The regulation of γ-globin expression is crucial due to its beneficial effects on diseases like β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A (BCL11A) is a significant suppressor of γ-globin, and microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting BCL11A have been shown to alleviate this suppression. In our previous high-throughput sequencing, we identified an 11.32-fold increase in miR-129-5p expression in β-thalassemia patients. However, the regulatory mechanisms of miR-129-5p in the context of erythroid differentiation remain to be elucidated. Our study aimed to elucidate the role of miR-129-5p in γ-globin regulation and erythropoiesis. We measured miR-129-5p levels in peripheral blood from β-thalassemia major and intermedia patients. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, dual-luciferase reporter assays, miRNA pull down assays and western blot analyses were conducted to examine the effects of miR-129-5p on γ-globin expression and BCL11A repression. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and erythroid differentiation were assessed using cell counting kit-8, Wright-Giemsa, and benzidine staining, and flow cytometry assays. The expression levels of miR-129-5p were significantly elevated in β-thalassemia patients and positively correlated with γ-globin synthesis while negatively correlating with liver damage. miR-129- 5p enhanced γ-globin gene expression in K562 and HUDEP-2 cells by effectively repressing BCL11A. Overexpression of miR-129-5p inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/G0 phase, promoted apoptosis and stimulated erythroid differentiation and maturation. Conversely, inhibition of miR-129-5p produced opposite cellular effects. miR-129-5p acts as a positive regulator of erythroid differentiation and γ-globin synthesis. It offers a promising miRNA target for activating the γ-globin gene and reducing ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia patients.
