived from peptide ion chromatograms and spectrum counting for quantitative proteomic analysis using stable isotope labeling.Anal. Chem. 2005; 77: 6218-6224Crossref PubMed Scopus (292) Google Scholar, 28Ishihama Y. Oda Y. Tabata T. Sato T. Nagasu T. Rappsilber J. Mann M. Exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) for estimation of absolute protein amount in proteomics by the number of sequenced peptides per protein.Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2005; 4: 1265-1272Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1482) Google Scholar). Spectral counts derived from the MS/MS data were normalized by dividing the total number of spectra detected by the predicted number of observable peptides per protein. The predicted number of observable peptides per protein was determined by identifying predicted complete tryptic peptides with detectable masses (750–3500 Da). For the 208 proteins in the PSC-OS group where one or more peptides were shared between related proteins, the number of spectra from the shared peptides assigned to each protein was determined based on the ratios of spectra derived from the unique peptides that identified each protein. The concentrations of 15 known photoreceptor proteins were obtained from the literature (Supplemental Table S7). These are expressed relative to rhodopsin of which 7 × 107 molecules are present on average in the mouse rod sensory cilium (29Lyubarsky A.L. Daniele L.L. Pugh Jr., E.N. From candelas to photoisomerizations in the mouse eye by rhodopsin bleaching in situ and the light-rearing dependence of the major components of the mouse ERG.Vision Res. 2004; 44: 3235-3251Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar). Where appropriate, protein levels were corrected for the portion of total protein present in the outer segment (Supplemental Table S7, Notes). Because the amounts of transducin, arrestin, and recoverin in the outer segment vary with light exposure, the locations of transducin and arrestin under the conditions of illumination used to harvest retinas were determined using immunofluorescence assays (30Calvert P.D. Strissel K.J. Schiesser W.E. Pugh Jr., E.N. Arshavsky V.Y. Light-driven translocation of signaling proteins in vertebrate photoreceptors.Trends Cell Biol. 2006; 16: 560-568Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar). Frozen sections of retinas were prepared from mice that were 1) completely dark-adapted, 2) exposed to the same light regimen as mice from which retinas were harvested for PSC complex isolation, or 3) bleached with 15,000 lux of light for 30 min with dilated pupils prior to sacrifice. These sections were embedded adjacent to