The use of ultrasound has developed over the last 50 years into an indispensable first-line test for the cardiac evaluation of symptomatic patients. The technologic miniaturization and improvement in transducer technology, as well as the implementation of educational curriculum changes in residency training programs and specialty practice, have facilitated the integration of focused cardiac ultrasound into practice by specialties such as emergency medicine. In the emergency department, focused cardiac ultrasound has become a fundamental tool to expedite the diagnostic evaluation of the patient at the bedside and to initiate emergent treatment and triage decisions by the emergency physician. The use of ultrasound has developed over the last 50 years into an indispensable first-line test for the cardiac evaluation of symptomatic patients. The technologic miniaturization and improvement in transducer technology, as well as the implementation of educational curriculum changes in residency training programs and specialty practice, have facilitated the integration of focused cardiac ultrasound into practice by specialties such as emergency medicine. In the emergency department, focused cardiac ultrasound has become a fundamental tool to expedite the diagnostic evaluation of the patient at the bedside and to initiate emergent treatment and triage decisions by the emergency physician. This consensus statement by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) delineates the important role of focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS) in patient care and treatment and emphasizes the complementary role of FOCUS to that of comprehensive echocardiography. We outline the clinical applications where FOCUS could be used, as part of the evolving relationship between echocardiography laboratories and emergency departments. Although cardiac ultrasound as performed by emergency physicians in emergency departments is often performed in the context of other focused ultrasound applications (examining the hypotensive patient for abdominal aortic aneurysms, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, or intraperitoneal hemorrhage as a result of trauma), the scope of this consensus statement is limited to cardiac applications of the FOCUS examination. Accordingly, the important role of comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography in the emergency department will not be discussed in detail in this article. The principal role for FOCUS is the time-sensitive assessment of the symptomatic patient.1American College of Emergency Physicians. Use of ultrasound imaging by emergency physicians. Policy 400121. Available at: http://www.acep.org. Accessed November 1, 2009.Google Scholar, 2American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound guidelines 2008. Available at: http://www.acep.org. Accessed November 1, 2009.Google Scholar, 3American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound imaging compendium. 2006. Available at: http://www.acep.org. Accessed November 1, 2009.Google Scholar, 4Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Ultrasound position statement. Available at: http://www.saem.org. Accessed November 1, 2009.Google Scholar, 5American College of SurgeonsAdvanced trauma life support for physicians. American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL1997Google Scholar This evaluation primarily includes the assessment for pericardial effusion and the evaluation of relative chamber size, global cardiac function, and patient volume status (Table 1). Intravascular volume status may be assessed by left ventricular (LV) size, ventricular function, and inferior vena cava (IVC) size and respiratory change. In addition, FOCUS is used to guide emergent invasive procedures, such as pericardiocentesis, or evaluate the position of transvenous pacemaker placement.3American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound imaging compendium. 2006. Available at: http://www.acep.org. Accessed November 1, 2009.Google Scholar, 5American College of SurgeonsAdvanced trauma life support for physicians. American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL1997Google ScholarTable 1Goals of the focused cardiac ultrasound in the symptomatic emergency department patientAssessment for the presence of pericardial effusionAssessment of global cardiac systolic functionIdentification of marked right ventricular and left ventricular enlargementIntravascular volume assessmentGuidance of pericardiocentesisConfirmation of transvenous pacing wire placement Open table in a new tab Other pathologic diagnoses (intracardiac masses, LV thrombus, valvular dysfunction, regional wall motion abnormalities, endocarditis, aortic dissection) may be suspected on FOCUS, but additional evaluation, including referral for comprehensive echocardiography or cardiology consultation, is recommended. Further hemodynamic assessment of intracardiac pressures, valvular pathology, and diastolic function requires additional training in comprehensive echocardiography techniques. Comprehensive echocardiographic examination or other imaging modalities are recommended in any case in which the focused findings and clinical presentations are discordant. Clinical scenarios and the information obtained from the focused use of cardiac ultrasound in emergent situations are distinctly different from those where comprehensive echocardiography are used, and both types of studies have a role in optimizing patient care as will be outlined in the following sections. The role of emergency ultrasound, including FOCUS and other core emergency ultrasound applications, also is discussed in ACEP’s Emergency Ultrasound Imaging Compendium.3American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound imaging compendium. 2006. Available at: http://www.acep.org. Accessed November 1, 2009.Google Scholar Studies have shown a high degree of sensitivity and specificity in the detection of pericardial effusions in both medical and trauma patients using FOCUS.6Rozycki G.S. Feliciano D.V. Ochsner M.G. Knudson M.M. Hoyt D.B. Davis F. et al.The role of ultrasound in patients with possible penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective multi-center study.J Trauma. 1999; 46: 543-551Crossref PubMed Scopus (238) Google Scholar, 7Rozycki G.S. Ballard R.B. Feliciano D.V. Schmidt J.A. Pennington S.D. Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1540 patients.Ann Surg. 1998; 39: 492-498Google Scholar, 8Mandavia D.P. Hoffner R.J. Mahaney K. Henderson S.O. Bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians.Ann Emerg Med. 2001; 38: 377-382Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (213) Google Scholar, 9Jones A.E. Tayal V.S. Kline J.A. Focused training of emergency medicine residents in goal-directed echocardiography: a prospective study.Acad Emerg Med. 2003; 10: 1054-1058Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 10Mayron R. Gaudio F.E. Plummer D. Asinger R. Elsperger J. Echocardiography performed by emergency physicians: impact on diagnosis and therapy.Ann Emerg Med. 1988; 17: 150-154Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar Imaging in multiple views or windows provides the most accurate detection of pericardial effusion. It is important to recognize that pericardial tamponade is a clinical diagnosis that includes the visualization of pericardial fluid, blood, or thrombus, in addition to clinical signs including hypotension, tachycardia, pulsus paradoxus, and distended neck veins. Although FOCUS may be used to visualize delayed right ventricular diastolic expansion and right atrial or ventricular diastolic collapse representing increased pericardial pressures, there are additional two-dimensional and Doppler findings obtained in a comprehensive exam that can confirm or refute the degree of suspected hemodynamic compromise and provide a means of serially monitoring its progress.10Mayron R. Gaudio F.E. Plummer D. Asinger R. Elsperger J. Echocardiography performed by emergency physicians: impact on diagnosis and therapy.Ann Emerg Med. 1988; 17: 150-154Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar, 11Picard M.H. Sanifilippo A.J. Newell J.B. Rodriguez L. Guerrero J.L. Weyman A.E. Quantitative relation between increased intrapericardial pressure and Doppler flow velocities during experimental cardiac tamponade.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 18: 234-242Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (12) Google Scholar, 12Seferović P.M. Ristić A.D. Imazio M. Maksimović R. Simeunović D. Trinchero R. et al.Management strategies in pericardial emergencies.Herz. 2006; : 891-900Crossref Scopus (49) Google Scholar In addition, small, more focal pericardial effusions can be difficult to recognize with FOCUS, and a comprehensive echocardiogram or other diagnostic imaging testing is indicated whenever the clinical suspicion for the presence of effusion is high and the FOCUS could not demonstrate it. In trauma patients, hemodynamically significant pericardial effusions may be small or focal and the hemorrhage may exhibit evidence of clot formation, yet the degree of hemodynamic instability may be pronounced. In such hemodynamically unstable patients, a comprehensive echocardiogram will typically not be obtained before initial treatment is provided. When emergency pericardiocentesis is indicated, ultrasound can provide guidance by first imaging the fluid collection from the subxiphoid/subcostal or other transthoracic windows to define the best trajectory for needle insertion.13Tsung T. Enriquez-Sarano M. Freeman W.K. Barnes M.E. Sinak L.J. Gersh B.J. et al.Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns, and outcomes spanning 21 years.Mayo Clin Proc. 2002; 77: 429-436Google Scholar, 14Callahan J.A. Seward J.B. Nishimura R.A. Miller Jr., F.A. Reeder G.S. Shub C. et al.Two-dimensional echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis: experience in 117 consecutive patients.Am J Cardiol. 1985; 55: 476-479Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar, 15Silvestry F.E. Kerber R.E. Brook M.M. Carroll J.D. Eberman K.M. Goldstein S.A. et al.Echocardiography-guided interventions.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009; 22: 213-231Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (161) Google Scholar If the diagnosis of a pericardial effusion that could be drained percutaneously can be made at the bedside expeditiously, ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis in these critically ill patients has been shown to have fewer complications and a higher success rate than if done without ultrasound guidance.12Seferović P.M. Ristić A.D. Imazio M. Maksimović R. Simeunović D. Trinchero R. et al.Management strategies in pericardial emergencies.Herz. 2006; : 891-900Crossref Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 13Tsung T. Enriquez-Sarano M. Freeman W.K. Barnes M.E. Sinak L.J. Gersh B.J. et al.Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns, and outcomes spanning 21 years.Mayo Clin Proc. 2002; 77: 429-436Google Scholar Injection of agitated saline may be helpful in localizing needle placement during this procedure.14Callahan J.A. Seward J.B. Nishimura R.A. Miller Jr., F.A. Reeder G.S. Shub C. et al.Two-dimensional echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis: experience in 117 consecutive patients.Am J Cardiol. 1985; 55: 476-479Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar FOCUS can be used for global assessment of LV systolic function. This assessment relies on overall assessment of endocardial excursion and myocardial thickening, using multiple windows, including the parasternal, subcostal, and apical views. It is important to note that FOCUS is performed to assess global function and differentiates patients into “normal” or minimally impaired function versus “depressed” or significantly impaired function. This descriptive nomenclature when used by non-echocardiographers has good correlation with echocardiographer interpretations.16Moore C.L. Rose G.A. Tayal V.S. Sullivan D.M. Arrowood J.A. Kline J.A. Determination of left ventricular function by emergency physician echocardiography of hypotensive patients.Acad Emerg Med. 2002; 9: 186-193Crossref PubMed Google Scholar The goal of the focused exam is to facilitate clinical decision-making to decide if a patient with acute shortness of breath or chest pain has impaired systolic contractility and thus would benefit from pharmacologic therapies or other interventions.17Sabia P. Abbott R.D. Afrookteh A. Keller M.W. Touchstone D.A. Kaul S. Importance of two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular systolic function in patients presenting to the emergency room with cardiac-related symptoms.Circulation. 1991; 84: 1615-1624Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar Evaluation of segmental wall motion abnormalities and other causes of shortness of breath (e.g., valvular dysfunction) can be challenging and should be assessed by performing a comprehensive echocardiogram. In an acute massive pulmonary embolus, the right ventricle can be dilated and have reduced function or contractility. In patients with hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolus, the left ventricle can be underfilled and hyperdynamic. The presence of right ventricular (RV) enlargement and dysfunction in patients with pulmonary embolus is prognostically important and associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality, as well as being one of the best predictors of poor early outcome.18Goldhaber S. Pulmonary embolism thrombolysis: broadening the paradigm for its administration.Circulation. 1997; 96: 716-718Crossref Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 19Ten Wolde M. Söhne M. Quak E. MacGillavry M.R. Büller H.R. Prognostic value of echocardiographically assessed right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary embolism.Arch Int Med. 2004; 164: 1685-1689Crossref PubMed Scopus (248) Google Scholar, 20Ribiero A. Lindmarker P. Juhlin-Dannfelt A. Johnsson H. Jorfeldt L. Echocardiography Doppler in pulmonary embolism: right ventricular dysfunction as a predictor of mortality rate.Am Heart J. 1997; 134: 479-487Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (469) Google Scholar, 21Bova C. Greco F. Misuraca G. Serafini O. Crocco F. Greco A. et al.Diagnostic utility of echocardiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.Am J Emerg Med. 2003; 21: 180-183Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar The role of FOCUS in patients with suspected pulmonary embolus is to prioritize further testing, alter differential diagnosis assessments, and assist with treatment decisions in the severely compromised patient.18Goldhaber S. Pulmonary embolism thrombolysis: broadening the paradigm for its administration.Circulation. 1997; 96: 716-718Crossref Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 19Ten Wolde M. Söhne M. Quak E. MacGillavry M.R. Büller H.R. Prognostic value of echocardiographically assessed right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary embolism.Arch Int Med. 2004; 164: 1685-1689Crossref PubMed Scopus (248) Google Scholar, 20Ribiero A. Lindmarker P. Juhlin-Dannfelt A. Johnsson H. Jorfeldt L. Echocardiography Doppler in pulmonary embolism: right ventricular dysfunction as a predictor of mortality rate.Am Heart J. 1997; 134: 479-487Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (469) Google Scholar, 21Bova C. Greco F. Misuraca G. Serafini O. Crocco F. Greco A. et al.Diagnostic utility of echocardiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.Am J Emerg Med. 2003; 21: 180-183Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar, 22Kasper W. Konstantinides S. Geibel A. Olschewski M. Heinrich F. Grosser K.D. Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 1165-1171Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (843) Google Scholar Because the use of thrombolytic therapy in most patients can safely be delayed, it is recommended to further assess the size and function of the RV using comprehensive echocardiography once the suspicion for the presence of pulmonary embolism is established.23Miniati M. Monti S. Pratali L. Di Ricco G. Marini C. Fornichi B. et al.Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of a prospective study in unselected patients.Am J Med. 2001; 110: 528-535Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (182) Google Scholar, 24Mansencal N. Vieillard-Baron A. Beauchet A. Farcot J.-C. El Hajjam M. Dufaitre G. Triage patients with suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency department using a portable ultrasound device.Echocardiography. 2008; 25: 451-456Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar FOCUS can be used to identify hemodynamically significant pulmonary emboli by observing right ventricular dilatation (>1:1 RV/LV ratio), decreased right ventricular systolic function, or occasionally by visualizing free-floating thrombus. Although an acute submassive pulmonary embolus can result in RV enlargement and dysfunction, the sensitivity of these findings even on comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography is limited (29% and 51%, respectively, 52%–56% using both criteria combined).21Bova C. Greco F. Misuraca G. Serafini O. Crocco F. Greco A. et al.Diagnostic utility of echocardiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.Am J Emerg Med. 2003; 21: 180-183Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar, 23Miniati M. Monti S. Pratali L. Di Ricco G. Marini C. Fornichi B. et al.Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of a prospective study in unselected patients.Am J Med. 2001; 110: 528-535Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (182) Google Scholar As stated in the American College of Cardiology/ASE appropriateness criteria document, transthoracic echocardiography is not sufficiently sensitive to rule out pulmonary embolism.25Douglas P.S. Khandheria B. Stainback R.F. Weissman N.J. Brindis R.G. Patel M.R. et al.2007 Appropriateness Criteria for Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007; 20: 787-805Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar Likewise, FOCUS may be helpful if positive in the compromised patient but is clearly not sufficient to rule this important diagnosis out or to risk stratify patients with stable hemodynamics. Comprehensive echocardiography can be used to risk stratify patients, whereas other imaging modalities (e.g., computed tomographic angiography) should be the diagnostic modality of choice to exclude the diagnosis.18Goldhaber S. Pulmonary embolism thrombolysis: broadening the paradigm for its administration.Circulation. 1997; 96: 716-718Crossref Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 22Kasper W. Konstantinides S. Geibel A. Olschewski M. Heinrich F. Grosser K.D. Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 1165-1171Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (843) Google Scholar, 23Miniati M. Monti S. Pratali L. Di Ricco G. Marini C. Fornichi B. et al.Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of a prospective study in unselected patients.Am J Med. 2001; 110: 528-535Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (182) Google Scholar, 24Mansencal N. Vieillard-Baron A. Beauchet A. Farcot J.-C. El Hajjam M. Dufaitre G. Triage patients with suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency department using a portable ultrasound device.Echocardiography. 2008; 25: 451-456Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar In addition, emergency physicians should be aware that an increased RV:LV ratio is not specific for pulmonary embolus and that acute and chronic RV abnormalities may exist in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary hypertension, and right-sided myocardial infarction, among others. Right atrial pressures, representing central venous pressure, can be estimated by viewing size and respiratory change in the diameter of the IVC.26Brennan J.M. Ronan A. Goonewardena S. Blair J.E.A. Hammes M. Shah D. et al.Handcarried ultrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava for assessment of intravascular volume status in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 1: 749-753Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 27Kircher B.J. Himelman R.B. Schiller N.B. Noninvasive estimation of right atrial pressure form the inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava.Am J Cardiol. 2005; 66: 493-496Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (823) Google Scholar, 28Natori H. Tamaki S. Kira S. Ultrasonographic evaluation of ventilatory effect on inferior vena caval configuration.Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979; 120: 421-425PubMed Google Scholar This is done by viewing the vena cava below the diaphragm in the sagittal plane and observing the change in the IVC diameter during the respiratory cycle. During inspiration, negative intrathoracic pressure causes negative intraluminal pressure and increases venous return to the heart. The compliance of the extrathoracic IVC causes the diameter to decrease with normal inspiration. In patients with low intravascular volume, the inspiration to expiration diameter ratios change more than in those patients who have normal or high intravascular volume, and therefore a quick assessment of intravascular volume can be made. IVC evaluation can be particularly helpful in those patients with a significant respiratory collapse during inspiration, permitting prompt identification of the hypovolemic patient.29Brennan J.M. Blair J.E. Goonewardena A. Ronan A. Shah D. Vasaiwala S. et al.Reappraisal of the use of inferior vena cava for estimating right atrial pressure.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007; 20: 857-861Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (303) Google Scholar There are a number of common clinical scenarios where FOCUS has substantial literature support and potential to affect clinical decision making and patient care. Use will continue to evolve with technology and the changing needs of the patient. This consensus statement reflects current clinical practice. The following sections review the clinical conditions and applicable techniques of FOCUS. FOCUS has been an integral part of the evaluation of the blunt and penetrating trauma patient for more than 20 years. Extensive research and literature support have led to the incorporation of FOCUS into the American Trauma Life Support training and treatment algorithm as part of the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma or FAST exam.2American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound guidelines 2008. Available at: http://www.acep.org. Accessed November 1, 2009.Google Scholar, 5American College of SurgeonsAdvanced trauma life support for physicians. American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL1997Google Scholar The FAST exam aims to identify active hemorrhage post-trauma by evaluating for the presence of fluid around the heart, in the thoracic cavity, and in the peritoneum. FOCUS is part of the FAST exam and is used to evaluate for the presence of pericardial effusion (and thus the identification of possible cardiac injury that may require immediate surgical attention). In addition, the presence or absence of organized ventricular contractility can be assessed. Performing emergent FOCUS as part of the FAST exam has improved outcomes by decreasing the time required to diagnose and treat traumatic cardiac and thoracic injury in those patients requiring emergent thoracotomy or laparotomy.30Plummer D. Brunette D. Asinger R. Ruiz E. Emergency department echocardiography improves outcomes in penetrating cardiac injury.Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21: 709-712Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar, 31Symbas N.P. Bongiorno P.F. Symbas P.N. Blunt cardiac rupture: the utility of emergency department ultrasound.Ann Thorac Surg. 1999; 67: 1274-1276Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (37) Google Scholar Not only have trials shown decreased morbidity by incorporating FOCUS into trauma diagnostic evaluations, but use of FOCUS in penetrating trauma has also been shown to have a mortality benefit.6Rozycki G.S. Feliciano D.V. Ochsner M.G. Knudson M.M. Hoyt D.B. Davis F. et al.The role of ultrasound in patients with possible penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective multi-center study.J Trauma. 1999; 46: 543-551Crossref PubMed Scopus (238) Google Scholar, 7Rozycki G.S. Ballard R.B. Feliciano D.V. Schmidt J.A. Pennington S.D. Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1540 patients.Ann Surg. 1998; 39: 492-498Google Scholar, 30Plummer D. Brunette D. Asinger R. Ruiz E. Emergency department echocardiography improves outcomes in penetrating cardiac injury.Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21: 709-712Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar, 31Symbas N.P. Bongiorno P.F. Symbas P.N. Blunt cardiac rupture: the utility of emergency department ultrasound.Ann Thorac Surg. 1999; 67: 1274-1276Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (37) Google Scholar The use of FOCUS in trauma patients has since become standard of care in trauma centers. In addition to the identification of pericardial effusions, cardiac contusions can be identified by depressed wall motion and decreased myocardial contractility. This diagnosis can be difficult, however, because the trauma patient’s underlying medical condition is often not known and the evaluation of segmental wall motion abnormalities is challenging. In many cases, these patients will have follow-up comprehensive echocardiograms so that the degree of contractile dysfunction can be quantified and monitored over time. The patient in cardiac arrest requires initiation of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) treatment algorithms and rapid diagnostic evaluation for potentially treatable or reversible causes of cardiac arrest. The goal of FOCUS in the setting of cardiac arrest is to improve the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by 1) identifying organized cardiac contractility to help the clinician distinguish among asystole, pulseless electrical activity (PEA), and pseudo-PEA; 2) determining a cardiac cause of the cardiac arrest; and 3) guiding lifesaving procedures at the bedside.10Mayron R. Gaudio F.E. Plummer D. Asinger R. Elsperger J. Echocardiography performed by emergency physicians: impact on diagnosis and therapy.Ann Emerg Med. 1988; 17: 150-154Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar, 32Breitkreutz R. Walcher F. Seeger F.H. Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm.Crit Care Med. 2007; 15: S150-S161Crossref Scopus (273) Google Scholar, 33Soar J. Deakin C.D. Nolan J.P. Abbas G. Alfonzo A. Handley A.J. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005:section 7. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances.Resuscitation. 2005; 67: S135-S170Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 34Salen P. Melniker L. Chooljian C. Rose J.S. Alteveer J. Reed J. et al.Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients?.Am J Emerg Med. 2005; 23: 459-462Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar, 35Bocka J.J. Overton D.T. Hauser A. Electromechanical dissociation in human beings: an echocardiographic evaluation.Ann Emerg Med. 1988; 17: 450-452Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar In a patient with no ventricular cardiac contraction and an asystolic electrocardiogram, the survival rate is low despite aggressive ACLS resuscitation. In patients presenting to the emergency department with asystolic rhythms and no ventricular contractility by FOCUS after attempts at resuscitation with pre-hospital ACLS, survival is unlikely.34Salen P. Melniker L. Chooljian C. Rose J.S. Alteveer J. Reed J. et al.Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients?.Am J Emerg Med. 2005; 23: 459-462Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar, 36Blaivas M. Fox J. Outcomes in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram.Acad Emerg Med. 2001; 8: 616-621Crossref PubMed Scopus (208) Google Scholar True PEA is defined as the clinical absence of ventricular contraction despite the presence of electrical activity, whereas pseudo-PEA is defined as the presence of ventricular contractility visualized on cardiac ultrasound in a patient without palpable pulses.32Breitkreutz R. Walcher F. Seeger F.H. Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm.Crit Care Med. 2007; 15: S150-S161Crossref Scopus (273) Google Scholar, 34Salen P. Melniker L. Chooljian C. Rose J.S. Alteveer J. Reed J. et al.Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients?.Am J Emerg Med. 2005; 23: 459-462Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar, 35Bocka J.J. Overton D.T. Hauser A. Electromechanical dissociation in human beings: an echocardiographic evaluation.Ann Emerg Med. 1988; 17: 450-452Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar Therefore, making the diagnosis of pseudo-PEA can be of diagnostic and prognostic importance. Patients with pseudo-PEA have some observable, although minimal, cardiac output and have a higher survival rate, in part because there are often identifiable and treatable causes of their arrest.32Breitkreutz R. Walcher