Commercial hunting and habitat loss are major drivers of the rapid decline of great apes [1Mittermeier R.A. Cheney D.L. Conservation of primates and their habitats.in: Smuts B.B. Cheney D.L. Seyfarth R.M. Wrangham R.W. Struhsaker T.T. Primate Societies. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago1987: 477-490Google Scholar]. Ecotourism and research have been widely promoted as a means of providing alternative value for apes and their habitats [2Butinski T.M. Kalina J. Gorilla tourism: A critical review.in: Milner-Gulland E.J. Mace R. Conservation of Biological Resources. Blackwell, Oxford1998: 280-300Google Scholar]. However, close contact between humans and habituated apes during ape tourism and research has raised concerns that disease transmission risks might outweigh benefits [3Ferber D. Human diseases threaten great apes.Science. 2000; 289: 1277-1278Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar, 4Woodford M.H. Butynski T.M. Karesh W.B. Habituating the great apes: the disease risks.Oryx. 2002; 36: 153-160Crossref Scopus (134) Google Scholar, 5Wallis J. Lee D.R. Primate conservation: the prevention of disease transmission.Int. J. Primatol. 1999; 20: 803-826Crossref Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 6Lonsdorf E.V. Travis D. Pusey A.E. Goodall J. Using retrospective health data from the Gombe chimpanzee study to inform future monitoring efforts.Am. J. Primatol. 2006; 68: 897-908Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar, 7Pusey A.E. Pintea L. Wilson M.L. Kamenya S. Goodall J. The contribution of long-term research at Gombe National Park to chimpanzee conservation.Conserv. Biol. 2007; 21: 623-634Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar]. To date only bacterial and parasitic infections of typically low virulence have been shown to move from humans to wild apes [8Nizeyi J.B. Innocent R.B. Erume J. Kalema G.R. Cranfield M.R. Graczyk T.K. Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of Uganda.J. Wildl. Dis. 2001; 37: 239-244Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar, 9Goldberg T.L. Gillespie T.R. Rwego I.B. Wheeler E. Estoff E.L. Chapman C.A. Patterns of gastrointestinal bacterial exchange between chimpanzees and humans involved in research and tourism in western Uganda.Biol. Conserv. 2007; 135: 511-517Crossref Google Scholar]. Here, we present the first direct evidence of virus transmission from humans to wild apes. Tissue samples from habituated chimpanzees that died during three respiratory-disease outbreaks at our research site, Côte d'Ivoire, contained two common human paramyxoviruses. Viral strains sampled from chimpanzees were closely related to strains circulating in contemporaneous, worldwide human epidemics. Twenty-four years of mortality data from observed chimpanzees reveal that such respiratory outbreaks could have a long history. In contrast, survey data show that research presence has had a strong positive effect in suppressing poaching around the research site. These observations illustrate the challenge of maximizing the benefit of research and tourism to great apes while minimizing the negative side effects.