Abstract Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are typically assayed in vitro using optimized Mg 2+ concentrations (∼5-10 mM) several-fold higher than physiological cellular free Mg 2+ (∼0.5 mM). Analysis of fidelity using lacZα -based α-complementation assays showed that tested HIV RTs, including HIV-1 from subtype B (HXB2-derived), HIV-2, subtype A/E, and several drug-resistant HXB2 derivatives all showed significantly higher fidelity using physiological Mg 2+ . This also occurred with prototype foamy virus (PFV) RT. In contrast, Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) RTs demonstrated equivalent fidelity in both low and high Mg 2+ . In 0.5 mM Mg 2+ , all RTs demonstrated ≈ equal fidelity, except for PFV RT which showed higher fidelity. A Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach that used barcoding to accurately determine mutation rates and profiles was used to examine the types of mutations made by HIV-1 (subtype B, wild type) in low (0.5 mM) and high (6 mM) Mg 2+ with DNA or RNA that coded for lacZα . Unlike the α-complementation assay, which is dependent on LacZ α activity, the NGS assay scores mutations at all positions and of every type. Consistent with α-complementation assays, a ∼4-fold increase in mutations was observed in high Mg 2+ . These findings help explain why HIV RT displays lower fidelity in vitro (with high Mg 2+ concentrations) than other RTs (e.g., MuLV and AMV), yet cellular fidelity for these viruses is comparable. Establishing in vitro conditions that accurately represent RT’s activity in cells is pivotal to determining the contribution of RT and other factors to the mutation profile observed with HIV.