Article22 April 2004free access Phosphorylation-dependent degradation of c-Myc is mediated by the F-box protein Fbw7 Masayoshi Yada Masayoshi Yada Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Takumi Kamura Takumi Kamura Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Masaaki Nishiyama Masaaki Nishiyama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Ryosuke Tsunematsu Ryosuke Tsunematsu Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Hiroyuki Imaki Hiroyuki Imaki Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Noriko Ishida Noriko Ishida CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Fumihiko Okumura Fumihiko Okumura Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Keiko Nakayama Keiko Nakayama CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Keiichi I Nakayama Corresponding Author Keiichi I Nakayama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Masayoshi Yada Masayoshi Yada Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Shigetsugu Hatakeyama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Takumi Kamura Takumi Kamura Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Masaaki Nishiyama Masaaki Nishiyama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Ryosuke Tsunematsu Ryosuke Tsunematsu Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Hiroyuki Imaki Hiroyuki Imaki Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Noriko Ishida Noriko Ishida CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Fumihiko Okumura Fumihiko Okumura Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Keiko Nakayama Keiko Nakayama CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Search for more papers by this author Keiichi I Nakayama Corresponding Author Keiichi I Nakayama Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Search for more papers by this author Author Information Masayoshi Yada1,2, Shigetsugu Hatakeyama1,2, Takumi Kamura1,2, Masaaki Nishiyama1,2, Ryosuke Tsunematsu1,2, Hiroyuki Imaki1,2, Noriko Ishida2,3, Fumihiko Okumura1,2, Keiko Nakayama2,3 and Keiichi I Nakayama 1,2 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan 2CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan 3Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan *Corresponding author. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. Tel.: +81 92 642 6815; Fax: +81 92 642 6819; E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2004)23:2116-2125https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600217 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info The F-box protein Skp2 mediates c-Myc ubiquitylation by binding to the MB2 domain. However, the turnover of c-Myc is largely dependent on phosphorylation of threonine-58 and serine-62 in MB1, residues that are often mutated in cancer. We now show that the F-box protein Fbw7 interacts with and thereby destabilizes c-Myc in a manner dependent on phosphorylation of MB1. Whereas wild-type Fbw7 promoted c-Myc turnover in cells, an Fbw7 mutant lacking the F-box domain delayed it. Furthermore, depletion of Fbw7 by RNA interference increased both the abundance and transactivation activity of c-Myc. Accumulation of c-Myc was also apparent in mouse Fbw7−/− embryonic stem cells. These observations suggest that two F-box proteins, Fbw7 and Skp2, differentially regulate c-Myc stability by targeting MB1 and MB2, respectively. Introduction The oncoprotein c-Myc, a basic helix–loop–helix/leucine zipper (bHLH/Zip)-type transcription factor, is a master regulator of cell proliferation. c-Myc forms a heterodimer with the bHLH/Zip protein Max, and this complex binds to the CACGTG sequence, known as the E-box motif (Grandori et al, 2000), present in target genes, such as those for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), and thereby activates their transcription. The transcription of other genes, including those for cyclin D1 and carboxypeptidase D, is repressed by the c-Myc–Max complex or by c-Myc alone (Philipp et al, 1994; Guo et al, 2000). These positive and negative effects on gene transcription are thought to contribute to the promotion of cell proliferation by c-Myc. Whereas Max is expressed constitutively, the expression of c-Myc is transient and is directly related to the proliferative potential of cells. Whereas c-Myc is virtually undetectable in quiescent cells, its expression is rapidly induced as cells enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle in response to stimulation with serum or specific mitogens. The abundance of c-Myc subsequently decreases gradually to a low steady-state level at which it remains for as long as the cells continue to proliferate. The expression level of c-Myc is increased in many malignant tumors as a result of amplification or mutation of the c-Myc gene. Given that many c-MYC mutations affect the stability of c-Myc (Bahram et al, 2000; Grandori et al, 2000), its turnover is thought to be a critical determinant of carcinogenesis. The half-life of c-Myc is extremely short (∼30 min) in proliferating cells (Hann and Eisenman, 1984), and the protein has been shown to undergo ubiquitylation and degradation by the proteasome (Ciechanover et al, 1991; Salghetti et al, 1999). The region of c-Myc that signals its ubiquitylation (the degron) overlaps with the transactivation domain (TAD) (Salghetti et al, 2000). Two highly conserved sequence elements, Myc box 1 (MB1) and MB2, in the TAD have been implicated not only in the proteolysis of c-Myc but also in its transactivation and oncogenic activities (Flinn et al, 1998; Grandori et al, 2000). In particular, phosphorylation of Thr-58 and Ser-62 in MB1 is an important determinant of c-Myc stability (Lutterbach and Hann, 1994; Sears et al, 1999, 2000). Consistent with their effect on c-Myc stability, these two residues are frequently mutated in various tumors (Bahram et al, 2000). Phosphorylation of Thr-58 appears to be both mediated by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and dependent on the prior phosphorylation of Ser-62, which is likely mediated by the Ras–ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway. Whereas phosphorylation of Ser-62 alone seems to stabilize c-Myc, subsequent phosphorylation of Thr-58 promotes c-Myc ubiquitylation and degradation (Sears et al, 1999, 2000). The ubiquitin ligase (E3) component of the enzyme cascade that mediates ubiquitin–protein conjugation is responsible for target specificity (Hershko and Ciechanover, 1998). Two E3s, the SCF complex and the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C), are thought to regulate cell cycle progression predominantly at G1–S and M–G1 phases, respectively (Elledge and Harper, 1998; Zachariae and Nasmyth, 1999). The SCF complex consists of four components: the invariable subunits Skp1, Cul1 (also known as Cdc53) and Rbx1 (Roc1, Hrt1) and a variable F-box protein that serves as a receptor for target proteins and thereby determines target specificity (Elledge and Harper, 1998; Kamura et al, 1999; Ohta et al, 1999; Seol et al, 1999). Among the many F-box proteins that have been identified, Skp2 and Fbw7 have been well characterized and shown to control the abundance of proteins important in cell cycle regulation. Skp2, which contains leucine-rich repeats in addition to its F box, ubiquitylates various cell cycle regulators, including p27Kip1 (Carrano et al, 1999; Sutterluty et al, 1999; Nakayama et al, 2000), p21Cip1 (Bornstein et al, 2003), and p57Kip2 (Kamura et al, 2003) as well as free cyclin E (Nakayama et al, 2000), E2F-1 (Marti et al, 1999), Orc1 (Mendez et al, 2002), B-Myb (Charrasse et al, 2000), Rb-related protein p130 (Tedesco et al, 2002), and Cdt1 (Li et al, 2003). Fbw7 (hCdc4, Sel-10, hAgo) contains WD40 repeats in addition to its F box and ubiquitylates cyclin E (Koepp et al, 2001; Moberg et al, 2001; Strohmaier et al, 2001), Notch1, and Notch4 (Gupta-Rossi et al, 2001; Oberg et al, 2001). We and others recently showed that Skp2 binds to c-Myc via its MB2 and HLH-Zip domains and thereby mediates its ubiquitylation and degradation. Skp2 also increases the transactivation activity of c-Myc, suggesting that Skp2 is a transcriptional cofactor (Kim et al, 2003; von der Lehr et al, 2003). Given that Skp2 is itself an oncoprotein with growth-promoting properties (Gstaiger et al, 2001; Latres et al, 2001), we hypothesized the existence of another regulator that controls c-Myc stability in a manner dependent on the phosphorylation of Thr-58 and Ser-62. We now show that Fbw7 interacts with and promotes the degradation of c-Myc in such a manner. Furthermore, suppression of Fbw7 by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in stabilization of c-Myc as well as consequent transcriptional activation of its target genes and promotion of cell proliferation. These results suggest that c-Myc undergoes dual regulation by two F-box proteins, Fbw7 and Skp2, that target its MB1 and MB2 domains, respectively. Results Interaction of Fbw7 with c-Myc Skp2 associates with c-Myc in a manner independent of MB1. However, c-Myc stability is largely dependent on the phosphorylation of Thr-58 and Ser-62 in MB1. We therefore investigated whether another regulator might control c-Myc stability in a manner dependent on the phosphorylation of these residues. The peptide sequence surrounding Thr-58 of c-Myc conforms to a motif known as the Cdc4 phospho-degron (CPD) (Nash et al, 2001), which is also present in the Fbw7 substrate cyclin E (Figure 1A). We thus tested whether Fbw7 interacts with c-Myc. We expressed the hemagglutinin epitope (HA)-tagged F-box proteins Fbw1a, Fbw2, Fbw4, and Fbw7 together with FLAG-tagged c-Myc in HEK293T cells. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with antibodies to FLAG, and the resulting precipitates were subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodies to HA or FLAG. HA-Fbw7 was co-precipitated by the antibodies to FLAG in the presence of FLAG-c-Myc, whereas HA-tagged Fbw1a, Fbw2, and Fbw4 (F-box proteins that, like Fbw7, contain WD40 repeats) were not (Figure 1B). These results suggested that Fbw7 interacts with c-Myc and might target it for ubiquitylation. Figure 1.Interaction of Fbw7 with c-Myc in vivo. (A) The Cdc4 phospho-degron (CPD) sequences of human cyclin E and c-Myc. The asterisk indicates L, I, or P; X indicates any residue other than K or R. (B) HEK293T cells were transfected with vectors for FLAG-c-Myc and either HA-Fbw1a, HA-Fbw2, HA-Fbw4, or HA-Fbw7, as indicated, and were then incubated with MG132 for 6 h. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with antibodies to FLAG, and the resulting precipitates as well as the original cell lysates (input) were subjected to immunoblot analysis (IB) with antibodies to HA or FLAG. (C) HEK293T cells were transfected with a vector for HA-Fbw7, subjected to serum deprivation, stimulated by re-exposure to serum for 2 h, and then incubated for 6 h in the additional presence of MG132. Cell lysates were then subjected to immunoprecipitation with antibodies to c-Myc or with control mouse IgG, and the resulting precipitates were subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodies to HA or c-Myc. Download figure Download PowerPoint To determine whether HA-Fbw7 interacts with endogenous c-Myc, we deprived transfected HEK293T cells of serum and then stimulated them by re-exposure to serum in order to induce expression of endogenous c-Myc. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with antibodies to c-Myc or with control mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG). HA-Fbw7 was co-precipitated by the antibodies to c-Myc but not by the control IgG (Figure 1C), suggesting that endogenous c-Myc associates with HA-Fbw7 in these cells. Purified recombinant SCFFbw7 ubiquitylates c-Myc in vitro To determine whether the SCFFbw7 complex ubiquitylates c-Myc, we purified recombinant SCFFbw7 from insect cells infected with baculoviruses encoding the four components of this complex: Fbw7 (fused with an NH2-terminal hexahistidine tag; His6-Fbw7), Rbx1, Cul1, and Skp1. We also prepared a His6-c-Myc substrate with this system; this protein was phosphorylated on both Thr-58 and Ser-62 by the insect cells (see Figure 3C). We then assayed the ubiquitylation activity of the recombinant SCFFbw7 complex in vitro with the His6-c-Myc substrate. Immunoblot analysis of the reaction mixtures with antibodies to c-Myc detected the ubiquitylation of His6-c-Myc only in the presence of Uba1 (E1), UbcH5A (E2), ubiquitin, ATP, and SCFFbw7 (E3) (Figure 2A). Lack of any of these components prevented c-Myc ubiquitylation. The SCFFbw7 complex was thus shown to ubiquitylate c-Myc in an ATP-dependent manner. Figure 2.Promotion of the ubiquitylation and degradation of c-Myc by Fbw7. (A) Ubiquitylation of c-Myc by the recombinant SCFFbw7 complex in vitro. Recombinant SCFFbw7 was assayed for ubiquitylation activity with His6-c-Myc as substrate in the absence or presence of the indicated reaction mixture components. The reaction mixtures were then subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodies to c-Myc. The positions of unmodified His6-c-Myc and of His6-c-Myc conjugated with ubiquitin ((Ub)n) are indicated. (B) Promotion of c-Myc degradation by Fbw7 in vivo. HEK293T cells were transfected with vectors for FLAG-c-Myc and either HA-Fbw7 or HA-Fbw7-ΔNF (or the corresponding empty vector; mock). The cells were then subjected to pulse-chase analysis by metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine, and cell lysates were prepared at the indicated times of the chase incubation and subjected to immunoprecipitation with antibodies to FLAG. The precipitates were subjected to SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography (upper panel). The percentage of FLAG-c-Myc remaining after the various chase times was quantitated by image analysis (lower panel). Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 3.Phosphorylation of c-Myc on Thr-58 and Ser-62 is required for its recognition by the SCFFbw7complex. (A) Interaction of Fbw7 with a synthetic CPD peptide in vitro. HEK293T cells were transfected with vectors for HA-Fbw7, HA-Skp2, HA-Fbw1a, HA-Fbw2, or HA-Fbw4. Cell lysates were subsequently subjected to a ‘pull-down’ assay with beads linked to nonphosphorylated or phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the CPD of c-Myc (upper panel), and the resulting precipitates (or 5% of the input cell lysates) were subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodies to HA. (B) In vivo association of Fbw7 with c-Myc derivatives. HEK293T cells were transfected with vectors for HA-Fbw7 and either wild type (WT) or the indicated Thr-58 or Ser-62 mutants of FLAG-c-Myc. They were then subjected to in vivo binding analysis as described in Figure 1B. (C) Ubiquitylation of phosphorylated but not nonphosphorylated c-Myc by recombinant SCFFbw7 in vitro. His6-c-Myc and the His6-c-Myc(T58A/S62A) mutant purified from Sf21 cells were subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodies to c-Myc or phospho-c-Myc (upper panel). The purified His6-c-Myc and His6-c-Myc(T58A/S62A) proteins were also tested as substrates in the in vitro ubiquitylation assay, performed with all reaction components (lower panel), as described in Figure 2A. (D) HEK293T cells were transfected with the indicated combinations of FLAG-c-Myc and HA-Fbw7 vectors and then subjected to pulse-chase analysis as described in Figure 2B. (E) HEK293T cells transfected with a vector for HA-Fbw7 were deprived of serum and then stimulated with serum in the absence or presence of a GSK3 inhibitor as described in Materials and methods. Cell lysates were then subjected to immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis as described in Figure 1B. (F) HEK293T cells transfected with a vector for FLAG-c-Myc were subjected to pulse-chase analysis in the absence or presence of a GSK3 inhibitor. Download figure Download PowerPoint Promotion of c-Myc degradation by Fbw7 in vivo To examine the possible effect of Fbw7 on the degradation of c-Myc in vivo, we transfected HEK293T cells with vectors for c-Myc and for either wild-type Fbw7 or an Fbw7 mutant (Fbw7-ΔNF) that lacks the F-box domain and is therefore unable to associate with Skp1. Pulse-chase analysis revealed that expression of wild-type Fbw7 markedly promoted the degradation of c-Myc, whereas Fbw7-ΔNF delayed it (Figure 2B). These results thus suggested that Fbw7 contributes to the turnover of c-Myc in intact cells. Phosphorylation of Thr-58 and Ser-62 is required for c-Myc degradation mediated by SCFFbw7 To determine whether phosphorylation of Thr-58 and Ser-62 in MB1 of c-Myc is required for the binding of Fbw7, we tested the ability of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of a synthetic peptide encompassing the c-Myc CPD (amino acids 51–66) to interact with Fbw7 in vitro. Recombinant Fbw7 interacted only with the phosphorylated form of the peptide, whereas Skp2, Fbw1a, Fbw2, or Fbw4 did not interact with either form (Figure 3A). To investigate the possible effect of phosphorylation of these residues of c-Myc on its degradation by the SCFFbw7 complex, we first performed in vivo analysis of the interaction between Fbw7 and c-Myc mutants (T58A, S62A, T58A/S62A) in which either or both Thr-58 and Ser-62 were replaced by alanine. In transfected HEK293T cells, wild-type c-Myc interacted with Fbw7, whereas the T58A, S62A, and T58A/S62A mutants did not (Figure 3B), suggesting that phosphorylation of c-Myc on both Thr-58 and Ser-62 is required for interaction with Fbw7. We next examined the possible requirement for phosphorylation of Thr-58 and Ser-62 in the ubiquitylation of c-Myc in vitro. The His6-c-Myc substrate was shown to be phosphorylated by immunoblot analysis with antibodies that specifically recognize c-Myc phosphorylated on Thr-58 and Ser-62 (Figure 3C); the mutant His6-c-Myc(T58A/S62A) was not phosphorylated. The in vitro ubiquitylation assay revealed that, unlike the wild-type protein, the c-Myc mutant was not ubiquitylated by purified SCFFbw7 (Figure 3C). These data suggest that phosphorylation of c-Myc on Thr-58 and Ser-62 is required for its ubiquitylation. We next performed pulse-chase analysis to examine the effect of Fbw7 on the stability of the T58A/S62A mutant of c-Myc. Whereas expression of Fbw7 promoted the degradation of wild-type c-Myc, it had no effect on the stability of the T58A/S62A mutant (Figure 3D). These observations thus suggested that phosphorylation of c-Myc on Thr-58 and Ser-62 is also essential for its ubiquitylation by Fbw7 and its degradation in vivo. Given that phosphorylation of c-Myc on Thr-58 appears to be mediated primarily by GSK3 (Sears et al, 1999, 2000), we examined the effects of treatment of HEK293T cells expressing HA-Fbw7 with a GSK3 inhibitor during induction of c-Myc (after serum deprivation). Immunoblot analysis with antibodies specific for phospho-c-Myc revealed that the inhibitor markedly reduced the extent of c-Myc phosphorylation on Thr-58 (or Ser-62) (Figure 3E). Immunoprecipitation with antibodies to c-Myc and subsequent immunoblot analysis with antibodies to HA, c-Myc, or phospho-c-Myc revealed that HA-Fbw7 was co-precipitated only with c-Myc that was phosphorylated by GSK3 (Figure 3E). Phosphorylation of c-Myc on Thr-58 by GSK3 thus appears to be essential for recognition by Fbw7. Moreover, pulse-chase analysis showed that the GSK3 inhibitor delayed the turnover of FLAG-c-Myc in HEK293T cells (Figure 3F). Depletion of Fbw7 results in accumulation of c-Myc To examine whether the abundance of endogenous Fbw7 affects that of c-Myc, we used RNAi to deplete HeLa cells of Fbw7. Reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that transfection of HeLa cells with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for Fbw7 or Skp2, or with the combination thereof, resulted in downregulation of the corresponding mRNAs (Figure 4A). Depletion of Fbw7 mRNA induced the accumulation of c-Myc and, consistent with previous observations (Koepp et al, 2001), that of cyclin E (Figure 4B). Similar experiments by another group revealed no effect of an Fbw7 siRNA on c-Myc abundance (Kim et al, 2003); this previous study, however, failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Fbw7 siRNA by RT–PCR analysis. As previously described (Nakayama et al, 2000; Kim et al, 2003), depletion of Skp2 led to the accumulation of c-Myc, cyclin E, and p27Kip1 (Figure 4B). Moreover, the combination of siRNAs for Fbw7 and Skp2 resulted in an additive effect on the abundance of c-Myc and cyclin E (Figure 4B). Figure 4.Depletion of Fbw7 by RNAi induces accumulation of c-Myc and promotes c-Myc-dependent transactivation. (A) At 48 h after transfection of HeLa cells with the indicated siRNAs, the abundance of mRNAs for Fbw7, Skp2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; internal standard) was determined by RT–PCR. (B) At 48 h after siRNA transfection, HeLa cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodies to c-Myc, cyclin E, p27, Cdk2, or Hsp90 (internal standard). (C) At 48 h after siRNA transfection, HeLa cells were transfected with a vector for FLAG-c-Myc and then subjected to pulse-chase analysis. (D) At 48 h after siRNA transfection, HeLa cells were transfected with a vector for FLAG-c-Myc(T58A/S62A) and then subjected to pulse-chase analysis. (E) Activity of a c-Myc-dependent luciferase reporter gene. At 48 h after mock, Fbw7 siRNA, or Fbw7 cDNA transfection, HeLa cells were transfected with a c-Myc-dependent luciferase reporter plasmid (p4 × E-SVP-Luc). The cells were incubated for an additional 24 h and then assayed for relative luciferase activity. Data are means±s.d. of triplicates from a representative experiment. (F) Transcriptional activity of c-Myc target genes. The abundance of transcripts derived from the indicated genes (CD, carboxypeptidase D) was determined by RT and real-time PCR 72 h after siRNA transfection. Data are means±s.d. of triplicates from a representative experiment. Download figure Download PowerPoint To evaluate further the effect of Fbw7 or Skp2 depletion on the turnover of c-Myc, we performed pulse-chase analysis. The degradation of c-Myc in cells transfected with the siRNAs for Fbw7 or Skp2 was delayed compared with that apparent in cells transfected with a control siRNA. Moreover, the combination of the siRNAs for Fbw7 and Skp2 delayed the turnover of c-Myc in an additive manner (Figure 4C). These data suggested that endogenous Fbw7 and Skp2 both participate in regulation of the turnover of c-Myc in vivo. We next investigated the effect of Fbw7 or Skp2 depletion on the stability of the T58A/S62A mutant of c-Myc for further understanding the relative contribution of Fbw7 and Skp2 to the degradation of c-Myc. Whereas the siRNA for Fbw7 had no effect on the stability of the T58A/S62A mutant, the siRNA for Skp2 delayed its degradation (Figure 4D). These observations suggest that Fbw7 ubiquitylates c-Myc in a manner dependent on phosphorylation at Thr-58 and Ser-62, whereas Skp2 ubiquitylates it in a manner independent of the phosphorylation. Depletion of Fbw7 promotes c-Myc-dependent transactivation To examine the effect of Fbw7 deficiency on c-Myc-dependent transactivation, we measured the relative luciferase activity of cells transfected with a c-Myc-responsive reporter construct (p4 × E-SVP-Luc) (Mori et al, 1998). The relative luciferase activity of cells transfected with the Fbw7 siRNA was increased compared with that apparent in cells transfected with the control siRNA (Figure 4E). Conversely, we found that overexpression of Fbw7 reduced the extent of c-Myc-dependent transactivation (Figure 4E). In addition, RT and real-time PCR analysis revealed that depletion of Fbw7 by RNAi resulted in an increase in the abundance of transcripts derived from the LDH and Hsp60 genes, both of which are positively regulated by c-Myc (Guo et al, 2000). In contrast, the abundance of transcripts derived from the cyclin D1 and carboxypeptidase D genes, both of which are negatively regulated by c-Myc (Philipp et al, 1994; Guo et al, 2000), was reduced in cells transfected with the Fbw7 siRNA relative to that in cells transfected with the control siRNA (Figure 4F). These observations thus suggested that the accumulation of c-Myc induced by depletion of Fbw7 also resulted in an increase in the transactivation activity of c-Myc. Stabilization of c-Myc in Fbw7−/− ES cells We have generated Fbw7-deficient mice and found that these animals die in utero at embryonic day 10.5 as a result of impaired vascular development (Tsunematsu et al, 2004). Attempts to isolate mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from such immature embryos have not been successful. Instead, we have generated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with deletions in both Fbw7 alleles (Tsunematsu et al, 2004). Marked accumulation of c-Myc was apparent in these Fbw7−/−