The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing the “Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency.” This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing the “Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency.” This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. Discuss this article on the JACI Journal Club blog: www.jaci-online.blogspot.com. Previously published practice parameters of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters for Allergy & Immunology are available at http://www.JCAAI.org or http://www.allergyparameters.org. The Joint Task Force has made a concerted effort to acknowledge all contributors to this parameter. If any contributors have been excluded inadvertently, the Task Force will ensure that appropriate recognition of such contributions is made subsequently. Francisco A. Bonilla, MD, PhD (Chair) Senior Associate Physician, Boston Children's Hospital Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Boston, Mass David A. Khan, MD Associate Professor of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Tex David I. Bernstein, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine and Environmental Health Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio Joann Blessing-Moore, MD Adjunct Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Stanford University Medical Center Department of Immunology Palo Alto, Calif David M. Lang, MD Head, Allergy/Immunology Section Respiratory Institute Director, Allergy and Immunology Fellowship Training Program Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio Richard A. Nicklas, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine George Washington Medical Center Washington, DC John Oppenheimer, MD Department of Internal Medicine New Jersey Medical School Pulmonary and Allergy Associates Morristown, NJ Jay M. Portnoy, MD Chief, Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology The Children's Mercy Hospital Professor of Pediatrics University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City, Mo Christopher C. Randolph, MD Professor Pediatrics/Allergy/Immunology Yale Affiliated Hospitals Center for Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology Waterbury, Conn Diane E. Schuller, MD Emeritus, Professor of Pediatrics Emeritus Chief of Allergy and Immunology Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical College Hershey, Pa Sheldon L. Spector, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, Calif Stephen A. Tilles, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Redmond, Wash Dana Wallace, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine Davie, Fla Zuhair K. Ballas, MD Director, Immunology Division Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veteran's Administration Medical Center Iowa City, Iowa Javier Chinen, MD, PhD Allergy and Immunology Consultant Lake Houston Allergy and Immunology Humble, Tex Michael M. Frank, MD Samuel L. Katz Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics Professor of Immunology and Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Center Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC Joyce T. Hsu, MD Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Instructor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Boston, Mass Michael Keller, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Children's National Medical Center Washington, DC Lisa J. Kobrynski, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga Hirsh D. Komarow, MD Staff Clinician Laboratory of Allergic Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Md Bruce Mazer, MD Division Head, Allergy and Immunology, McGill University Health Center-Montreal Children's Hospital Professor of Pediatrics, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada Robert P. Nelson, Jr, MD Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Divisions of Hematology and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Director, Pediatric Immunodeficiency Clinic, Riley Hospital Indiana University School of Medicine and the IU Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center Indianapolis, Ind Jordan S. Orange, MD, PhD Chief, Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Director, Center for Human Immunobiology Texas Children's Hospital Professor of Pediatrics, Pathology and Immunology Associate Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Tex John M. Routes, MD Chief, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wis William T. Shearer, MD, PhD Allergy and Immunology Service, Texas Children's Hospital Professor of Pediatrics and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Tex Ricardo U. Sorensen, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Pediatrics Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, La James W. Verbsky, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Medical Genetics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wis Mark Ballow, MD, St Petersburg, Fla Thomas A. Fleisher, MD, Bethesda, Md Maite de la Morena, MD, Dallas, Tex Elena Perez, MD, Miami, Fla Classification of recommendations and evidence are listed in Table I.Table IClassification of evidence and recommendationsRecommendation rating scaleStatementDefinitionImplicationStrong recommendation (StrRec)A strong recommendation means the benefits of the recommended approach clearly exceed the harms (or that the harms clearly exceed the benefits in the case of a strong negative recommendation) and that the quality of the supporting evidence is excellent (Grade A or B).∗Adapted from Shekelle et al,4 with permission. In some clearly identified circumstances, strong recommendations can be made based on lesser evidence when high-quality evidence is impossible to obtain and the anticipated benefits strongly outweigh the harms.Clinicians should follow a strong recommendation unless a clear and compelling rationale for an alternative approach is present.Moderate (Mod)A recommendation means the benefits exceed the harms (or that the harms exceed the benefits in the case of a negative recommendation), but the quality of evidence is not as strong (Grade B or C).∗Adapted from Shekelle et al,4 with permission. In some clearly identified circumstances, recommendations can be made based on lesser evidence when high-quality evidence is impossible to obtain and the anticipated benefits outweigh the harms.Clinicians should also generally follow a recommendation but should remain alert to new information and sensitive to patient preferences.WeakA weak recommendation means that either the quality of evidence that exists is suspect (Grade D)∗Adapted from Shekelle et al,4 with permission. or that well-done studies (Grade A, B, or C)∗Adapted from Shekelle et al,4 with permission. show little clear advantage to one approach versus another.Clinicians should be flexible in their decision making regarding appropriate practice, although they can set bounds on alternatives; patient preference should have a substantial influencing role.No recommendation (NoRec)No recommendation means there is both a lack of pertinent evidence (Grade D) and an unclear balance between benefits and harms.Clinicians should have little constraint in their decision making and be alert to new published evidence that clarifies the balance of benefit versus harm; patient preference should have a substantial influencing role.Category of evidence∗Adapted from Shekelle et al,4 with permission.IaEvidence from meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsIbEvidence from at least 1 randomized controlled trialIIaEvidence from at least 1 controlled study without randomizationIIbEvidence from at least 1 other type of quasiexperimental studyIIIEvidence from nonexperimental descriptive studies, such as comparative studies, correlation studies, and case-control studiesIVEvidence from expert committee reports or opinions, clinical experience of respected authorities, or bothLBEvidence from laboratory-based studiesStrength of recommendationADirectly based on category I evidenceBDirectly based on category II evidence or extrapolated from category I evidenceCDirectly based on category III evidence or extrapolated from category I or II evidenceDDirectly based on category IV evidence or extrapolated from category I, II, or III evidenceEDirectly based on category LB evidenceFBased on consensus of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters∗ Adapted from Shekelle et al,4Shekelle P.G. Woolf S.H. Eccles M. Grimshaw J. Developing clinical guidelines.West J Med. 1999; 170: 348-351PubMed Google Scholar with permission. Open table in a new tab The following is a summary of interests disclosed on workgroup members' conflict of interest disclosure statements (not including information concerning family member interests). Completed conflict of interest disclosure statements are available on request.Tabled 1Workgroup memberDisclosuresFrancisco A. Bonilla, MD, PhDConsultant: ADMA Biologics; Baxter; The Cowen Group; CSL Behring; Gerson-Lehrman Group; Grand Rounds Health; Immune Deficiency Foundation. DSMB: Octapharma. UpToDate in Medicine.David A. Khan, MDSpeaker: Baxter; Genentech.Zuhair K. Ballas, MDUpToDate in Medicine.Javier Chinen, MD, PhDNo conflicts.Michael M. Frank, MDNo conflicts.Joyce T. Hsu, MDNo conflicts.Michael Keller, MDGrants: NIH.Lisa Kobrynski, MDGrants: Baxter; CSL Behring.Hirsh D. Komarow, MDNo conflicts.Bruce Mazer, MDGrants: Novartis; Grifols; Baxter.Robert P. Nelson, Jr, MDNo conflicts.Jordan S. Orange, MD, PhDConsulting: CSL Behring; Baxter; Octapharma; BPL. DSMB: Atlantic Research.John M. Routes, MDGrant: Baxter.William T. Shearer, MD, PhDNo conflicts.Ricardo U. Sorensen, MDNo conflicts.James W. Verbsky, MD, PhDNo conflicts. Open table in a new tab The Joint Task Force recognizes that experts in a field are likely to have interests that could come into conflict with the development of a completely unbiased and objective practice parameter. To take advantage of that expertise, a process has been developed to prevent potential conflicts from influencing the final document in a negative way. At the workgroup level, members who have a potential conflict of interest either do not participate in discussions concerning topics related to the potential conflict or, if they do write a section on that topic, the workgroup completely rewrites it without their involvement to remove potential bias. In addition, the entire document is then reviewed by the Joint Task Force, and any apparent bias is removed at that level. Finally, the practice parameter is sent for review both by invited reviewers and by anyone with an interest in the topic by posting the document on the Web sites of the ACAAI and the AAAAI. A search of the medical literature on PubMed was performed for a variety of terms that were considered relevant to this practice parameter. All reference types were included in the results. References identified as being relevant were searched for other relevant references. Published clinical studies were rated by category of evidence and used to establish the strength of the recommendations. The parameter was subsequently appraised by reviewers designated by the AAAAI and ACAAI. Based on this process, this parameter represents an evidence-based and broadly accepted consensus document. The purpose of this “Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency” is to provide the consultant allergist/immunologist or other practitioner with a practical guide for the clinical recognition and diagnosis of immunodeficiency, along with the general principles that guide management of these disorders. This document was developed by a working group under the aegis of the 3 national allergy and immunology societies: the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (JCAAI). The Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters has published many practice parameters for the field of allergy/immunology. These can be found online at http://www.jcaai.org/resources/practice-paramenters/ (note that login with JCAAI membership ID and password is required for access). The first “Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency” was published in 1995.1Shearer W.T. Buckley R.H. Engler R.J. Finn Jr., A.F. Fleisher T.A. Freeman T.M. et al.Practice parameters for the diagnosis and management of immunodeficiency. The Clinical and Laboratory Immunology Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (CLIC-AAAAI).Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996; 76: 282-294Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar It was completely rewritten and updated in 20052Bonilla F.A. Bernstein I.L. Khan D.A. Ballas Z.K. Chinen J. Frank M.M. et al.Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005; 94: S1-S63Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar and has been brought up to date once again now. The classification of the immune deficiency disorders described herein now follows the system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS).3Al-Herz W. Bousfiha A. Casanova J.L. Chatila T. Conley M.E. Cunningham-Rundles C. et al.Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee for primary immunodeficiency.Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 162Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar This parameter was developed by a working group made up of clinical immunologists specializing in immunodeficiency. A workgroup chaired by Dr Francisco A. Bonilla prepared the initial draft, which was subsequently reviewed by the Joint Task Force. The working draft of “Diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency” was reviewed by several experts in allergy and immunology. These experts included reviewers appointed by the ACAAI and AAAAI. The revised final document presented here was approved by the sponsoring organizations and represents an evidence-based and broadly accepted consensus parameter. The project was exclusively funded by the 3 allergy and immunology societies noted above. A principal aim of this practice parameter is to organize current knowledge and practice in the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs). Preparation of this parameter included a review of the medical literature, mainly through the PubMed database. Published clinical studies or reports were rated by category of evidence and used to establish the strength of a clinical recommendation (Table I).4Shekelle P.G. Woolf S.H. Eccles M. Grimshaw J. Developing clinical guidelines.West J Med. 1999; 170: 348-351PubMed Google Scholar There are few randomized trials in the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency. Thus the great majority of these recommendations represent evidence from published case series or reports or the opinions of experts in the field. The pathophysiology of these disorders will not be discussed in detail; ample material can be found in the literature cited. The parameter consists of 239 summary statements (SSs). Each SS is formulated in a directive manner and contains a specific recommendation for diagnosis or management in general, for a specific disorder, or for a group of disorders. The SSs are annotated to provide a rationale or further elaboration along with literature references. The SSs and references are also “graded” according to the Classification of Recommendations and Evidence (Table I). The SSs are divided into 9 sections. The first section contains general principles of diagnosis and management of PIDDs. The remaining 8 sections provide more detail regarding specific diseases or groups of diseases. In addition to the SSs, the parameter contains annotated algorithms and tables regarding diagnostic principles in various categories of PIDDs. Although developed principally with the consultant allergist/immunologist as the target audience, it is hoped that the parameter will also serve as a useful reference tool for physicians at all levels of training and in other disciplines as well. Other health care providers and administrators in the managed care or insurance fields might also find useful information here. The developers of this parameter hope to encourage wider recognition of primary immunodeficiency, increase uniformity and efficiency in evaluation, and enhance consistent application of specific diagnoses. Furthermore, it is hoped that improved understanding of the principles of management of these diseases will lead to better outcomes for these patients and their families. Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited disorders of immune system function that predispose affected subjects to an increased rate and severity of infection, immune dysregulation with autoimmune disease and aberrant inflammatory responses, and malignancy. Primary immunodeficiencies are distinct from secondary immunodeficiencies that occur, for example, during certain viral infections, after immunosuppression to prevent graft rejection after transplantation, during treatment of systemic autoimmune disease, and in association with cancer chemotherapy. More than 200 distinct genetic disorders affecting immune system function have been identified to date (many are listed in Table II).Table IIClassification of primary immunodeficiencies∗The classification is based on the format used by the WHO/IUIS.3 The authors have attempted to use the Human Genome Organization name for each gene current at the time of publication of this document. The reader should be aware that this nomenclature is fluid, and some names might have changed.Defect or disease(s)Gene(s)Combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiencies T−B+ severe CIDIL-2R common gamma chainIL2RGJanus kinase 3JAK3IL-7Rα chainIL7RAIL-2Rα chain (CD25) deficiencyIL2RACD45 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C)PTPRCCD3δCD3DCD3εCD3ECD3ζCD3ZCoronin 1ACORO1A T−B− SCIDRecombinase activating genes 1 and 2RAG1/RAG2DNA cross-link repair enzyme 1C (Artemis)DCLRE1CDNA-dependent protein kinasePRKDCAdenylate kinase 2 (reticular dysgenesis)AK2Adenosine deaminaseADADNA ligase IVLIG4Nonhomologous end-joining protein 1 (Cernunnos)NHEJ1OSSee SS 26 Less severe CIDPurine nucleoside phosphorylaseNPCD3γCD3GCD8αCD8Aζ-Associated protein 70 kDa (ZAP-70)ZAP70Calcium channel defectsOrai-1ORAI1Stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim-1)STIM1Magnesium channel defectsMAGT1 deficiencyMAGT1MHC class I deficiencyTransporters of antigenic peptides 1 and 2TAP1/TAP2TAP binding protein (tapasin)TAPBPMHC class II deficiencyCIITAMHC2TARFX5RFX5RFXAPRFXAPRFXANKRFXANKWinged helix deficiency (nude)FOXN1STAT5bSTAT5BCytidine triphosphate synthase 1CTPS1 HIMsTNF superfamily member 5 (CD40L)TNFSF5TNF receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40)TNFRSF5 RhoH deficiencyRHOH MST1 deficiencySTK4 TCRα deficiencyTRAC Lck deficiencyLCK MALT1 deficiencyMALT1 IL-21R deficiencyIL21R CARD11 deficiencyCARD11 OX40 deficiencyOX40 IKBKB deficiencyIKBKBSyndromes with immunodeficiency Congenital thrombocytopeniasWASWASWAS protein–interacting protein (WIP) deficiencyWIPF1 Non-SCID DNA repair defectsATATMAT-like disorderMRE11NBSNBS1Bloom syndromeBLMMCM4 deficiencyMCM4Immunodeficiency with centromeric instability and facial anomalies (ICF syndrome)ICF1 (DNA methyltransferase 3b)DNMT3BICF2 (zinc finger and BTB domain containing 24)ZBTB24PMS2 deficiencyPMS2Radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency, dysmorphic features and learning difficulties (RIDDLE) syndromeRNF168 DGSdel22q11, del10p13, TBX1 CHARGE syndromeCHD7, SEMA3E Trisomy 21 syndrome CD4 lymphocytopeniaUncoordinated 119 deficiencyUNC119 Immuno-osseous dysplasiasCHHRMRPSchimke syndromeSMARCAL1CID with skeletal dysplasiaPGM3 Comel-Netherton syndromeSPINK5 HIESsAutosomal dominant (type 1, Job syndrome)STAT3Autosomal recessive (type 2)DOCK8HIES variantTYK2HIES variantPGM3Loeys-Dietz syndromeTGFBR1SAM syndromeDSG1 Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency (VODI)SP110 DKCX-linked DKC (Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome)DKC1Autosomal recessive DKCNHP2, NOP10, RTEL1Autosomal dominant DKCTERC, TERT, TINF2 Defects of vitamin B12 and folate metabolismTranscobalamin II deficiencyTCN2Hereditary folate malabsorptionSLC46A1MTHFD1 deficiencyMTHFD1 IKAROS deficiencyIKZF1 Facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature (FILS) syndromePOLE1 Immunodeficiency with MIATTC7A Hoffman syndrome Sideroblastic anemia with immunodeficiency, fevers, and developmental delay (SIFD)TRNT1Predominantly antibody deficiencies AgammaglobulinemiaX-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemiaBTKμ Heavy chain deficiencyIGHMIg-α deficiencyCD79AIg-β deficiencyCD79BSurrogate light chain (λ 5) deficiencyCD179BB-cell linker protein (BLNK) deficiencyBLNKLeucine-rich repeat containing 8 deficiencyLRRC8Phosphoinositide 3-kinase kinase deficiencyPIK3R1E47 transcription factor deficiencyTCF3Myelodysplasia with hypogammaglobulinemiaMonosomy 7, Trisomy 8Thymoma with immunodeficiency (Good syndrome) CVID CVID-like disordersInducible costimulatorICOSCD19CD19CD20CD20CD21CD21Target of antiproliferative antibody 1 (TAPA-1, CD81)CD81TACITNFRSF13BB-cell activating factor receptorTNFRSF13CPhosphoinositol 3′ kinase catalytic subunit mutationPIK3CDPhosphoinositol 3′ kinase regulatory subunit 1 defectPIK3R1LPS-responsive beige-like anchor protein deficiencyLRBATWEAK deficiencyTWEAKNF-κB2 deficiencyNFKB2Protein kinase Cδ deficiencyPRKCDKabuki syndromeKMT2D SIGAD IGGSD IgA deficiency with IGGSD SAD THI Hypogammaglobulinemia, unspecified Class-switch defectsAID deficiencyAICDAUracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) deficiencyUNG Immunoglobulin gene mutations/deletionsHeavy chain locus deletionsIGHκ-Chain deficiencyIGLKDiseases of immune dysregulation FHL syndromes with hypopigmentationCHSLYSTGS2RAB27AHPS type 2AP3B1 FHL syndromes without hypopigmentationFHL1 (Unknown defect)Perforin deficiency (FHL2)PRF1UNC13D/Munc 13-4 deficiency (FHL3)UNC13DSyntaxin-11 deficiency (FHL4)STX11STXBP2/Munc 18-2 deficiency (FHL5)STXBP2 Lymphoproliferative syndromesXLP1SH2D1AX-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2XIAPLymphoproliferative syndrome 1ITKLymphoproliferative syndrome 2CD27 Syndromes with autoimmunityALPSsFas defect: ALPS-FAS and sFAS (somatic)TNFRSF6Fas ligand defect: ALPS-FASLGTNFSF6Caspase 10 defect: ALPS-CASP10CASP10Unknown defect: ALPS-UALPS-related disordersCaspase 8 deficiency syndrome (CEDS)CASP8K-Ras defectKRASN-Ras defectNRASFas-associated via death domain defect (FADD) deficiencyFADDCARD11 gain-of-function mutationsCARD11STAT3 gain-of-function mutationsSTAT3 APECEDAIRE IPEX syndromeFOXP3 IPEX-like disorders, STAT1/STAT3 gain-of-function mutationsSTAT1/STAT3 CD25 defectIL2RA E3 ubiquitin protein ligase defectITCH Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 defectCTLA4Congenital defects of phagocyte numbers, function, or both Defects of neutrophil differentiationSCNsSCN1 (also cyclic neutropenia), neutrophil elastase defectELANESCN2, growth factor–independent 1 transcription repressor defectGFI1SCN3, HCLS1-associated protein X-1 defect (Kostmann syndrome)HAX1SCN4, glucose 6 phosphatase, catalytic, 3 defectG6PC3SCN5VPS45X-linked neutropenia/myelodysplasiaWASGlycogen storage disease type 1bSLC37A4Late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, mitogen-activated protein kinase and MTOR activator 2P14 deficiencyLAMTOR2Tafazzin defect (Barth syndrome)TAZCohen syndrome vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog BVPS13BPoikiloderma with neutropenia (Clericuzio syndrome)C16orf57 Defects of motilityLADLAD-I, CD18 (integrin β2) defectITGB2LAD-II, GDP-fucose transporter 1 defectFUCT1LAD-III, fermitin family member 3FERMT3Rac-2 defectRAC2β-Actin defectACTBLocalized juvenile periodontitis (formyl peptide receptor defect)FPR1Papillon-Lefevre syndrome (cathepsin C defect)CTSCSGD (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein [C/EBP], γ defect)CEBPGSchwachman-Diamond syndromeSBDS Defects of the respiratory burstCGDX-linked due to mutation of gp91phox (cytochrome b558 β chain)CYBBAutosomal recessivep22phox (cytochrome b558 α)CYBAp47phoxNCF1p67phoxNCF2p40phoxNCF4 MSMDIL-12/23 receptor β1 deficiencyIL12RB1IL-12 p40 deficiencyIL12BIFN-γ receptor 1 deficiencyIFNGR1IFN-γ receptor 2 deficiencyIFNGR2STAT1 loss of functionSTAT1Interferon regulatory factor 8 deficiencyIRF8Macrophage gp91phox deficiencyCYBBISG15ISG15 PAPCSF2RA, CSF2RBDefects of innate immunity GATA-2 deficiency (MonoMAC syndrome)GATA2 Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID)X-linked, nuclear factor-κB (NEMO) deficiencyIKBKGInhibitor of κB α gain of function (EDA-ID, AD)IKBA TIR signaling pathwaysIL-4 receptor–associated kinase 4 deficiencyIRAK4MyD88 deficiencyMYD88 RBCK1 (HOIL1) deficiencyRBCK1 Type I interferonopathiesAicardi-Goutieres syndrome 1 (AGS1), TREX1 deficiencyTREX1AGS2, RNASEH2B deficiencyRNASEH2BAGS3, RNASEH2C deficiencyRNASEH2CAGS4, RNASEH2A deficiencyRNASEH2AAGS5, SAMHD1 deficiencySAMHD1AGS6, ADAR1 deficiencyADAR1SPENCDACP5 WHIM syndrome, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 defectCXCR4 EVTMC6, TMC8 HSEUnc-93 homolog B1 (C elegans) defectUNC93B1TANK-binding kinase 1TBK1TLR adaptor molecule 1TICAM1TLR 3 defectTLR3TNF receptor–associated factor 3 defectTRAF3 CMCCCaspase recruitment domain family, member 9 defectCARD9C-type lectin domain family 7, member A defectCLEC7AIL-17 receptor α chain defectIL17RAIL-17F defectIL17FSTAT1 gain of functionSTAT1ACT1 deficiencyACT1 Susceptibility to trypanosomiasisAPOL1 CD16 defectCD16 ICARPSAAutoinflammatory disorders CAPSFMFMEFVMVK deficiency (hyper-IgD syndrome)MVKMWSNLRP3CINCA syndrome or NOMIDFCAS1FCAS2NLRP12 Noninflammasome defectsTNF receptor–associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS)TNFRSF1APAPA syndromePSTPIP1Blau syndromeNOD2CRMO dyserythropoietic anemia (Majeed syndrome)LPIN2DIRAIL1RNDeficiency of IL-36 receptor antagonist with generalized pustular psoriasis (DITRA)IL36RNSLC29A3 deficiencySLC29A3CARD14-mediated psoriasis (CAMPS)CARD14CherubismSH3BP2Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and increased temperature (CANDLE) syndrome or Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome (NNS), proteasome subunit, β type, 8 defectPSMB8PLAIDPLCG2Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) defectTMEM173Adenosine deaminase 2 defectsADA2Early-onset inflammatory bowel diseaseIL-10, IL10RA, IL10RBPeriodic fever associated with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndromeUnknownComplement deficiencies C1C1q αC1QAC1q βC1QBC1q γC1QCC1rC1RC1sC1S C2C2 C3C3 C4C4A, C4B C5C5 C6C6 C7C7 C8C8 αC8AC8 βC8BC8 γC8G C9C9 C1 inhibitor deficiencySERPING1 Factor BCFB Factor DCFD Factor HCFH Factor H–related protein deficiencyCFHR1-5 Factor ICFI ProperdinCFP MBL deficiencyMBL MBL-associated protease 1 (MASP1) deficiencyMASP1 MBL-associated serum protease 2 deficiencyMASP2 Ficolin 3 deficiencyFCN3 ThrombomodulinTHBD Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) deficiencyCD46 Membrane attack complex inhibitor (CD59) deficiencyCD59 COLEC11 deficiencyCOLEC11 Complement receptor 2 deficiencyCD21 Complement receptor 3 deficiencyITGB2Immunodeficiency associated with autoantibodies Acquired angioedemaAnti–C1 inhibitor Neutropenia/Felty syndromeAnti–G-CSF Cryptococcal meningitis/PAPAnti–GM-CSF Disseminated varicella-zoster/APECEDAnti–IFN-α/β Disseminated infections (virus, bacteria, fungi)Anti–IFN-γ Recurrent bacterial skin infections/sepsisAnti–IL-6 Disseminated Burkholderia gladioli infectionAnti–IL-12p70 CMCC/APECEDAnti–IL-17, anti–IL-22∗ The classification is based on the format used by the WHO/IUIS.3Al-Herz W. Bousfiha A. Casanova J.L. Chatila T. Conley M.E. Cunningham-Rundles C. et al.Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee for primary immunodeficiency.Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 162Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar The authors have attempted to use the Human Genome Organization name for each gene current at the ti