Soil-borne mutualistic fungi, such as the ectomycorrhizal fungi, have helped shape forest communities worldwide over the last 180 million years through a mutualistic relationship with tree roots in which the fungal partner provides a large array of nutrients to the plant host in return for photosynthetically derived sugars [1Hibbett D.S. Matheny P.B. The relative ages of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and their plant hosts estimated using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analyses.BMC Biol. 2009; 7: 13Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 2Martin F. Kohler A. Murat C. Balestrini R. Coutinho P.M. Jaillon O. Montanini B. Morin E. Noel B. Percudani R. et al.Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis.Nature. 2010; 464: 1033-1038Crossref PubMed Scopus (508) Google Scholar]. This exchange is essential for continued growth and productivity of forest trees, especially in nutrient-poor soils. To date, the signals from the two partners that mediate this symbiosis have remained uncharacterized. Here we demonstrate that MYCORRHIZAL iNDUCED SMALL SECRETED PROTEIN 7 (MiSSP7), the most highly symbiosis-upregulated gene from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor [3Martin F. Aerts A. Ahrén D. Brun A. Danchin E.G.J. Duchaussoy F. Gibon J. Kohler A. Lindquist E. Pereda V. et al.The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis.Nature. 2008; 452: 88-92Crossref PubMed Scopus (760) Google Scholar], encodes an effector protein indispensible for the establishment of mutualism. MiSSP7 is secreted by the fungus upon receipt of diffusible signals from plant roots, imported into the plant cell via phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-mediated endocytosis, and targeted to the plant nucleus where it alters the transcriptome of the plant cell. L. bicolor transformants with reduced expression of MiSSP7 do not enter into symbiosis with poplar roots. MiSSP7 resembles effectors of pathogenic fungi, nematodes, and bacteria that are similarly targeted to the plant nucleus to promote colonization of the plant tissues [4Marti M. Good R.T. Rug M. Knuepfer E. Cowman A.F. Targeting malaria virulence and remodeling proteins to the host erythrocyte.Science. 2004; 306: 1930-1933Crossref PubMed Scopus (712) Google Scholar, 5Gu K. Yang B. Tian D. Wu L. Wang D. Sreekala C. Yang F. Chu Z. Wang G.-L. White F.F. Yin Z. R gene expression induced by a type-III effector triggers disease resistance in rice.Nature. 2005; 435: 1122-1125Crossref PubMed Scopus (444) Google Scholar, 6He P. Shan L. Lin N.C. Martin G.B. Kemmerling B. Nürnberger T. Sheen J. Specific bacterial suppressors of MAMP signaling upstream of MAPKKK in Arabidopsis innate immunity.Cell. 2006; 125: 563-575Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (323) Google Scholar, 7Huang G. Dong R. Allen R. Davis E.L. Baum T.J. Hussey R.S. A root-knot nematode secretory peptide functions as a ligand for a plant transcription factor.Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2006; 19: 463-470Crossref PubMed Scopus (160) Google Scholar, 8Lee S.-W. Han S.W. Sririyanum M. Park C.J. Seo Y.S. Ronald P.C. A type I-secreted, sulfated peptide triggers XA21-mediated innate immunity.Science. 2009; 326: 850-853Crossref PubMed Scopus (213) Google Scholar, 9Doehlemann G. van der Linde K. Assmann D. Schwammbach D. Hof A. Mohanty A. Jackson D. Kahmann R. Pep1, a secreted effector protein of Ustilago maydis, is required for successful invasion of plant cells.PLoS Pathog. 2009; 5: e1000290Crossref PubMed Scopus (238) Google Scholar] and thus can be considered a mutualism effector.